chapter 13 the great war. section 1 the stage is set for war

Chapter 13

The Great War

Section 1

The Stage is Set for War

Causes of WWI

Rise of NationalismCaused a rivalry among Europe’s great powersCompetition for materials and marketsTerritorial disputes

Causes of WWI

Imperialism Quest for colonies pushed nations on the brink of warCompeted for overseas empiresSense of rivalry and distrust deepened

Causes of WWI

MilitarismIncrease of an European arms raceNeeded a powerful militaryLarge standing armiesMilitarism: glorifying military and keeping an army prepared for war

Causes of WWIAlliancesBismark formed the Dual AllianceBetween Germany and Austria-HungaryItaly later joinedTriple AllianceBismark also made a treaty with Russia

Causes of WWI

Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismark to resignDid not want to share powerLet Germany’s treaty with Russia lapseRussia responded by forming an alliance with France

Causes of WWI

Wilhelm began a large ship building programWanted to equal the British fleetGreat Britain formed an entente with France

    Triple Alliance, 1914.     Triple Entente, 1914.

Crisis in the Balkans

Powder Keg of EuropeFreed themselves from the Ottoman EmpireFormed the nations of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia

Crisis in the Balkans

Nationalism was powerful in this areaEach group wanted to extend its bordersSerbia hoped to absorb all of the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula

Crisis in the Balkans

Austria annexed Bosnia and HerzegovinaBoth areas with large Slavic populationSerbian leaders were outraged

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were visiting Sarajevo (the capital of Bosnia)Shot by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black HandSecret society committed to riding Bosnia of Austrian rule

Franz Ferdinand and Sophie

Franz Ferdinand and Sophie

Gavrilo Princip

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe

Austria used the murders as an excuse to punish SerbiaPresented them with an ultimatumRefusing the ultimatum would lead to war

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe

Serbian leaders agreed to most of the demandsOffered to have other settled by an international conferenceAustria did not want to negotiateJuly 28, 1914 – Austria declares war on Serbia

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe

Russia was an ally of SerbiaRussian leaders moved troops toward the Austrian borderOther nations urged Austria and Russia to negotiateIt was too late

Section 2

War Consumes Europe

The Great War Begins

Russia sent troops to the Austrian borderRussia expected Germany to join the war because Germany was allied with AustriaRussia also sent troops toward the German border

The Great War BeginsRussia’s mobilization toward Germany was considered a declaration of warAugust 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on RussiaTwo days later, Germany declared war on FranceGreat Britain then declared war on Germany

Nations Take Sides

Central Powers: Germany, Austria Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman EmpireAllies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Italy

World War I Europe

Stalemate

War turned into a long and bloody deadlockWestern Front: region in northern France where the fighting was occurring

The Western Front

Schlieffen Plan

German battle strategyCalled for attacking France in the west and then fighting Russia in the eastNeeded a quick victory in France

Schlieffen Plan

Schlieffen Plan

Battle of Marne was won by the AlliesSingle most important event of the warRuined the Schlieffen PlanGermany would have to fight on two fronts

War in the Trenches

Trench warfare: miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fireFought each other from the trenches

War in the Trenches

Life in the trenches was miserySwarmed with ratsFresh food was nonexistentSleep was nearly impossibleWestern Front stretched 500 miles

Life in the Trenches

Life in the Trenches

Life in the Trenches

Life in the Trenches

New Weapons of War

Machine gunPoison gasArmored TankLarge artilleryKilled greater numbers of people more effectively

World War I Machine Gun

British Victims of Poison Gas

Early Gas Mask

Armored Tank

Battle on the Eastern Front

Stretch of battlefield along the German and French borderRussians and Serbs fought Germans and Austro-Hungarians

The Eastern Front

Russia Struggles

By 1916, Russia’s effort was near collapseRussia had yet fully industrializedArmy was short of food, clothes, boots and blanketsAllied supply shipments were limited

Russia Struggles

Russia’s only asset was it numbersSuffered enormous numbers of battles lossesCould use enormous population to regroup

Section 3

War Affects the World

The Gallipoli Campaign

The Allies wanted to secure a region of the Ottoman EmpireThe DardanelleBy securing this area, the Allies could take Constantinople, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia

The Gallipoli Campaign

Campaign began in February 1915Turned into another stalemateAllies gave up the campaign and began to evacuateSuffered 250,000 casualties

Battles in Asia and Africa

Germany’s colonial possessions came under assaultJapanese troops invaded ChinaEnglish and French invaded Africa British and French recruited subjects in their colonies to fight

America Joins the Fight

Germans announced a policy called unrestricted submarine warfareWould sink without warning any ship around Great Britain

America Joins the Fight

Sunk the British passenger ship, The LusitaniaKilled 128 American citizensPresident Wilson sent a protest to GermanyGermany had agreed to not attack neutral and passenger ships (Sussex Pledge)

America Joins the Fight

Returned to unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917Knew it might lead to war with the U.S.Germany sank three American ships

America Joins the Fight

Intercepted telegram from Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign secretaryGermany would help Mexico gain the land it has lost to the U.S. if Mexico would ally with Germany

America Joins the Fight

The Zimmerman note was the last strawPresident Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on GermanyU.S. joined the Allies

War Affects the Home Front

WWI was a total warCountries devoted all their resources to the war effortGovernment took control of the economyTold factories what to produce

War Affects the Home Front

All able bodies people were put to workGoods were in short supplyRationing: people could buy only a small amount of those items needed for the war effort

War Affects the Home Front

Suppressed anti war activityUsed propaganda: one sided information designed to persuade or keep up moral and support for the war (Propaganda SlideShow)

Women and the War

Thousands of women replaced men in the factories, offices and shopsBuilt tanks and ammunitionPlowed fields, paved streetsKept the troops well supplied

Russia Withdraws

March 1917, Czar Nicholas is forced to resignReplaced by a provisional governmentPledged to continue fighting in the war

Russia Withdraws

November 1917 – Lenin seizes power in RussiaInsists on ending Russia’s involvement in the warSigns the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ends the war between Russia and Germany

The Central Powers Collapse

Germany could now concentrate on the Western FrontMounted a massive attack and victory seemed within reachThe Allies launch a counterattack The Allies began heading toward Germany

The Central Powers Collapse

Bulgarians and the Turks surrenderedRevolution occurred in Austria HungaryThe German soldiers mutinied, and the public turned on the Kaiser

The Central Powers Collapse

November 9, 1918 – Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped downGermany declared itself a republicSigned an armistice: an agreement to stop fightingNovember 11, WWI ends

Legacy of the war

New kind of warWar on a global scale8.5 million soldiers died21 million were woundedCountless civilians dead

Legacy of the war

Devastating economic impactTrained the treasuries of countriesWar cost $338 billionDestroyed land, villages and towns

Section 4

A Flawed Peace

Allies Meet and Debate

January 1919, a conference to establish the terms of peace began at VersaillesThe major decisions were made by the Big Four – U.S., Great Britain, France and ItalyGermany and Russia were not invited

Wilson’s Peace Plan

President Wilson drew up a series of peace proposalsFourteen Points Outlined a plan for just and lasting peace

Points 1-5

End of secret treatiesFreedom of the seasFree tradeReduced armies and naviesAdjustment of colonial claims

Points 6-13

Specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nationsSelf determination: allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live

14th Point

Proposed a general association of nationsWould protect great and small states alikeCould peacefully negotiate solutions to world conflicts

The Versailles Treaty

Between Germany and the Allied nationsSigned June 28, 1919Created a League of NationsInternational association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

The Versailles Treaty

Treaty also punished GermanyLost substantial territoryRestrictions placed on militaryArticle 231: War guilt clauseGermany is solely responsiblePay reparations to the Allies

Other Treaties

Western powers signed separate treaties with Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire and BulgariaLed to huge land lossesSeveral new countries were formed

Russia after the war

Suffered land lossesRomania and Poland gained Russian territoryMany new independent nations formed

A Peace Built on Quicksand

Treaty did little to build lasting peaceU.S. rejected the treatyMany Americans objected to the League of NationsWanted to stay out of European affairs

A Peace Built on Quicksand

Left a legacy of bitterness in the German peopleOther countries felt cheated with the peace settlementColonized people were angry with the disregard of the independence

A Peace Built on Quicksand

Some Allies were bitter as wellItaly and Japan both gained less land than they had wantedThe League of Nations was in no position to take action on any of these complaints