chapter 17 classification of organisms. taxonomy taxonomy – the science of grouping organisms...

Chapter 17Chapter 17

Classification of OrganismsClassification of Organisms

TaxonomyTaxonomy

Taxonomy – the science of grouping Taxonomy – the science of grouping organisms according to presumed natural organisms according to presumed natural relationshipsrelationships

History of ClassificationHistory of Classification

Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first person to classify nature.person to classify nature.

Aristotle classified organisms into plant or Aristotle classified organisms into plant or animal.animal.

Plants were classified by their stem difference Plants were classified by their stem difference into grasses, bushes or trees.into grasses, bushes or trees.

Animals were classified by air, land or water.Animals were classified by air, land or water.

LinnaeusLinnaeus Carolus Linnaeus – (1707-1778) Swedish Carolus Linnaeus – (1707-1778) Swedish

naturalist father of binomial nomenclaturenaturalist father of binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature – 2 name system that Binomial nomenclature – 2 name system that

became the modern scientific method of became the modern scientific method of naming organisms.naming organisms.

First name Genus, Second name species – first First name Genus, Second name species – first name Capitalized, second name lower case. name Capitalized, second name lower case. Genus, species Genus, species

Examples: Examples: Canus lupus, Homo sapiensCanus lupus, Homo sapiens

Linnaeus used LatinLinnaeus used Latin Common language of educated peopleCommon language of educated people

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/visit-us/galleries/darwin-centre/live/qt/linnaeus-hi.html

Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification

Structurally similar – speciesStructurally similar – species Similar species – genusSimilar species – genus Similar genera – familySimilar genera – family Similar families – orderSimilar families – order Similar orders – classSimilar orders – class Similar class - phylum (animal like) or division – Similar class - phylum (animal like) or division –

(plant like)(plant like) Similar phylum – kingdomSimilar phylum – kingdom Similar kingdoms - domainSimilar kingdoms - domain

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, SpeciesFamily, Genus, Species

Daring King Paul called out for good soupDaring King Paul called out for good soup

These are the 8 major levels of classification – These are the 8 major levels of classification – each group or level becomes smaller and each group or level becomes smaller and smaller or more and more select.smaller or more and more select.

Additional levels Additional levels

Subspecies – morphologically different, Subspecies – morphologically different, geographically separatedgeographically separated

Strain – biochemically dissimilarStrain – biochemically dissimilar Variety – morphologically different, not Variety – morphologically different, not

geographically separatedgeographically separated

How to ClassifyHow to Classify

MorphologyMorphology Biological Species Concept – BSCBiological Species Concept – BSC BiochemistryBiochemistry Phylogeny – Phylogenic tree -344-345Phylogeny – Phylogenic tree -344-345 EmbryologyEmbryology ChromosomesChromosomes

Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of OrganismsGroups of Organisms

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms

BiosystemicsBiosystemics

When analyzing the diversity of organisms and When analyzing the diversity of organisms and their natural relationshipstheir natural relationships

Considering all fossil, biochemical, Considering all fossil, biochemical, morphological, etc similarities when morphological, etc similarities when classifying organisms. classifying organisms.

Modern Classification SystemModern Classification System

Six kingdoms – based on cell structure, tissue Six kingdoms – based on cell structure, tissue structure, nutritional requirements, and structure, nutritional requirements, and developmental patternsdevelopmental patterns

Kingdom and Domain Kingdom and Domain CharacteristicsCharacteristics

EubacteriaEubacteria

All true bacteria, single celled prokaryotic All true bacteria, single celled prokaryotic organisms. Unicellular, heterotrophic and organisms. Unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic.autotrophic.

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

Ancient bacteria -single celled prokaryotic Ancient bacteria -single celled prokaryotic organisms. Unicellular, heterotrophic and organisms. Unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophicautotrophic

ProtistaProtista

Mostly single celled eukaryotic organisms. Mostly single celled eukaryotic organisms. Heterotrophic and autotrophicHeterotrophic and autotrophic

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/paramecium/28k/paramecium08.html

FungiFungi

Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Heterotrophic.organisms. Heterotrophic.

PlantaePlantae

Multicellular Eukaryotic organisms. Multicellular Eukaryotic organisms. Autotrophic.Autotrophic.

http://www.clipstr.com/videos/RealFlowerBlooming/

AnimaliaAnimalia

Multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Heterotrophic.Heterotrophic.

Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key Identification key that uses two or more Identification key that uses two or more

descriptive choices to help name and identify descriptive choices to help name and identify an organisman organism

Example:Example:

The organism is green go to AThe organism is green go to A The organism is not green go to BThe organism is not green go to B

A the organism is a green algaeA the organism is a green algae

B the organism is not a green algaeB the organism is not a green algae

Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry RadiatingRadiating SpinesSpines ElongatedElongated External covering softExternal covering soft External covering hardExternal covering hard BristlesBristles

Dichotomous Key VocabularyDichotomous Key Vocabulary

Antennae Antennae AppendagesAppendages FeelerlikeFeelerlike

BranchedBranched

ReferencesReferences

Modern BiologyModern Biology Modern Biology Resources: Ch17/60309.html Campbell’s BiologyCampbell’s Biology Websites:Websites:http://www.clipstr.com/videos/RealFlowerBlooming/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/

protozoa/paramecium/28k/paramecium08.html

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice

1. Which information is given in a species 1. Which information is given in a species name?name?

A. genus and orderA. genus and order

B. division and genusB. division and genus

C. genus and species identifierC. genus and species identifier

D. species identifier and phylumD. species identifier and phylum

Chapter 17

Multiple Choice, continuedMultiple Choice, continued

1. Which information is given in a species 1. Which information is given in a species name?name?

A. genus and orderA. genus and order

B. division and genusB. division and genus

C. genus and species identifierC. genus and species identifier

D. species identifier and phylumD. species identifier and phylum

Chapter 17

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

2. To which level of classification does a group 2. To which level of classification does a group of closely related species of organisms belong?of closely related species of organisms belong?

F. classF. class

G. orderG. order

H. genusH. genus

J. kingdomJ. kingdom

Chapter 17

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

2. To which level of classification does a group 2. To which level of classification does a group of closely related species of organisms belong?of closely related species of organisms belong?

F. classF. class

G. orderG. order

H. genusH. genus

J. kingdomJ. kingdom

Chapter 17

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

3. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and 3. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and secrete digestive enzymes belong to which secrete digestive enzymes belong to which kingdom?kingdom?

A. FungiA. Fungi

B. PlantaeB. Plantae

C. ProtistaC. Protista

D. AnimaliaD. Animalia

Chapter 17

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

3. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and 3. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and secrete digestive enzymes belong to which secrete digestive enzymes belong to which kingdom?kingdom?

A. FungiA. Fungi

B. PlantaeB. Plantae

C. ProtistaC. Protista

D. AnimaliaD. Animalia

Chapter 17

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

Complete the following analogy:Complete the following analogy:

4. class : order :: kingdom :4. class : order :: kingdom :

A. genusA. genus

B. domainB. domain

C. speciesC. species

D. phylumD. phylum

Chapter 17

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

Complete the following analogy:Complete the following analogy:

4. class : order :: kingdom :4. class : order :: kingdom :

A. genusA. genus

B. domainB. domain

C. speciesC. species

D. phylumD. phylum

Standardized Test PrepChapter 17

Multiple Choice,Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

Use the diagram below to answer question Use the diagram below to answer question 5. The diagram represents the eight 5. The diagram represents the eight levels of classification.levels of classification.

Chapter 17

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

5. Which level of classification represents a 5. Which level of classification represents a species?species?

F. AF. A

G. CG. C

H. DH. D

J. GJ. G

Chapter 17

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

5. Which level of classification represents a 5. Which level of classification represents a species?species?

F. AF. A

G. CG. C

H. DH. D

J. GJ. G

Chapter 17