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chapter
McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
•Factors that influence personality•The Social Self •Agents of Socialization
5SOCIALIZATION
McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-25-1 Nature v Nurture
– Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development
– Parents must concern themselves with children’s social development as well
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4-3Factors influencing personality
█Heredity
█Birth Order
█Parents
█Culture
McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-4Factors Influencing Personality
█Heredity or Environment?– Studies of Identical Twins
• Intelligence tests show:
Similar scores when twins are reared apart in roughly similar social settings
Quite different scores when twins are reared apart in dramatically different social settings
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4-7Impact of Isolation
– Shyness / Introversion / Anti-social
– The “forbidden experiment”
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4-8The story of “Genie”What happens when
someone has NO socialization?
Nature: Wouldn’t matter
Nurture: Serious problems
Video Clip of Genie
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4-9Institutionalization
█Lack of social interaction in these facilities have shown to create social and psychological developmental delays.
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4-10Isolation
– Appalachian Mountain regions
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4-115-2 The Social Self
█Socialization: interactive process by which people learn the skills, beliefs, values, etc of their culture.
█“Self”: distinct identity that sets us apart from others
McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-12The Social Self - Theories
█John Locke’s Tabula Rasa
–Human are born with a clean slate (no personality)
–Their upbringing fills the slate through socialization
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4-13The Social Self - Theories
Charles Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
• We learn who we are by interacting with others
• Our view of ourselves (good & bad) comes from impressions of how we think others perceive us
• The self is the product of our social interactions with other people
McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-15Looking-Glass Self
Image
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4-16Looking-Glass Self
Image
Signals / Messages
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4-17Looking-Glass Self
Image
Signals / Messages
•Smart•Dumb•Ugly•Pretty•Weird•Etc.
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4-18Looking-Glass Self
OMG !I’m ugly.
McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-19The Social Self - Theories
Role Taking: process of mentally assuming the perspective of another
• Generalized Others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that child takes into account
• Significant Others: Individuals most important in the development of the self
█George Herbert Mead: Role Taking
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4-20The Social Self - Theories
Continued...
• Prep/Imitation Stage: children imitate people around them.
█ Mead: Role Taking Stages
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4-21The Social Self - Theories
Continued...
• Play Stage: children develop skills in communicating through symbols and role taking. (Ex. cops & robbers)
█ Mead: Role Taking Stages
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4-22The Social Self - Theories
Continued...
• Game Stage: children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously (Ex. Boss)
█ Mead: Role Taking Stages
McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-235-3 Agents of Socialization
– Role of family in socializing a child cannot be overestimated
– Cultural Influences
– The Impact of Race and Gender
█Family
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4-24Agents of Socialization
– As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others.
█Peer Group
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4-25Agents of Socialization
– Schools teach children values and customs of the larger society
– Schools traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles
█School
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4-26Agents of Socialization
– Changing norms / values
– Sex
– Violence
– Multitasking
– Keep up w/Jones’
– Internet
█Mass Media and Technology
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4-27Agents of Socialization
– Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is fundamental aspect of human socialization
Level of teenage employment in U.S. is highest among industrial nations
█ Workplace
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4-29Agents of Socialization
– The family’s protective function steadily transferred to outside agencies in 20th century
– “The state” took over many of the traditional family functions
█ The Government
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