cite it right!

Cite It Right!

Okanagan College Library

Fall 2010

Objectives

• To understand why we cite• To understand how we cite• To understand the basics of APA

What is APA?

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is a style manual that provides guidance and standards in:• research ethics• the publication process• article format and presentation• AND

Citation

APA = American Psychological Association

What is citation?

Cite1. to support an argument. 2. quote (a passage, book, or author).

(Barber, 2004a)

Citation1. the act of citing something from a book or other source. 2. a passage cited.

(Barber, 2004b)

Why do we cite?

“Scholarly communication is the entire set of activities that ensure that research and new knowledge can be made known” (DeFelice, 2009)

AcademicLibraryPublisher

Editor

Peer Reviewers

CreationManuscript & IP

DisseminationPublication (Registration and Certification)

Reformulation

Why do we cite?

• Citations demonstrate how you developed your argument and ideas from the ideas of others

• Citations give credit where credit is due• Citations give the reader of your work a path

to the sources you used, so they can investigate those sources if interested

(Mohanty et al., 2009)

Why do we cite?

• If you don’t acknowledge other people’s work, words or ideas you commit plagiarism

Plagiarize:1. take and use (the thoughts, writings, inventions, etc. of another person) as one's own. 2. pass off the thoughts etc. of (another person) as one's own.

(Barber, 2004c)

Why do we cite?

Okanagan College Academic Offenses regulations and policies

“Penalties for plagiarism serve both to educate students about standards of scholarship and to deter deception and poor scholarly practices. Penalties will reflect the seriousness of the offence; including whether the offence was intentional or unintentional and whether it was a first or a repeat offence” (Okanagan College, 2010, Penalties section, para. 1 ).

What do we cite?

• Direct quotes• Paraphrases• Words or terminology specific to or unique to the author’s research, theories, or ideas• Use of an author's argument or line of thinking• Historical, statistical, or scientific facts• Graphs, drawings, etc.• Articles or studies you refer to in your work

(Mohanty et al., 2009)

How do we cite?

Building blocks?•Author(s)•Publication date•Title•Publication information• Format-specific details

(i.e. page numbers, doi)

What is it?•Journal article•Book•Report

What format?•Print•Electronic

How do we cite?

In text citations: citations given in the body of the article/essay/paper/assignment.

Reference list citations: “provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source” (APA, 2009, p. 180).

How do we cite?

Refer to APA resources to determine citation style.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association6th ed., second printingAvailable at all OC Library campuses; Call no. BF 76.7 .P83 2009

OC Library APA style guide webpage• PDF and HTML versions of most common APA examples•Links to other APA resources

Important: The APA manual is the primary source of APA citation information. If a resource contradicts the manual – use the manual.

How do we cite?

Refer to APA resources to determine citation style.

Chapter 6: Crediting Sources• Citing references in text p. 174• Reference list p. 180• Reference components p. 183

Chapter 7: Reference Examples

How do we cite?

•Authors: “invert all authors’ names; give surnames and initials for up to and including seven authors…” (APA, 2009, p. 184).

•Edited book: “Place the editors’ names in the author position, and enclose the abbreviation Ed. or Eds. in parentheses after the last editor’s name.” (APA, 2009, p. 184).

•Chapter in edited book: “invert the chapter authors’ names . . . But do not invert book editors’ names … the name of the book editor should be preceded by the word In” (APA, 2009, p. 184).

Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

•Book title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle…and any proper nouns; italicize the title” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Chapter title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle…and any proper nouns” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•In text: “References … are cited in text with an author date citation system” (APA, 2009, p. 174).

•In text, direct quotes: “always provide the author, year, and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material” (APA, 2009, p. 170).

Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?Chapter in an edited book: Citation

The small details of life: Twenty diaries by women in Canada, 1830-1996

(Bonson, 2002)“direct quote” (Bonson, 2002, p. 120)

Bonson, A. (2002). Jessie Nagle and Susan Nagle.

(pp. 119-122). Toronto, ON:

In K. Carter (Ed.),

of Toronto Press.University

Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note•“Provide the DOI, if one has been assigned to the content” (APA,

2009, p. 191).

•“When a DOI is used, no further retrieval information is needed to identify or locate the content” (APA, 2009, p. 191).

•What’s a DOI?

•“If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL of the journal….If you accessing the article from a private database, you may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL” (APA, 2009, pp. 191-2).

•“In general, it is not necessary to include database information” (APA, 2009, p. 192).

•“Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time” (APA, 2009, p. 192).

How do we cite?

How do we cite?

•Article title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper nous; do not italicize the title or place questions marks around it” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Journal title: “Give the periodical title in full, in uppercase and lowercase letters. Italicize the name of the periodical” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Pages: “Include the journal issue number … along with the volume number if the journal is paginated separately by issue” (APA, 2009, p. 186).

•In text: “When a work has two authors, cite both names, every time the reference occurs in text. When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. …. and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph” (APA, 2009, p. 175).

Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

Journal article retrieved online: Citation

Anderson, K., Durbin, E., & Salinger, M. (2008). Identity theft. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), 171-192. doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.171

Initial citation:(Anderson, Durbin, & Salinger, 2008)“direct quote” (Anderson, Durbin, & Salinger, 2008, p. 190)

Subsequent:(Anderson et al., 2008)“direct quote” (Anderson et al., 2008, p. 192)

•Group authors: “occasionally, a work will have as its author an agency, association, or institution” (APA, 2009, p. 183).

•Report titles: “Enclose additional information given on the publication for its identification and retrieval (e.g., edition, report number, volume number) in parentheses immediately after the title)” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•“When the author is also the publisher use Author to indicate the publisher” (APA, 2009, p. 187).

•“For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement unless the publisher as been identified as the author: Retrieved from Agency name website: http://www.xxxxx” (APA, 2009, p. 205).

Report retrieved online: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

•In text: “Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers. If paragraph numbers are visible, use them… Use the abbreviation para.” (APA, 2009, p. 172).

•“If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the quoted material” (APA, 2009, p. 172).

•“In some cases … headings may be too unwieldy to cite in full. Instead, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation” (APA, 2009, p. 172).

Report retrieved online: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

How do we cite?

Online report: Citation

Gu, W., & Wong, A. (2010). Estimates of human capital in Canada: The lifetime income approach (Catalogue no. 11F0027M, no. 062). Retrieved from Statistics Canada website http://www.statcan.gc.ca /pub/11f0027m/11f0027m2010062-eng.htm

(Gu & Wong, 2010)

“direct quote” (Gu & Wong, 2010, “Main article, data sources section,” para. 2)

How do we cite?

Reference list: Some APA rules to note

•“Double-spaced and … entries have a hanging indent” (APA, 2009, p. 180).

•“Alphabetize by author surname” (APA, 2009, p. 181).

•“References with the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first”(APA, 2009, p. 182).

How do we cite?References

Anderson, K., Durbin, E., & Salinger, M. (2008). Identity theft. Journal of Economic Perspectives,

22(2), 171-192. doi:10.1257 /jep.22.2.171

Bonson, A. (2002). Jessie Nagle and Susan Nagle. In K. Carter (Ed.), The small details of life:

Twenty diaries by women in Canada, 1830-1996 (pp. 119-122). Toronto, ON:

University of Toronto Press.

Ethier, C. R., & Simmons, C. A. (2007). Introductory biomechanics: From cells to organisms

[Ebrary version]. Retrieved from http://www.cambridge.org

Gu, W., & Wong, A. (2010). Estimates of human capital in Canada: The lifetime income

approach (Catalogue no. 11F0027M, no. 062). Retrieved from Statistics Canada

website http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub /11f0027m/11f0027m2010062-eng.htm

Langowitz, N. S. (2010). Small business leadership: Does being the founder matter? Journal of

Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 23(1), 53-63. Retrieved from

http://www.jsbe.com

General rules

• Every reference cited in text must be in the reference list (some exceptions)

• If you are unable to identify a specific example, use an example that is most like your source

• If a DOI is available – use it• Not necessary to include database name• Not necessary to include retrieval dates (unless

material may change over time)

Remember

• Give credit where credit is due• Consult OC Library APA Citation Style guide• Consult APA Publication Manual• OC Library Research Writing & Citing guide• Ask!

ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC:

Author.

Association of College and Research Libraries. (2009). ACRL scholarly communication 101: Starting with the basics [PowerPoint]. Retrieved from http://www.acrl.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/issues/scholcomm/docs/SC%20101%20Introduction.ppt

Barber, K , (Ed.). (2004a). cite. In The Canadian Oxford dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.oupcanada.com /reference_trade/dictionaries.html

Barber, K , (Ed.). (2004b). citation. In The Canadian Oxford dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.oupcanada.com /reference_trade/dictionaries.html

Barber, K , (Ed.). (2004c). plagiarize. In The Canadian Oxford dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.oupcanada.com /reference_trade/dictionaries.html

Defelice, B. (2009). New models of scholarship & publishing. Retrieved from http://www.acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/node/7

Mohanty , S., Orphanides, A., Rumble, J., Roberts, D., Norberg, L., Vassiliadis, K. (2009). University libraries' citing information tutorial. Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu /instruct/citations/introduction/

Okanagan College. (2010). Academic offenses. Retrieved from http://webapps1.okanagan.bc.ca/ok/calendar /Calendar.aspx?page=AcademicOffenses

LJ&RJ | 12/10/2010