Cite It Right!Advanced

Fall 2011

Objectives

• Review why we cite• Learn some ‘advanced’ APA citation rules• Construct some citations for non-standard resources

What is APA?

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is a style manual that provides guidance and standards in:

• research ethics• the publication process• article format and presentation• AND

Citation

APA = American Psychological Association

Why do we cite?

• Citations demonstrate how you developed your argument and ideas from the ideas of others

• Citations give credit where credit is due• Citations give the reader of your work a path

to the sources you used, so they can investigate those sources if interested

(Mohanty et al., 2009)

Why do we cite?

• If you don’t acknowledge other people’s work, words or ideas you commit plagiarism

“Penalties for plagiarism serve both to educate students about standards of scholarship and to deter deception and poor scholarly practices. Penalties will reflect the seriousness of the offence; including whether the offence was intentional or unintentional and whether it was a first or a repeat offence” (Okanagan College, 2010, Penalties section, para. 1 ).

Okanagan College Academic Offenses regulations and policies

What do we cite?

• Direct quotes• Paraphrases• Words or terminology specific to or unique to the author’s research, theories, or ideas• Use of an author's argument or line of thinking• Historical, statistical, or scientific facts• Graphs, drawings, etc.• Articles or studies you refer to in your work

(Mohanty et al., 2009)

How do we cite?

Refer to APA resources to determine citation style.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association6th ed., second printingAvailable at all OC Library campuses; Call no. BF 76.7 .P83 2009

OC Library APA style guide webpage• PDF and HTML versions of most common APA examples• other APA resources, including apastyle.org

Important: The APA manual is the definitive source of APA citation information. If a resource contradicts the manual – use the manual.

How do we cite?

Building blocks?•Author(s)•Publication date•Title•Publication information• Format-specific details

(i.e. page numbers, doi)

What is it?•Journal article•Book•Report

What format?•Print•Electronic/Online•DVD/CD

How do we cite?

But … what if there’s a missing building block?•No author?•No date?

Example

How do we cite?

•“In a reference to a work with no author move the title to the author position, before the date of publication … A period follows the title.”(APA, 2009, p. 184).

•“If no date is available, write n.d. in parentheses.”(APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Follow rules appropriate to resource type.

No author / no date: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?Web page: Some APA rules to note

About Okanagan College. (n.d.).

•Non periodical title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; italicize the title (APA, 2009, p. 185).

• Title: “Articles found on the web … are not italicized in the reference entry … just like a newspaper or magazine article. Reports found on the web would be italicized in the reference list,” (“How do you reference,” n.d.).

About Okanagan College.

How do we cite?Web page: Some APA rules to note

About Okanagan College. (n.d.).Retrieved from

http://www.okanagan.bc.ca/about.html

• Provide direct URL (see example in “How do you reference” (n.d.).

• “Do no include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g., Wikis)” (APA, 2009, p. 192).

How do we cite?

•In text: “References … are cited in text with an author date citation system” (APA, 2009, p. 174).

•“When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page and italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure, or a report” (APA, 2009, p. 176).

In text

(“About Okanagan,” n.d.)“About Okanagan” (n.d.)

How do we cite?

•Direct quotes: “always provide the author, year, and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material” (APA, 2009, p. 170).

•“Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers. If paragraph numbers are visible, use them… Use the abbreviation para.” (APA, 2009, p. 172).

•“If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the quoted material” (APA, 2009, p. 172).

•“In some cases … headings may be too unwieldy to cite in full. Instead, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation” (APA, 2009, p. 172).

•For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s FAQ on citing website material.

In text

How do we cite?In text

“direct quote” (“About Okanagan,” n.d., “History of,” para. 2).

How do we cite?

How do I cite a source I found in another source?

Example

How do we cite?

•“Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source” (APA, 2009, p. 178 ).

•For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s blogpost on secondary sources.

Secondary source: Some APA rules to note

Secondary source = McCallum (2007)Original source = Whyte (1930)

How do we cite?Secondary source

Reference list citation:

McCallum, T. (2007). Vancouver through the eyes of a hobo: Experience, identity, and value in the writing of Canada's depression-era tramps. Labour/Le Travail, 59, 43-68. Retrieved from http://www.cclh.ca/llt/index.php

In text citation:

Whyte’s letter reveals the desperate conditions of Vancouver in the 1930s (as cited in McCallum, 2007).

How do we cite?

What do I do with a citation in a quotation?

How do we cite?

•“Do not omit citations embedded within the original material you are quoting. The works cited need not be included in the list of references (unless you happen to cite them as primary sources elsewhere in your paper” (APA, 2009, p. 173 ).

Citations within quotations: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

In text citation:

“Parr (1995) captures the antihumanist sentiments that inform this critique” (McCallum, 2007, p. 46).

Citations within quotations

Reference list citation:

McCallum, T. (2007). Vancouver through the eyes of a hobo: Experience, identity, and value in the writing of Canada's depression-era tramps. Labour/Le Travail, 59, 43-68. Retrieved from http://www.cclh.ca/llt/index.php

How do we cite?

How do I cite an interview/conversation?

How do we cite?

•Personal communications

•Private letters

•Memos

•Email messages

•Personal interviews

•Telephone conversations, etc. (APA, 2009, p. 179)

Personal communication: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

•“because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible” (APA, 2009, p. 179).

•“Some forms of personal communication are recoverable, and these should be referenced as archival materials” (APA, 2009, p. 179). Examples include items from an archive, repository, transcript of a recorded interview, photograph.

Personal communication: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?Personal communication

In text citation:

(L. Jantzi, personal communication, October 19, 2011).According to L. Jantzi (personal communication, October 19, 2011) …

Reference list citation: N/A

How do we cite?

How do I cite a blog post?

Example

How do we cite?

•See example in APA, 2009, p. 215

•For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s blogpost on how to site items found on websites.

Blog post: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?Blog post

In text citation:

(Lee, 2010)According to Lee (2010) …

Reference list citation:

Lee, C. (2010, November 18). How to cite something you found on a website in APA style [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org /apastyle/2010/11 /how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html

How do we cite?

How do I cite streaming video?

Example

How do we cite?Video blog post: Some APA rules to note

•See example in APA, 2009, p. 215

•For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s blogpost on how to site items found on websites.

How do we cite?Video blog post

In text citation:

(PsycINFO, 2009).According PsycINFO (2009) …

Reference list citation:

PsycINFO. (2009, November 23). How to find DOIs in APA PsycINFO [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Afmknkzeo

How do we cite?References

About Okanagan College. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.okanagan.bc.ca/about.html

Lee, C. (2010, November 18). How to cite something you found on a website in APA style [Web

log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11 /how-to-cite-

something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html

McCallum, T. (2007). Vancouver through the eyes of a hobo: Experience, identity, and value in

the writing of Canada's depression-era tramps. Labour/Le Travail, 59, 43-68.

Retrieved from http://www.cclh.ca/llt/index.php

PsycINFO. (2009, November 23). How to find DOIs in APA PsycINFO [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Afmknkzeo

Remember

• Give credit where credit is due• Consult OC Library APA Citation Style guide• Consult APA Publication Manual• If you are unable to identify a specific

example, use an example that is most like your source

• OC Library Research Writing & Citing guide• Ask!

References

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC:

Author.

Mohanty , S., Orphanides, A., Rumble, J., Roberts, D., Norberg, L., Vassiliadis, K. (2009). University libraries' citing information

tutorial. Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu /instruct/citations/introduction/

Okanagan College. (2010). Academic offenses. Retrieved from http://webapps1.okanagan.bc.ca/ok/calendar /Calendar.aspx?

page=AcademicOffenses

LJ | 10/18/2011