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ekonomika
da biznesi
noemberi-dekemberi
NOVEMBER-DECEMBERНОЯБРЬ-ДЕКАБРЬ
2013
ECONOMICS aND BUSINESSÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ È ÁÈÇÍÅÑ
ISSN 1987-5789
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi
da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé
ðåôåð
International refereed and reviewed scientific and practical journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business,
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ.
Äæàâàõèøâèëè
gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxelPublished since January, 2008 once in two monthÂûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà
redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1, Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT.,
tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16; 599 24-77-47.e-mail: ebf.journal@tsu.ge
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saredaqcio kolegia
revaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosebi,
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: vladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori leo Ciqava.
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri ananiaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, Temur beriZe, giorgi RaRaniZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, naTela lacabiZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili, qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, daviT narmania, nugzar paiWaZe, sergo sanaZe, irakli saRareiSvili, demur siWinava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia.
EDITORIaL BOaRDRevaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief, Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.Academicians of National Academy of Sciences of Georgia, Doctors Of
Economics Sciences, professors: Vladimir Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, correspond-ing member of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doctor of Economic Sci-ences, professor Leo Chikava.
Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-sadze, Temur Beridze, Giorgi Gaganidze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Natela Latsabidze, Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, David Narmania, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Irakli Sagareishvili, Demur Sichinava, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.
ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß
Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð.
Академики Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè, äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, чëåí-êîððåñïîíäåíò Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð Ëåî ×èêàâà.
Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Òåìóð Бериäçå, Георгий Гаганидзе, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Натела Лацабидзе, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Давид Нармания, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Иракли Сагареишвили, Демур Сичинава, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ.
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saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.
volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) universite-tis profesori, harald kunci – branderburgis (ger-mania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaTedris gamge, pilipenko e.v. emd. ruseTis mecnierebaTa aka-demiis uralis ganyofilebis ekonomikis institutis kurganis filialis direqtori. kim taqsiri – ruse-Tis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, jozef xasi-di – pireusis (saberZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani, profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis ad-ministrirebis fakultetis dekani, profesori.
FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:
Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Brander-burg University (Germany), Pilipenko E.V. Economical doctor in science, economic branch in Kurgan unstityte, region of Ural, Rus-sia. Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Economics Piraeus Uni-versity (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, profes-sor (Estonia).
ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:
Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Пилипенко Е.В. Д.Э.Н. - Директор Курганского филиала ИЭ УрО РАН, Êèì Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä – äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð.
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sarCevi
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
revaz gvelesiani. Tanamimdevruli da etapobrivi
reformebis socialuri teqnika ...........................................................10
ЕВГЕНИй МНыХ. Научная составляющая экономическихинноваций…..................................................................................................... ……………………… avTandil CuTlaSvili. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
tendenciebi ............................................................................................................. 31
inga balarjiSvili. racionaluri arCevanis problema
postsabWoTa politikur bazrebze ............................................... 49
mikro-makroekonomika
Tengiz verulava. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis
sistema _ jandacvis efeqtiani dafinansebis meqanizmi...65
ТАТЬЯНА ОМЕЛЬЯНЕНКО. Производственные приоритеты и процесс разработки производственной стратегии предприятия…...............................................................................……………………………………………nona gelitaSvili. Tanamedrove sapensio reformis
miznebi da strategia saqarTvelosTvis .................................... 103
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
giorgi RaRaniZe. qarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis konkurentunarianoba da saeqsporto
strategiis formirebis sakiTxebi evrokavSiris
bazarze ..................................................................................................................... 113
................. 23…
.................................. 91…
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leila qadagiSvili. organizaciuli kulturis
formirebis sakiTxisaTvis ............................................................... 127
daviT niJaraZe. kulturuli Tavseburebebis gavlena
komunikaciis procesze saerTaSoriso firmebSi ........141
finansebi da sabanko saqme
maia gogoxia. fulis Tanamedrove Teoriebis
zogierTi aqtualuri sakiTxi .........................................
eka grigalaSvili. sagadasaxado politikis
srulyofisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebis
sakiTxisaTvis ................................................................................................. 179
Cveni iubilarebi
Rirseul iubilars - Rirseuli jildo ............................ 192
Jurnal „ekonomika da biznesis”, 2013 wlis #1-5-is
Sinaarsi ............................................................................................................... 195
JurnalSi _ „ekonomika da biznesi”, samecniero
statiebis warmodgenisa da gamoqveynebis wesi ....... 202
................. 153
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CONTENTS
ECONOMIC THEORY aND ECONOMIC POLICY
REVaZ GVELESIaNI. Social Techniques of Successive and Gradual Reforms ........................................................................... 10ЕVGENI МNIKH . Scientific component of economic innovations .................................................................................... 23aVTaNDIL CHUTLaSHVILI. The Main Indicators of EconomicDevelopment for the USA ................................................. 31INGa BaLaRjISHVILI. The Problem of Rational Choice on the Postsoviet Political Markets .......................................................... 49
MICRO – MaCROECONOMICS
TENGIZ VERULaVa. Medical Savings Accounts: Effective mechanism for financing health care ............................................. 65TATIANA OMELIANENKO. Production priorities and the process of developing production strategy of the company ....................... 91NONa GELITaSHVILI. Objectives and strategy of modern pension reform for Georgia ..........................................................103
MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM
GIORGI GaGaNIDZE. Competitiveness of Georgian Agro products and creation of the export strategies on the EU marke .113
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LEILA KADAGISHVILI. The Issue of Organizational Culture Formation ......................................................................................... 127DaVID NIZHaRaDZE. The characteristics of the cultural impact on communication process in the international firms ...... 141
FINaNCIaL ECONOMICS
MaYa GOGOKHIA. Some Actual Questions of the Modern Monetary Theories ...................................................................... 153EKA GRIGALASHVILI. For the Question of improvement of Tax Policy and Heighten its Effectiveness .................................... 179
BIRTHDaY aNNIVERSaRIES
Deserved gift for the hero of an anniversary ............................. 192
Contents of “economics and business” #1-5, 2013 ...........................195In magazine “Economic and Business” , Presentation of scientific articles and submission rule ……..............................................….. 202
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С О Д Е Р ж А Н И Е
ЭКОНОМИчЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИчЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА
РЕВАз ГВЕЛЕСИАНИ. Социальная техника последователь-ных и этапных реформ ............................................................ 10ЕВГЕНИй МНыХ. Научная составляющая экономических инноваций ................................................................................ 23АВТАНДИЛ чУТЛАшВИЛИ. Основные тенденции социально-экономического развития СшА ..........................31ИНГА БАЛАРДжИшВИЛИ. Проблема реального выбора на постсоветском политическом рынке ..................................... 49
МИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКА
ТЕНГИз ВЕРУЛАВА. Система медицинского сберегательно-го вклада – эфективний механизм финансирования здравоох-ранения .................................................................................... 65ТАТЬЯНА ОМЕЛЬЯНЕНКО. Производственные приоритеты и процесс разработки производственной стратегии предприя-тия ............................................................................................. 91НОНА ГЕЛИТАшВИЛИ. Цели и стратегия современной пен-сионной реформы для Грузии ...............................................103
МЕНЕДжМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ.ТУРИзМ
ГЕОРГИй ГАГАНИДзЕ. Конкурентноспособность грузин-ской сельскохозяйственной продукции и вопросы формирова-ния экспортной стратегии на рынках Евросоюза ................113
10
ЛЕйЛА КАДАГИшВИЛИ. К вопросу формирования органи-зационной культуры .............................................................. 127ДАВИД НИжАРАДзЕ. Влияние культурных особенностей на процесс коммуникаций в международных фирмах ...........141
ФИНАНСы И БАНКОВСКОЕ ДЕЛО
МАйЯ ГОГОХИЯ. Некоторые актуальные вопросы совре-менных денежных теорий ..................................................... 153ЭКА ГРИГАЛАшВИЛИ. К вопросу совершенствования и по-вышения эффективности налоговой политики ..................179
НАшИ юБИЛЯРы
Достойному юбиляру – достойная награда ....................... 192
Содержание журнала «Экономика и бизнес» за 2013 г. №1-5. ...................................................................... 195Правила представления и опубликования научных статей в журнале «Экономика и бизнес»........................................... 202
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Tanamimdevruli da etapobrivi
reformebis socialuri teqnika
revaz gvelesiani
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwi-fo universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikuri
politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, ekonomikuri poli-tikis qarTul-germanuli institutis direqtori
ekonomikuri politikis problemebis gadaWris SesaZleblobaTa araracionalur SefasebasTan mx-olod maSin gvaqvs saqme, roca ugulvebelyofilia gad-awyvetilebis miRebis sazRvrebi. isic unda gaviTval-iswinoT, rom problemis gadawyvetisas arsebuli codna unda gamoviyenoT, romelic aseTi codnis sazRvrebis codnasac gulisxmobs [1, gv. 64].
SemecnebiTi informaciis (codnis) sazRvrebis Ses-axeb codna Semdegi moTxovnis winaSe gvayenebs:
• sazogadoebrivi progresis interesebidan gamom-dinare nebismieri lokaluri cvlileba maqsimalurad sistemurad unda gaviazroT da
• rogorc gadawyvetilebis momzadebis procesis organizeba, ise masze orientirebuli mTeli Zalisxmeva, faqtobrivi mdgomareobis analizsa da mis Sesaxeb in-formaciis mopovebis SesaZleblobebs unda daemyaros.
am postulatis pirvel nawilSi nagulisxmevi procedura yvelaze damajereblad Tanmimdevruli re-formebis socialuri teqnikis formulirebiT poperma [2, gv.64] Camoayaliba. meore mxare zemoaRniSnuli so-cialuri teqnikis praqtikul gamoyenebas exeba. igive mcdelobad unda miviCnioT lindblomis [3, gv.301] mier
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revaz gvelesiani
SemoTavazebuli meTodi. romelic erTmaneTisagan izo-lirebul, TandaTanobiT cvlilebebs gulisxmobs.
Tanmimdevruli reformebis gatarebis social-uri teqnika arsebul SesaZleblobebs emyareba. „ daugegmavi moqmedebis“ politika ver iyenebs yvela Sanss, romelsac miuxedavad misi SezRudulobisa, ra-cionaluri procedura gvaZlevs. adamianuri codnis SezRu¬dulobis gacnobiereba Rrma eWvs badebs imasTan damoki¬debulebaSi, rasac poperi [2, gv.157] utopiur so-cialur teqnikas uwodebs. saqme exeba im konstruqtiv-istul pozicias, romelic jer kidev platonisTvis iyo cnobili da romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebrivi idea-lis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod globaluri gegmis saSualebiT. am poziciis mimarT arsebuli eWvi ar aris damokidebuli im warmodgenebze, romlebsac amgvari socialuri teqnikis warmomadgeneli idealuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb flobs. poperis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTia [2, gv.158] is, rom:
• idealis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi, gabatonebul nak-lovanebebTan SedarebiT, Znelad gasagebi da Sesafase-belia;
• yovel SemTxvevaSi bundovania arsebobs Tu ara iseTi sazogadoeba, romelsac idealurad miiCnevs ara marto axlandeli Taoba, aramed momavali Taobebic da am mxriv maTi bedi winaswar aris gansazRvruli;
• sazogadoebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis veli im-denad kompleqsuria, rom SeuZlebeli xdeba imis Se-faseba, Tu ramdenad realizebadia misi globaluri da mravalmxrivi cvlilebis gegma;
• ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli situaciis gaum-jobeseba, ras unda movelodeT am gegmis ganxorcielebi-dan da ra xarjebTanaa igi dakavSirebuli.
misgan gansxvavebiT Tanmimdevruli reformebis socialuri teqnika gulisxmobs, rom:
• sazogadoebrivi naklovanebebis dadgena ufro
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
advilia, vidre misi idealuri mdgomareobis gansazRvra. es ase xdeba, vinaidan arseboben sazogadoebis iseTi wevrebi, romlebic am naklovanebaTa gamo itanjebian da iseTebic, romlebic praqtikulad adastureben, rom ar ZaluZT tanjul wevrebs Caenacvlon;
• ufro advilia konkretuli naklovanebis aR-mosafxvrelad organizeba, vidre imis dadgena, Tu rogori unda iyos momavlis sazogadoeba da misi re-alizebis mizniT gaerTianeba;
• nawilobrivi cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi ufro ad-vilia gverdiTi Sedegebis Sefaseba da saTanado te-qnologiis Sesaxeb codnis SeZena;
• ufro advilia maTi ganwyobis Sefaseba, viszec konkretulma SezRudulma cvlilebebma pozitiuri an negatiuri zemoqmedeba moaxdina;
• politikuri ideebis formirebis decentralize-buli da demokratiuli procesi ufro met Sanss gva-Zlevs imisaTvis, rom uamrav SefasebaTa Soris kompro-miss mivaRwioT. agreTve aucilebelia progresirebadi cvlilebebis mniSvnelobis Tanmimdevruli aRiareba;
• Tu aRmovaCenT, rom SezRuduli cvlilebebis Se-degebi mcdarad aris Sefasebuli, maTze danakargebic Semcirdeba;
• ufro advilia SezRuduli cvlilebis SesaZlo marcxis mizezebis gageba da misi aRmofxvrisaTvis sa-Tanado damxmare saSualebebis mobilizeba, vidre es mo-qmedebis globaluri programis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli;
• bolo ori mizezidan gamomdinare SezRuduli cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba bevrad ufro nakleb risk-Tan aris dakavSirebuli;
• miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ufro naklebad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs da arc demokratiuli me-Todebi irRveva.
ekonomikur politikasTan damokidebulebaSi aseTi
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revaz gvelesiani
socialuri teqnika imas niSnavs, rom miznad dasaxulia sawyisi mdgomareobis nawilobrivi, magram sagrZnobi gaumjobeseba. niSandoblivia iseTi samizneebis arse-boba, rogoricaa magaliTad, inflaciis donis SezRudva, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebSi sasuqebis Setanis Semcireba, damokidebuli dasaqmebidan TviTdasaqmebaze gadasvlis xelSewyoba, vaWrobis arasatarifo SezRud-vebis gauqmeba, jandacvis sistemasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis Semcireba da a.S. praqtikul RonisZiebebT-an dakavSirebuli samizneebi ar gamoricxavs progra-mulad gansazRvrul grZelvadian miznebs, rogoricaa mag., fasebis stabiluroba, garemos gaumjobeseba, an socialuri usafrTxoebis xarjebis Semcireba. praq-tikuli proceduris SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba iseTi cv-lilebebis dagegmvas, romlebic aradamakmayofilebeli situaciidan gamoyvanas da ara „saboloo miznebamde“ miyvanas gvpirdeba.
Tanmimdevruli reformebis socialuri teqnika racionaluri ekonomikuri politikis modelicaa. mar-Talia, es teqnika poperma utopiuri poziciis sawinaaRm-degod Camoayaliba, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom glo-baluri da kompleqsuri cvlilebebi absoluturad arasasurveli iyos. piriqiT, codnasTan dakavSirebul SesaZle¬blobaTa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT maTi da-pirispireba cxadhyofs, rom aseTi cvlilebebis mxolod fragmentulad ganWvreta da mizandasaxulobis mxolod mimarTulebis dadgenaa SesaZlebeli. amasTan, sazoga-doebisaTvis sasurvel mdgomareobaze orientireba Ca-nacvlebulia ZiriTad Rirebulebebze orientaciiT da gasaqani Tavisufal ganviTarebas eZleva.
etapobrivi reformebis SemTxvevaSi ar cdiloben arsebuli mdgomareobisa da im SesaZlo cvlilebebis Sefasebas, romlebmac sazogadoebrivi keTildReoba unda Seqmnas. piriqiT, mis adgils ikavebs „analizisa da Sefasebis socialuri fragmentireba“ [4, gv.104; 235].
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
es niSnavs, rom rogorc gadawyvetilebis velis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba da damuSaveba, ise ekonomikur–politikuri gadawyvetilebis momzadeba decentral-izebul proce¬durebs warmoadgens. es ki ekonomikur politikaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis mTeli procesis gamoyenebas gulisxobs.
demokratiuli meTodebisa da etapobrivi re-formebis sazRvrebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. wanamZRvrad unda aviRoT interesTa iseTi harmonia, romlis drosac gamoricxulia Sexedulebebsa da ineteresebs Soris gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegoba [5, gv.63]. amitom aseTi so-cialuri teqnika yvelaze ukeT im sazogadoebebs miesad-ageba, romlebSic konsensusi sufevs, rogorc ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis arsebiTi Sinaarsis, ise miznad dasax-uli socialuri cvlilebebis zogadi mimarTulebis Sesaxeb [3, gv.30]. ekonomikuri politikis TvalsazrisiT es niSnavs, rom arsebobs koncefcia, romelsac SeuZlia umravlesobis mxardaWeris mopoveba. aqedan gamomdinare cxadia, rom socialuri teqnika ar aris dezorientire-buli. aseTi koncefcia arc uryev sazogadoebriv ide-alzea orientirebuli, romelic nacvlad uzarmazari naxtomisa, patar-patara nabijebiT miiRweva. aRniSnuli koncefcia cvlilebas ganicdis, amitom am SemTxvevaSi nagulsxmevi wesrigis politika mudmiv amocanad rCe-ba.
ramdenadac etapobrivi reformebis Sansi poli-tikuri praqtikis safuZvelze mcirdeba, amdenad maTi koreqtura yovelTvis socialuri teqnikis amocanas warmoadens. problemaTa gadawyveta damokidebulia demokratiul proceduraTa wesebis mudmiv gaumjobese-baze da ara axali da ukeTesi kadrebis Ziebaze. isic cnobilia, rom problemis gadawyvetis adamianuri Sesa-Zleblobebi erTob SezRudulia. saqme exeba iseTi in-stituciuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas, ra drosac Su-aleduri donis gadawyvetilebis mimRebi mxolod umn-
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revaz gvelesiani
iSvnelo da advilad gamosworebad Secdomas uSvebs. amave dros ar arsebobs absoluturad sando insti-tutebi. maTi funqcionirebis unari damokidebulia im adamianebis profesionalizmsa da pirovnul Tvisebebze, romlebic am institutebs ayalibeben [1, gv. 66].
Tanmimdevruli da etapobrivi reformebis so-cialur teqnikas xSirad akritikeben ara marto uto-piuri socialuri teqnikis momxreebi, aramed sazoga-doebis sxva radikaluri reformatorebic. saqme exeba mis kritikas im aspeqtiT, rac gulisxmobs sazogadoe-bis gardaqmnas demokratiuli meTodebiTa da special-urad am mizniT Seqmnili institutebis saSualebiT. amasTan imasac ,,amtkiceben”, rom aseTi socialuri te-qnika TiTqosda: „Sinaganad icavs sistemas“, aferxebs progress, amarTlebs ekonomikuri politikis sixistes da mxars uWers „koncefciis arqonis koncefcias“. amg-vari kritikis sawinaaRmdegod unda aRiniSnos, rom:
• sazogadoebrivi progresi demokratiis safuZvelze SedarebiT swrafad miiRweva. vinaidan SezRuduli cvlilebebis gamo gardaqmnis procesi ufro xangrZlivdeba. aman SesaZloa ziani gamoiwvios. etapobrivi reformebis momxreni amgvar zians angar-iSs uweven da globaluri cvlilebebisaTvis safrTxis Semcvel gauTvaliswinebel xarjebad miiCneven;
• SezRuduli cvlilebebi ar aris yovelTvis umn-iSvnelo. marTalia, isini orientirebulia sistemis ra-Rac nawilze, magram am sferos SigniT SesaZloa, glo-balurobiTa da kompleqsurobiT xasiaTdebodes. aseT qvesistemaSi masStabur urTierkavSirs ki ufro nak-lebi masStabis reformebi upirispirdeba;
• cvlilebebi yovelTvis ar aris sazogadoebrivi progresis tolfasi. Tanmimdevruli da etapobrivi re-formebis socialuri teqnika sistemuri teqnologiis codnis SeZenis saSualebas gvaZlevs. es ki daxmarebas gviwevs im debulebebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, rom-
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
lebic kargad gaazrebuli cvlilebebis sargebelsa da xarjebs Soris damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. cvli-lebaTa mimzidvelobis warmosaCenad gaweuli xarjebi ekonomikuri politikis sixistis gamoxatuleba rodia, ufro metad igi aqtiurobisagan gansxvavebuli racion-alurobaa. amasTan erTad aRsaniSnavia, rom reformebze uaris Tqmac aucileblad reaqcioneruli qceva rodia, zogjer es savsebiT reformistuli movlenaa;
• Tanmimdevruli da etapobrivi reformebis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli sayveduri, TiTqosda isini xels uwyoben „sistemis SenarCunebas,“ gulisxmobs di-agnozs, romlis mixedviTac yvela SemCneuli nakli re-alizebul sistemas miewereba. igi rekomendacias gva-Zlevs naklovanebebisagan Tavisufal axal sistemaze gadasasvlelad, magram amave dros gamoricxavs ufro masStaburi reformebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblo-bas, romlebic gamoasworebda SemCneul naklovanebebs;
• SezRuduli reformebi marTalia, orientire-bulia konkretul naklovanebebze, magram SeuZlebelia isini koncefciis gareSe iyos. piriqiT, isini ise unda iyos Sedgenili, rom koordinaciis proceduraTa adrin-del gamocdilebebsa da Sefasebebs Seesabamebodes. cen-tralizebulad regulirebuli Tu decentralizebu-lad sabazro koordinaciis meqanizmebiT funqcionire-bis sxva wanamZRvrebTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom ar SeiZleba meTodis Secvla romelime konkretuli problemis gadaWris mizniT. ekonomikuri politikis koncefciebi swored imas adgens Tu ram-denad Seesabameba meTodebi da procedurebi ZiriTa-di sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadawyvetis amocanas. agreTve, ra SesaZlebloba arsebobs imisaTvis, rom ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis realizeba moxdes;
• Tanmimdevruli da etapobrivi reformebis so-cialuri teqnika swored imis sawindaria, rom ekonomiku-
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revaz gvelesiani
ri politika diletantebma borotad ar gamoiyenon. ekonomikuri politikis formirebaSi diletantebis aq-tivoba sazogadoebrivi progresis blokirebas iwvevs da koncefciis gareSe moqmedebis gamarTlebas uwyobs xels. Tu amgvar socialur teqnikas uarvyofT, maSin sakiTxi daismeba misi alternativis Sesaxeb. Tu pasuxis Ziebas utopiur socialur teqnikaSi ar daviwyebT, maSin rudunebiT da TandaTanobiT unda SevecadoT Tavidan aviciloT etapobrivi reformebis socialuri teqnikis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi [6, gv.407–408].
reformatoruli tendenciis mqone argumentebi SezRuduli cvlilebebis sasargeblod im SemTxveva-Si iqneba damajerebeli, rodesac arsebul ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv wesrigTan damokidebulebaSi prin-cipuli pirobebi ar aris wamoyenebuli. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom saqme exeba garkveuli normatiuli po-ziciis dacvas, romelic kritikul racionalizms See-sabameba. SeiZleba Semogvedavon, rom SezRuduli cv-lilebebi, romlebic gulisxmobs: konsolidaciis fun-qciis gaZlierebas, dabal da maRalSemosavlian momx-marebelTa sakuTrebis warmoSobisaTvis xelSewyobas, garemos dacvis mizniT emisiis gadasaxadsa da sxva progresul saqmianobas, saboloo jamSi igive Sedegebs mogvcems. magram amave dros ar unda daviviwyoT, rom es CamonaTvali mxolod STamagonebeli reformatoruli programis fantomia.
xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi aseTi programa imas gamox-atavs, rasac mecnieri buldingi [7, gv.9] xarjebisa da sargebelis saerTo analizis eTikas uwodebs. miswrafe-bis, Semosavlisa da xarjebis rudunebiT gaangariSeba gvibiZgebs, rom orientacia iseT rameze aviRoT, razec xeli migviwvdeba. calkeul SemTxvevaSi aseTi orienta-cia mkafiod, magram aradamakmayofileblad dakonkrete-buli idealis realizaciis saSualebas ar mogvcems. idealebiT gatacebuli, moazrovne adamianebisaTvis es
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
SeiZleba saSineli merkantiluri cnobierebis nimuSia, magram zemoaRniSnuli eTikis TvalsazrisiT, Soreuli idealisaTvis gaRebuli msxverpli metismetad maRali danaxarjia. danaxarji ki maSin aris gamarTlebuli, roca mas konkretuli da didi sargebeli moaqvs. Seu-Zlebelia meocnebe da STamagonebeli gegmebis morigeba eqsperimentul nabijebsa da fxizel pragmatizmTan. ma-gram iqneb swored idealistur swrafvasa da mozomil qcevas Soris winaaRmdegobaa sazogadoebrivi ganvi-Tarebis mamoZravebeli Zala.
codnis SezRudulobis aucilebeli Sedegi is aris, rom reformebma SesaZlebelia kraxi ganicados. ami-tom racionaluri politika moiTxovs, rom cdomilebis SesaZlebloba Tavidanve iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. es im moTxovnis marTebulobasac mowmobs, romlis mixedvi-Tac mxolod SezRuduli, Tanmimdevruli cvlilebebia gamarTlebuli. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom marcxis SemTxvevaSi misi mizezebis Sesaxeb saTanado daskvnebi gamovitanoT. amgvari codna aucilebelia warmatebuli koreqtirebis gansaxorcieleblad. misi SeZena ki Sesa-Zlebelia Sedegebis mudmivi da dawvrilebiTi kontro-lis safuZvelze. es ki gulisxmobs mzadyofnas imisa-Tvis, rom Secdomebi veZeboT da Secdomebze viswavloT. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanmimdevruli reformebis social-uri teqnika cdisa da Secdomis gasworebis meTodTan [1, gv.87] msgavsebas adasturebs.
sazogadoebis reformireba evoluciur wina-pirobebs gulisxmobs. amitom SeuZlebelia maTi gan-meoreba anda gadasinjva, ise Tu gadawyvetilebis veli (reformis zegavleniT) nawilobriv mainc ar Seicvala. amiT ki reformebis socialuri teqnikis gamocdileba aucileblad izRudeba. es gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba, roca erTdroulad ramdenime gadawyvetilebis miRebas cdiloben. am aspeqtiT ekonomikuri politikis sfero-Si SesamCnevia federalizmTan dakavSierebuli (Tumc
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revaz gvelesiani
sakmarisad SezRuduli) sargebeli.zogadad reformebi ar aris orientirebuli
sazogadoebis im wevrebze, romlebic maTze meqanikurad reagireben. piriqiT, es subieqtebi cdiloben winaswar gamoicnon reformaTa politikuri Sedegebebi da Tu mizanSewonilad miiCneven TavianT gegmebSi gaiTval-iswinon. politikasa da subieqtebs Soris urTierToba, romelic Zalze waagavs TamaSs, ekonomikuri politikis SemTxvevaSi tendenciuri racionaluri molodinis dasabuTebas warmoadgens. igi amave dros marTvasTan dakavSirebuli Taviseburi problemebis mizezicaa. SeuZlebelia ekonomikuri politikis sferoSi arag-onivrulma moqmedebam im adaminebSi eWvis zrda ar gamowvios, visac am sferoSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi exeba. ekonomikuri politikis aspeqtiT aseTi eWvi ar-asasurvel reaqciebs iwvevs, rac aZnelebs ekonomikur– politikuri gamocdilebis Secnobas. gamocdilebis dagrovebis mcdelobas isic aZnelebs, rom realobaSi erTmaneTisagan arasakmarisad damoukidebel sxvadasx-va politikur velze erTdroulad uamravi cvlileba xorcieldeba, rac ganyenebuli mizezebis Ziebis proc-ess zRudavs [8, gv.248].
imisaTvis, rom reformebi gamocdilebis Sesa-bamisad ganxorcieldes aucilebelia sakmarisad grZel-vadiani politikuri mxardaWera. realobaSi aseTi mx-ardaWeris uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebelia. amomrCevelTa mouTmenloba, Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebasTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebi, oportunistulad ganwyobi-li saparlamento opozicia (an xelisufleba) swored is faqtorebia, romlebic reformebis droze adre Sewy-vetas an modificirebas ganapirobebs.
Tanmimdevruli reformebi ar hgavs sabunebismety-velo mecnierul eqsperimentebs. is mizezebi, romlebic maT erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs sazogadoebis mar-Tvis sazRvrebsac cxadyofs, romlebSic ierarqiulad
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
yvelaze maRal safexurze politikuri da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebebi da uflebebi dgas. amitom Sedegi ra-cionalurobis postulatis amocana ar aris. piriqiT, saqme exeba Tanmimdevruli reformebis politikis kon-trolisa da dacvis damatebiTi demokratiuli meTodeb-iT uzurunvelyofas. es xorcieldeba imisaTvis, rom ar dairRves marTvis SesaZleblobaTa sazRvrebi. winaaRm-deg SemTxvevaSi efemeruli kanonmdeblobis Sedegad ganxorcildeboda saxelmwifos mxridan intervenciaTa seria da daikargeboda Tavisufleba. ZiriTadi sazoga-doebrivi Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiTac faqtobrivi progresis miRweva sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia.
Social Techniques of Successive and Gradual Reforms R. Gvelesiani
Social techniques of successive reforms simultaneously repre-sent the model of rational economic policy. Although Pauper formed these techniques opposite to the Utopian position, it does not mean that global and complex changes are absolutely undesirable. On contrary, their cross comparison according to the use of knowledge-related op-portunities makes it evident, that these changes are only fragmentarily foreseeable and only a direction of their purpose can be identified. In addition, orientation to the socially desirable conditions is replaced with the orientation to the main values and free development is given space for action.
In case of gradual reforms there are no efforts to evaluate current conditions and the possible changes, which can bring social welfare. On the contrary, they are replaced by “the social fragmentation of the analysis and assessment”. It means, that obtaining and processing in-formation about the decision field as well as the preparation of the eco-nomic and political decision, represent decentralized procedures. The latter involves full application of the decision making process in the economic policy.
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Social techniques of successive and gradual reforms does provide guarantee, that economic policy abuse by dilettantes will be avoided. Activity of dilettantes in the economic policy formation blocks social progress and provides grounds for justifying action without concep-tion. If such social techniques are rejected, then the question of find-ing alternative for it will be raised. If we do not start to search for the answer in the Utopian social techniques, then we should try to step-by-step and carefully exclude the abuses of the social techniques of gradual reforms.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. POPPER, K.R (1957a), The Poverty of Historicism, 6. Aufl., Neudruck, London 1999. Ubersetzt in: KIESEWETTER, H. (Hrsg.), Gesammelte Werke 4, Das Elend des Historizismus, 7. durchges. u. erg. Aufl., Tuebingen 2003.
2. POPPER, K.R. (1945), The Open Society and its Enemies, Vol. 1 – The Spell of Plato, Golden Jubilee Edition, London 1995.
3. LIDBLOM, CH. E. (1958), Policy Analysis. American Eco-nomic Review 48, S.298-312.
4. BRAYBROOKE, D. und CH.E. LINDBLOM (1963), A Strat-egy of Decision – Policy Evaluation as a Social Process, London.
5. JOCHIMSEN, R. (1967), Strategie der wirtschaftspolitischen Entscheidung. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 99 (1967/II), S.52-78.
6. Streit, M. E. (2005), Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, 6. Auflage, Stuttgart, 2005.
7. BOULDING, K.E. (1969), Economics as a Moral Science. American Economic Review 59, S. 1-12.
8. r. gvelesiani, i. gogoriSvili, ZiriTad sazoga-doebriv RirebulebebTan ekonomikur-politikuri gad-awyvetilebebis Sesabamisoba, Tb., 2012.
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
ЕвгЕний Мных докт. экон. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой
финансового анализа и контроля Киевского на ционального торгово-экономического
университета (г. Киев)
Актуальность темы исследования. Инновационный путь развития является определяющим не только для прогресса произ-водительных сил любой страны в целом, но и для систем государ-ственного управления и корпоративного менеджмента в частности. Длительные поиски оптимальных моделей и механизмов такого управления связаны не только с недостаточным познанием его объективной природы, специфики условий реализации, эволюции общественного мнения и т.п., но и с жестким переплетением поли-тических, экономических, социальных и других интересов, где лю-бые аналоги, стандарты, регламенты не могут быть приемлемыми. Необходимы системные научные исследования в проектировании таких макро- и микроуровневых систем управления экономикой, соответствующие критериям развития цивилизации глобального признания.
В то же время исследования показывают, что в Украине лю-бые новшества в контексте совершенствования экономического управления принимаются на 60-65% по политической необходи-мости, на 20-25% – за зарубежными аналогами как дань эволюции, и только на 10-15% исходя из реальных условий и практической
нАУЧнАЯ СОСТАвЛЯЮЩАЯ ЭКОнОМиЧЕСКих иннОвАЦий
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ЕвгЕний Мных
эффективности. Очень призрачной в этом контексте остается гар-мония национальных, корпоративных и личных интересов. Если учесть, что за счет инноваций в Украине достигается не более 7-9% прироста валового общественного продукта, а из многочисленных государственных программ экономического реформирования прак-тически не была выполнена ни одна, то возникает острый вопрос научного обоснования любых экономических инноваций.
Изложение основного материала. Повышение наукоемко-сти любых решений, в том числе и экономических, предполагает системный подход к этому процессу, начиная от его проектирова-ния до конечного внедрения при соответствующем кадровом, орга-низационном, финансовом и других видах обеспечения. Переход к рыночной экономике дал огромный толчок для научных экономи-ческих исследований специфики переходного периода, путей и мо-делей такого перехода, наработки соответствующих механизмов, организационных систем, стандартов и инструментов управления экономикой в рыночных условиях. Инновационная составляющая этого процесса огромная – от формирования нового понимания сущности и природы экономических отношений до их практиче-ской реализации в каждом конкретном случае. Только категори-альный аппарат экономической науки обновился почти наполо-вину, главным образом за счет введения иностранных терминов. зачастую их содержание не менялось, но форма выражения стала другой (не внутрихозяйственное управление, а менеджмент, не снабжение и сбыт, а логистика, не налогообложение, а фискальная политика и т.п.). Экономический словарь обновлен почти на 60-70%. Естественно, что для быстрого достижения успехов рыноч-ных преобразований была попытка повсеместного реформирова-ния с внедрением зарубежных аналогов. Но в разных странах этот результат получился различный. Если в Польше, Венгрии, частич-но в странах Прибалтики этот процесс происходил более успешно,
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
то в Украине и многих других странах он не был столь удачным. Причин этому много, в т.ч. и политических, социальных, истори-ческих, но главный вывод все-таки был сделан в пользу рыночных преобразований и демократизации общества.
Главной проблемой осталась реализация научной состав-ляющей в этих экономических инновациях. Для этого необходимо изменить менталитет научных изысканий и создать реальные усло-вия для их внедрения. Для начала необходимо оценить результат научных поисков в экономике за период рыночных преобразова-ний в Украине. При всей сложности количественного соизмерения в структурном плане этот результат может быть представлен в та-ком соотношении:
исследования теории рынка и рыночных преобразований - – 30-35%;
изучение зарубежного опыта и возможностей его адапта-- ции – 40-50%;
изучение национальной специфики, стратегии и тактики - рыночных преобразований – 20-30%.
Если проследить результат научных изысканий, то он име-ет несколько характеристик. Во-первых, перевод и интерпретация известных в мире результатов научных экономических исследо-ваний был представлен как инновация практических действий по совершенствованию хозяйственного механизма. Конкретной ре-зультативности этих новшеств не требовалось и они многомерно подавались при изменении философии экономического мышления политического руководства. Единого понимания рыночных преоб-разований ни в теоретическом, ни в практическом планах так и не было достигнуто. И до настоящего времени превалирует свободная интерпретация сущности рыночных экономических отношений и причинно-следственных связей их изменения.
Во-вторых, резкое увеличение работников с научными сте-
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ЕвгЕний Мных пенями кандидата и доктора экономических наук. Только за пери-од с 2000 г. по 2012 г. количество ученых экономических специ-альностей (кандидатов и докторов наук) возросло в 3 раза. Но это существенно не повлияло на уровень признания научных результа-тов в Украине и в мире.
В-третьих, это резкий спад активности зарубежных ученых в Украине и уменьшение количества получаемых гратдов на про-ведение научных экономических исследований.
Обмен научным опытом часто превращался в частный ту-ризм.
Самой высокой наукоемкостью отличается подготовка науч-ных экономических кадров. Степень кандидата и доктора экономи-ческих наук имеет 47% состава политического и хозяйственного руководства страны. И этот процесс становится все более интенсив-ным. Но при всем реформировании научной аттестации, повыше-нии требований к результатам научного поиска конъюнктура этого процесса не изменяется. Естественно, можно говорить о недофи-нансировании научных исследований, о потере государственного протекционизма относительно внедрения научных результатов, о недобросовестной конкуренции на научно-образовательном рынке и о других недостатках, которые снижают наукоемкость экономи-ческих инноваций. Но, прежде всего, необходимо изменить фило-софию научного поиска и его внедрения. что касается уровня тео-ретических обоснований, то следует выделить два аспекта:
а) степень разработки проблемы отечественными и зару-бежными учеными и не в контексте обзора изданий с акцентом на приближенных ученых, а на наиболее признанных в теории раз-работок. На практике превалирует более прагматичный подход – ссылка на 3-4 ученых отечественных и на 1-2 зарубежных не зависимо от признания их научных достижений. На этом основа-нии делается вывод о недостаточности теоретической разработки
27
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
конкретной экономической проблемы. Так, в авторефератах за-щиты кандидатских и докторских диссертаций наибольшая дань научным достижениям отдается тем ученым, которые являются членами ученых советов по защите диссертаций с включением фа-милий общеизвестных ученых, которые часто никакого отношения к исследованию данной проблемы не имели. При получении заказа на выполнение научных исследований за счет корпоративного фи-нансирования дань отдается интеллекту заказчика. Естественно, не принимаются во внимание теоретические разработки более высо-кого уровня. Сделанные научные выводы часто имеют вид личных соображений. но научный вывод это не столько следствие на-учных рассуждений, сколько итог научных доказательств, ко-торые имеют характеристики системного подхода;
б) доказательство наличия практической проблемы, из-за нерешенности которой наносится ущерб или недополучается ре-альная выгода. Только системный анализ исследуемого объекта на реальной информационной основе может служить базой для доказательства необходимости и возможности решения проблем совершенствования экономических механизмов. Но ввиду чрез-мерной засекреченности и значительной искаженности информа-ции дать реальные и обоснованные аналитические выводы очень сложно. Так за данными Министерства доходов и сборов Украи-ны до 95% всей информации о доходах и расходах искажается. По экспертным оценкам уровень конфиденциальности экономической информации в Украине в 2-3 раза выше, чем в развитых странах мира (кроме стандартной публичной отчетности). В значительной степени это наследие тоталитарной политической системы. Но в современных условиях информатизации общества желание до-стичь абсолютной конфиденциальности связано с большим риском неоправданных расходов. Вместе с тем, повышается степень недо-верия относительно прагматизма делового сотрудничества. Если
28
ЕвгЕний Мных
учесть уровень «теневой» экономики, то макроэкономический анализ системных экономических изменений практически невоз-можен. Соответственно превалирует формальный признак практи-ческих доказательств.
Решение проблемы научных доказательств может быть опре-деляющим фактором проектирования действенных механизмов нормативно-правового регулирования экономических процессов и реальных программ и планов стратегического и тактического уров-ней. Такие механизмы и инструменты обосновываются исходя из реальных условий деятельности с учетом динамики общественно-го прогресса в целом, накопительного опыта, неминуемой эволю-ции со всей гаммой доказательств, возможностей и приоритетов. Многокритериальные оценки, рейтинг вариантов достижения целей, оптимизационные расчеты являются наиболее прагма-тической доказательной базой любых экономических реше-ний. Тем более, что современные информационные технологии позволяют получать такие расчеты с минимальными затратами в определенные сроки.
Более сложной является проблема реализации научных раз-работок. Для этого, прежде всего, должен быть заказчик и соот-ветствующее финансирование. Если за счет государственного бюджета финансируется внедрение фундаментальных разрабо-ток, то частные заказы и их стоимостные оценки сталкиваются с многочисленными проблемами, главная из которых – сиюминут-ная выгода. Для аргументации целесообразности финансирования тех или иных научных разработок по совершенствованию эконо-мических механизмов нужны невероятные усилия, но побеждает «плоский прагматизм». Поэтому такие разработки занимают очень небольшой удельный вес. А предоставляемые акты о внедрении на-учных разработок при защите диссертации надуманные и ни кого ни к чему не обязывают. Научными исследованиями за государ-
29
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
ственный счет занимается 45 главных распорядителей бюджетных средств. На развитие научных исследований в 2012 году было рас-ходовано более 9 млрд. грн., но они рассредоточены по различным институтам – от Национальной Академии наук до Национальной службы посредничества и примирения, Инспекции контроля за це-нами и других. Результаты научных исследований государствен-ные структуры практически не контролируют и не координируют.
В этом смысле поучительным является опыт Белоруссии, где тема докторской диссертации по экономическим наукам рас-сматривается на заседании Кабинета Министров и утверждается, если на эту тему есть конкретный заказчик и соответствующее фи-нансирование. Аналогичными должны быть государственные ре-гуляторы повышения наукоемкости экономических инноваций во всех сферах деятельности страны.
чрезвычайно важным является построение прозрачных схем признания актуальности и приоритетности финансирования на-учных исследований стратегического и тактического измерений. Предлагаемые схемы бальной оценки и неопределенность экс-пертной характеристики по конъюнктурным соображениям вносят хаос и пренебрежение к проведению научных исследований. Ввиду отсутствия мотивации постоянно уменьшается количество желаю-щих заниматься настоящими глубокими научными исследованиями экономических процессов. Конкурс в аспирантуру и докторантуру практически отсутствует. Абсолютно креативная тематика иссле-дований составляет не более 5%, постоянно увеличивается плагиат и угодничество. При таком прагматизме научной деятельности в сфере экономических отношений серьезных результатов ожидать не приходится.
Выводы. Радикальные экономические реформы, без кото-рых в настоящее время обеспечить общественный прогресс невоз-можно, следует проводить системно, на базе глубоких научных ис-
30
ЕвгЕний Мных следований стратегии экономического роста в реальных условиях мирового сотрудничества и расстановки сил внутри страны, воз-можностей активизации производительных сил и формирования новой философии экономического мышления. Новая этика эко-номических отношений на всех уровнях единого хозяйственного механизма может стать мощным импульсом деловой активности, уверенности в успешном бизнесе, гарантии прав и свобод предпри-нимательства.
Scientific component of economic innovations
E. Mnikh
In article problems of low level of innovative development of economy of Ukraine are considered. It is proved that new programs, projects, practical actions, are carried out not proceeding from scientific knowledge of the objective nature and specifics of economic processes, but on political expediency and on unconditional loan of foreign experience. The directions of improvement of economic management regarding more evidential interpretation of economic innovations, improvement of quality of scientific certification of heads, improvement of financing of scientific development behind transparent schemes of recognition of relevance and priority are allocated.
31
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi tendenciebi
avTandil CuTlaSvili
ivane javaxiSvili saxelobis Tsu-is
asocirebuli profesori
uaxloesma istoriam aCvena, rom socialur-ekono-
mikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis dasavluri (an-
glo-saqsonuri) modeli yvelaze efeqtiani aRmoCnda.
aRniSnulma modelma pirovnul Tavisuflebasa da ga-
rantiebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebrivi sistema war-
moSva, romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: nebisyofis
maragi, dauSreteli energia, dauokebeli iniciativa, ab-
soluturi moTmineba, damoukideblobis grZnoba, Zleva-
mosili aqtiuroba, udreki religiuri grZnobebi, myari
zneoba, valdebulebebis mkafio warmodgena, jansaRi az-
rovneba, saRi damokidebuleba faqtebis mimarT, zomiere-
ba zogadi ideebis mimarT, codna imisa, Tu ras iTxovs
misgan samSoblo, ojaxi da rwmena, optimizmi da a.S.
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg e.w. Tavisuflebis
kavSiri gaizarda da gafarTovda. axali demokratiis
qveynebis mTavrobebma, demokratiul mmarTvelobasTan
erTad, mosaxleobas cxovrebis axali wesic SesTava-
za (bevrisaTvis kargad daviwyebuli, xolo zogisTvis
ucnobi an saerTod miuRebelic), ramac mosaxleobisa
da mTavrobebis danaxarjebisa da danazogebis struq-
turis cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. zogierT qveynis biujeti
deficituri gaxda, gaizarda maTi saSinao da sagareo
32
avTandil CuTlaSvili
vali, xolo centraluri bankis sacavebi Seivso aSS-is
saxazino valdebulebebis TamasuqebiTa da banknote-
biT. gaizarda mosaxleobis moxmarebis done da kul-
tura. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS-is axalma mokavSireebma
da partniorebma enTuziazmiT miiRes TamaSis axali
wesebi. samarTlianobisaTvis unda aRvniSnoT, rom ze-
moT naxseneb cxovrebis axali wesebs, sul cota, ori
mxare gaaCnia - dadebiTi da naklebad dadebiTi. xar-
jebis daubalansebeli zrda biujetebis deficits
iwvevs, rasac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo valis zrda
mosdevs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gadaizardos
fiskalur da monetarul krizisSi da a.S.
amasTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom uaxloes period-
Si aSS-is axal da Zvel mokavSireebsa da partniorebs
Soris mZafri dapirispireba mosalodneli jer ar aris.
Cven yvelam erTad unda gavimarjvoT msoflio teror-
izmTan brZolaSi (erayi, avRaneTi da a.S.), Tavisulebis
principebi gasamyarebelia arabeTis qveynebSi (arabe-
Tis gazafxuli), win aziis ramdenime odiozuri diqta-
toruli reJimi da afrikis Suaguli gvelis. yovelive
amas ramdenime aTeuli weli dasWirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi,
albaT, geometriuli progresiis principi ufro imoq-
medebs. sagulisxmoa, rom civma omma 40 welze naklebi
dro waiRo, berlinis kedlis dangrevidan mxolod 20
weli gavida. Cveni azriT, zemoT aRniSnuli problemeb-
is mosagvareblad msoflios didi dro ar dasWirdeba,
radganac mokavSireTa da partniorTa banaki izrdeba.
msoflios did nawilSi movlenebi metad mSvid da
megobrul garemoSi viTardeba. movlenaTa zedapirze
harmoniuli da TiTqos Tbili urTierTobebia, rac, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, marTlac, asea, magram msoflio ekonomikaSi
kvlav SeimCneva krizisuli movlenebis tendenciebi,
romelic sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateba: ipoTekuri,
33
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
sabanko da finansuri krizisebi; ekonomikuri recesia;
evrozonis problemebi (irlandia, portugalia, saber-
ZneTi, kiprosi da a.S.); biujetis mudmivi deficitiT
warmoCenili problemebi da sxva.
meti dakvirvebisa da analizis Sedegad irkveva,
rom aSS-is Zveli konkurentebi da partniorebi aRar
arian Tanaxma, aiTvison yvela is saqoneli da mom-
saxureba, rasac amerikuli korporaciebi sTavazoben.
ufro metic, bevrma maTganma TviTon daiwyo TavisTvis
saWiro produqciis warmoeba, riTac Seaviwrova Tavisi
amerikeli konkurentebi, ara marto Siga da regionul
bazrebze, aramed msoflio masStabiTac (germaniisa
da iaponiis avtoindustriis magaliTi). viTareba am
mimarTulebiT mZafrdeba, radganac postkomunistur
sivreceSi moqmedi aSS da zogierTi sxva qveynis kor-
poraciebi awydeba ufro da ufro Zlier konkurencias
adgilobrivi biznes-elitebidan, romlebic imagreben
poziciebs Siga da regionul bazrebze da xSir SemTx-
vevaSi globaluri bazrebis aTvisebis strategiebzec
fiqroben.
ekonomikurad warmatebuli bevri qveynis mTavro-
ba uars acxadebs, pirdapir miiRos mravalmiliardiani
sesxebi, romlis Tavisufali gankargvis ufleba maT-
Tvis xSir SemTxvevaSi SezRudulia. bevrma maTganma
Sinagani resursebisa (bunebrivi, adamianuri da a.S.)
da sxva faqtorebis ukeT gamoyenebis meSveobiT mniS-
vnelovnad gaimyara poziciebi msoflio ekonomikaSi.
marto CineTis, indoeTis, braziliis, ruseTis, samxreT
afrikis magaliTebic sakmarisi unda iyos.
unda aRiniSnos, rom bevri qveyana, sxvadasaxva ga-
remoebis gamo, nebayoflobiT aRmoCnda aSS-is ekonomi-
kis mxardamWerTa rigebSi. ase, magaliTad, CineTi aSS-
is saxazino valdebulebebis erT-erTi umsxvilesi
34
avTandil CuTlaSvili
mepatronea, mis centralur banks aSS fasiani qaRal-
debis seriozuli maragebi gaaCnia. amgvar viTarebaSi
bevri qveyanaa, romelTa samrewvelo-safinanso jgufebs
ekonomikasa da finansebSi konkurentuli brZola aqvT
gamarTuli TavianT amerikel partniorebTan.
sxva faqtorebTan erTad zemoT aRniSnuli gare-
moebac xels uwyobs imas, rom aSS-Si moxmarebis done
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi maRal niSnulze
iyos SenarCunebuli, Tumca, aSS-is realuri ekonomikis
xvedriTi wona msoflio ekonomikaSi Semcirebis ten-
denciebiT xasiaTdeba. aSS-Si moxmarebis donis Senar-
Cuneba mmarTveli wreebis realuri interesia, romel-
ic met-naklebad warmatebiT xorcieldeba, rogorc
demokratiuli, aseve respublikuri administraciebisa
da kongresis sxvadasxva mowvevis mier. yovelive sxva-
dasxva gziTa da meTodiT miiRweva (ekonomikuri, finan-
suri, politikuri, samxedro, kulturuli da a.S.), romlis
Seswavla ar warmoadgens winamdebare kvlevis mizans.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseT viTarebaSi problema
ikveTeba da igi ufro meti simwvaviT Seaxsenebs Tavs,
rogorc amerikel momxmareblebs, aseve sxva qveynebis
mosaxleobas. realurad, axali midgomis Camoyalibebi-
sa da Tanmimdevrulad gatarebisaTvis msoflios sul
ufro cota dro rCeba.
Tu davsvamT kiTxvas - ra iqneba momavalSi, rogo-
ri ekonomikuri da finansuri wesrigia saWiro? - pasuxi,
albaT, mTavaridan, anu aSS-is ekonomikidan unda da-
viwyoT, ramdenadac igi, rogorc samxedro-politikuri,
aseve ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT msoflios upirvele-
si qveyanaa.
albaT, sadavo araa is, rom dRes aSS-is erT-erTi
mTavari problema mzardi federaluri valia. bolo 50
wlis ganmavlobaSi (analizi moicavs 1961-2010 wlebs)
35
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
aSS-is federaluri valis moculoba mTlian Siga
produqtTan (mSp-Tan) mimarTebiT icvleboda. yvelaze
dabali maCvenebeli 1981 wels dafiqsirda, rodesac igi
mSp-is 32,6% iyo. (2010 wels aRniSnulma maCvenebelma
93,2%-s miaRwia). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom valis moculoba
1981 wels imdenad umniSvnelo iyo (994.8 mlrd dolari),
rom igi seriozul zegavlenas ver axdenda erovnuli
valutis myidvelobiTunarianobaze [1]. imave 1981 wels
aSS-is mSp-is xvedriTi wona msoflio mSp-Si 28,6% iyo.
marTalia, 1961 welTan SedarebiT aRniSnuli maCvene-
beli 45,6%-dan 28,6%-mde Semcirda, magram aSS-is ekono-
mika pirvelobas myarad inarCunebda.
Semdegi 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi aSS-is ekonomika
sakmaod dinamikurad viTardeboda. misi mSp 1981 wels
3.057 trln dolari iyo, xolo 2010 wels - 14.508 trln
dolari dafiqsirda, anu igi 4.7-jer gaizarda [1].
aRniSnulze mravalma faqtorma imoqmeda. am
aspeqtiT, uwinaresad, sainteresoa aSS-is mSp-is Semad-
geneli komponentebi, rogorc produqciisa da momsax-
urebis, aseve danaxarjebis aspeqtiT. aSS-is preziden-
tis 2011 wlis ekonomikuri angariSis mixedviT[2] mSp-
Si yvelaze didi wili - 60-70%-is farglebSi indi-
vidualur samomxmareblo xarjebze modis. aRniSnuli
maCvenebeli Tanmimdevrulad izrdeboda. ase, magaliTad,
Tu 1962 wels igi mxolod 62.0 % iyo, 2010 wels 70.6%-s
miaRwia, rac erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia aSS istoriaSi.
maqsimaluri maCvenebeli 2009 wels dafiqsirda, rode-
sac moxmarebis done mSp-is 70.8 % iyo, rac absolutur
maCveneblebSi 10,001.3 mlrd dolaria, xolo minimaluri
- 1967 wels dafiqsirda, rodesac igi mSp-is 61.0%, anu
507.8 mlrd dolari iyo. 1967 da 2009 wlebs Soris mox-
marebis wilis sxvaobam mxolod 9.8% Seadgina, Tumca
moxmarebis sidide, sul cota, 19-jer gaizarda.
36
avTandil CuTlaSvili
mSp-is meore komponenti samTavrobo xarjebia, rom-
lis maqsimaluri wili mSp-Si 1967 wels dafiqsirda
-23.1%, xolo minimaluri - 1998 wels - 17.35%. 2010 wels
mTavrobis xarjebma 3002.3 mlrd dolars miaRwia, rac
mSp-is 20.5 %-ia.
mSp-is struqturaSi seriozuli cvlileba gani-
cada investiciebma. ase, magaliTad, maqsimalur niSnuls,
19.2 %, man 1979 wels miaRwia, xolo minimaluri zRvari
2009 wels dafiqsirda - 11.3. 2010 wels ki - 12.4 % iyo.
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom absoluturi maCveneblebis
mixedviT yvelaze meti investicia 2006 wels ganxor-
cielda - 2327.2 mlrd dolari.
sainteresoa eqsport-importis maCveneblebis ana-
lizi. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom eqsport-
importis operaciebis uaryofiTi saldo myarad dam-
kvidrda aSS realobaSi 1976 wlidan, xolo 1989-2006
wlebSi Tanmivdevrulad izrdeboda. maqsimums man 769.3
mlrd dolariT 2006 wels miaRwia. 2010 wels aRniS-
nuli maCvenebeli 515.5 mlrd dolari (3.5%) iyo.
analiziT irkveva, rom 1962-1969 ww. samomxmareblo
xarjebSi saqonlis xvedriTi wona meti iyo, vidre mom-
saxurebis. kerZod, 1962 – 52.0%; 1963 – 51.8%; 1964 -51.6%;
1965 – 51.8%; 1966 – 51.9%; 1967 – 51.0%; 1968 – 51.0%; 1969
– 50.4%. 1970 wlidan aRniSnuli Tanafardoba icvleba.
man Tanmimdevrulad, sapirispiro mimarTulebiT dai-
wyo zrda da 2008 wlisaTvis momsaxurebis wili sa-
momxmareblo xarjebis saerTo maCvenebelSi 2-jer meti
gaxda da 6,725.0 mlrd dolari Seadgina, rac aSS-is
mSp-is 46.8%-ia. momdevno wlebSi sxvaoba kidev ufro
gaizarda momsaxurebis xarjebis sasargeblod.
zemoT aRniSnulidan is daskvna gamodis, rom
aSS-Si bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxmarebis done
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, rogorc absolutur, aseve
37
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
SefardebiT maCveneblebSi. warmoeba moxmarebisaTvis
ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda, vidre - samomavlo inve-
stirebisTvis.
Cveni analizis gagrZelebis mizniT davubrun-
deT aSS-is federaluri valis sakiTxs. rogorc ze-
moT aRiniSna, misi moculoba bolo ramdenime aTeuli
weli Tanmimdevrulad izrdeboda, xolo mzardi indi-
vidualuri moxmareba ifareboda biujetis xarjviTi
nawilisa da valis zrdis xarjze. moxmarebis mkveTri
zrda faqtorTa erTobliobam ganapiroba. SevCerdebiT
ramdenime maTganze.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dafiqsirda
mravali amerikuli kompaniis Semosavlebisa da mogebis
zrda, rac msoflio bazarze xelsayreli koniunqturis
Sedegic iyo. aRniSnul process arajerovnad Sefaseb-
uli aqtivebis Sesyidvamac Seuwyo xeli, rac socialis-
turi sistemis daSlis Sedegad warmoiSva msoflioSi.
mSp-is zrdas xels uwyobda axali bazrebis aTvise-
bac, romelic sabWouri blokis daSlis Semdeg gaCnda.
axali bazrebi mzad iyo aeTvisebina (eyida) TiTqmis
yvelaferi, rasac ki SesTavazebdnen, raSic saqonelze
meti wili modioda, vidre momsaxurebaze. aRniSnulma
procesma xeli Seuwyo aSS-Si egreT wodebul ’’ samomx-
mareblo bums.’’
moxmarebis maRalma donem daamkvidra ufro maR-
ali cxovrebis standartebi. aRniSnulis SenarCuneba
niSnavs, sul cota, moxmarebis donis ucvlelad datove-
bas, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, mis etapobriv zrdas.
aq unda iTqvas, rom aSS-Si moxmarebis (xarjebis) done
igive darCa (yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar Semcirebula), xolo
Semosavlebis (warmoebis) - mcirdeba. amavdroulad
sagulisxmoa, rom msoflio bazarze Zalas ikrefen da
Zlierdebian aSS-is axali da tradiciuli konkuren-
38
avTandil CuTlaSvili
tebi. aSS-is ekonomikis pirveloba jer kidev damajer-
ebelia, Tumca misi xvedriTi wona msoflio ekonimikaSi
mcirdeba. ase, magaliTad, aSS-is mSp-is xvedriTi wona
msoflio ekonomnikaSi 2010 wels 22,9% Seadgina (winas-
wari gaangariSebiT), igive maCvenebeli 1961 wels 45,6%,
xolo 1981 wels 28,6% iyo.
sakiTxis zemoT aRniSnul aspeqtiT ganxilvisas
sainteresoa is faqti, rom civi omis dasrulebisa da
socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg, aSS-s warmoeS-
va e.w. ”zemogeba”, romlis gaTvaliswinebiT igegmeboda
maTi momavali aqtiuroba, maT Soris, xarjviT sferoSic.
aSS-Si nel-nela nCndeba imis gageba, rom aRniSnuli ”ze-
mogeba” droebiTi fenomenia da ara mudmivi Semosavali.
ukve aRvniSneT, Tu ratom mcirdeba, xolo momavalSi ki
saerTod gaqreba aRniSnuli ”zemogeba”. amas emateba is,
rom e.w. mesame samyaros (da ara marto) qveynebSi gaCn-
da sakuTari warmoeba, romelic aviwrovebs aSS-is me-
warmeebs adgilobriv da regionul bazrebze. amerikul
korporaciebs uWirT mxlod ekonomikuri meTodebiT
awarmoon konkurentuli brZola im qveynebis mwarmoe-
blebTan, sadac iafi muSaxeli da nedleulia. amitom
aSS-is kompaniebi axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiTa da
inovaciuri produqciis SeTavazebiT cdiloben dinami-
kurad ganviTarebad bazrebze poziciebis SenarCunebas,
rac Zalze Zviria da mas Tavisi specifika gaaCnia [14].
yovelive amas, sul cota, unda mohyoloda koreq-
tivebi aSS-is xarjviT politikaSi, rac ganxorcielda
kidevac da realurad xarjebis SemcirebiT ki ara,
aramed zrdiT gamoixata. amas aSS-is federaluri va-
lis zrda da dolaris gaufasureba mohyva. ase, magali-
Tad, aSS-is Sromis saministros (United State Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics) monacemebis mixedviT, 1961
wels 1000 dolariT SeZenil produqciaSi 2013 wlis
39
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
dasawyisisaTvis 7810.90 dolars ixdidnen, 2001 wels -
5923.08 dolars, 1991 wels - 4555.18 dolars, 1981 wels -
3040.13 dolars, xolo 1971 wels - 1354.52 dolars [5].
saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi sainteresod
viTardeboda aSS-is mSp-is moculoba mosaxleobis erT
sulze gaangariSebiT (GDP per capita). ase, magaliTad, Tu
1961 wels aSS-s am maCvenebliT 2852 dolariT udavo
pirveli adgili ekava, 1973 wels msoflios pirveli
xuTeuli ase gamoiyureboda: arabeTis gaerTianebuli
saemiroebi - 7527 dolari, luqsemburgi - 7373 dolari,
Sceicaria - 7007 dolari, SvedeTi - 6716 dolari, aSS
6338 - dolari. 1975 wels liderTa jgufs daemata nor-
vegia (8127 dolari) da dania (7825 dolari). 2010 wels
am maCvenebliT aSS (47 200 dolari) pirveli aTeulis
zRvarze imyofeba [13].
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom aSS-is mSp-Si bolo wleb-
Si izrdeboda moxmarebis wili investiciebisa da eqs-
portis Semcirebis xarjze. savaraudoa, rom investicie-
bis Semcireba danazogebis SemcirebiT aris gamowveu-
li. amaze miuTiTebs saerTaSoriso monetaruli fon-
dis (IMF) monacemebis safuZvelze ”ekonomi votC” (Econo-my Watch) mier Sedgenili cxrili mTliani erovnuli
danazogis (Gross National Savings) Taobaze mSp-Si [8]. ase,
magaliTad, Tu es maCvenebeli aSS-saTviT 1981 wels 20.66
% iyo, 2010 wels man mSp-is 11.58 % Seadgina.
aRniSnulidan ar unda Seiqmnas STabeWdileba,
rom amerikelebi TiTqos cotas muSaoben. realurad
sapirispiro suraTia. ase, magaliTad, harvardis univer-
sitetis profesori juliet skori (Juliet B. Schor) jer
kidev 1991 wels Tavis gamokvlevaSi [9] aRniSnavda, rom
gasuli 20 wlis manZilze amerikelebis mier samsax-
urSi gatarebuli dro ganuxrelad izrdeboda da zr-
dam 9 saaTs Seadgenda. Semdgom wlebSi aRniSnuli ten-
40
avTandil CuTlaSvili
dencia gagrZelda. aSS-is Sromis saministros (United State Department of Labor) 2006 wlis angariSis mixedviT
(Chartbook of International Labor Comparisons) amerikelebi 2004
wels samsaxurSi saSualod 1824 saaTs atarebdnen [10]
da amiT mxolod koreelebsa (2380 sT.) da meqsikelebs
(1848 sT.) CamorCebodnen, maSin roca evropul qveynebSi
es maCvenebeli gacilebiT naklebi iyo (niderlandeb-
Si 1357 sT., norvegiaSi 1363 sT., safrangeTSi 1441 sT.,
germaniaSi 1443 sT.). 2010 wlis analogiurma angariS-
ma (Section 2 “Labor Market”, Chart 2.9) aCvena, rom 2008 wlis
mixedviT amerikelebi samsaxurSi saSualod 1792 saaTs
atarebdnen. maT koreelebi (2316 sT.), meqsikelebi (1893
sT.) da italielebi (1802 sT.) uswrebdnen. saSualod,
amerikeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 250 saaTiT mets muSaobs,
vidre frangi, 360 saaTze mets, vidre germaneli, 370 saa-
Tze mets, vidre norvegieli da 403 saaTiT mets, vidre
holandieli.
logikuria vivaraudoT, rom, Tu adamiani bevrs da
nayofierad muSaobs, misi Semosavali izrdeba, rac met
finansur SesaZleblobebs uCens mas. yovelive ki kidev
ufro aviTarebs aSS-is legendarul samomxmareblo
bazars, rac momxmareblisTvis namdvili samoTxea. igi
uamrav da sxvadasxva stilisa da modelis, fasisa da ge-
movnebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas sTavazobs yvelas.
Camoyalibda moxmarebaze orientirebuli sazogadoeba,
romlmac raRac periodis Semdeg imaze metis xarjva
daiwyo, vidre realur Rirebulebas hqmnida. SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom Camoyalibda e.w. virtualuri samyaro,
romelic nel-nela distancirdeba realurisgan [15, gv.
5-16].
yovelive aRniSnulis Semdeg upriania, SevCerdeT
zogierT im araekonomikur Sedegeze, romelic bolo
ramdenime aTeuli weliwadi fiqsirdeba aSS-is real-
41
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
obaSi. mivubrundeT harvardis universitetis profe-
sors juliet skoris (Juliet B. Schor) wigns [9, gv.2], romel-
Sic jer kidev 1991 wels aRniSnulia, rom amerikelTa
Tavisufali dro Semcirda erTi mesamediT 1970 welTan
SedarebiT (Nationwide, people report their leisure time has declined by as much as one third since the early 1970s). mkvlevaris azriT
[9, gv. 3-4], gazrdili samuSao datvirTvebi (the rising
workload) warmoSobs mTel rig socialur problemas.
ase, magaliTad, amerikelTa 30% aRniSnavda, rom TiTqmis
yoveldRe ganicdian stress, romelmac gamoiwvia sx-
vadasxva daavadebis zrda, gansakuTrebiT, qalbatonebs
Soris. daZabuli muSaobis ganrigi aviTarebs gulis
daavadebebs, kuW-nawlavis problemebs, depresias, hiper-
teonias da a.S.
problemebi ikveTeba ZilTan dakavSirebiT. gamokv-
levebis Tanaxmad, amerikelebi „Zilis deficits“ (“sleep deficit”) ganicdian. maT umravlesobas Rame 60-90 wuTiT
naklebi sZinavT, vidre saWiroa janmrTelobisTvis (a majority of whom are currently getting between 60 and 90 minutes less a night than they should for optimum health and performance).
kidev erTi problema ikveTeba samsaxursa da
ojaxs Soris drois optimalur ganawilebaSi. qveynis
mosaxleobis naxevari miiCnevs, rom maT ojaxisaTvis
Zalian cota dro rCebaT (Half the population now says they have too little time for their families)[9, gv. 3]. yovelive es ara
marto janmrTelobasa da ojaxebis simtkices uqmnis
problemebs, aramed iribad axalgazrda Taobebis aRz-
rda-ganaTlebazec seriozul zegavlenas axdens. ase,
magaliTad, berkleli sociologi arli xoSCaildi
(arlie Hochschild) aRniSnavs, rom samsaxurs, bavSvebsa da qorwinebas Soris arCevanis gakeTebisas ukanaskneli
zaraldeba (When job, children, and marriage have to be attended to, it’s often the marriage that is neglected). ekonomisti silvia
42
avTandil CuTlaSvili
xevleti (Sylvia Hewlett) Tvlis, rom mTavari problemaa
is, rom bavSvebi sul ufro da ufro martoni rCebi-
an, rodesac maTi mSoblebi muSaoben (A major problem is that children are increasingly left alone, to fend for themselves while their parents are at work)[10]. kidev erTma ekonomistma vik-
tor fuqsma (Victor Fuchs) daafiqsira, rom 1960-1986 wleb-
Si mSoblebis mier SvilebTan gatarebuli dro davida
kviraSi 10 saaTamde TeTrkanianebisaTvis da 12 saaTamde
- afroamerikelebisaTvis. aRniSnuliT warmoqmnili de-
feciti aRzrdaSi sxva uamrav problemas warmoSobs.
sxvadasxva samTavrobo da saerTaSoriso orga-
nizaciis oficialuri statistikuri monacemebis ana-
lizis safuZvelze ganvixiloT sxva parametri.
janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciis angariSe-
bis mixedviT [12] SeviswavleT aSS-Si Warbwoniano-
bis problema. 2005 wlis angariSis mixedviT, [12, gv. 23]
1999-2002 wlebSi 25.8% mozard vaJebs da 31.8% mozard
qalebs hqondaT Warbwonianobis problema, xolo 2011
wlis angariSis mixedviT [12. gv. 111], aRniSnuli maCven-
ebeli 2008 wlisaTvis gaizarda da Sesabamisad 30.2% da
33.2% gaxda. amave angariSis mixedviT (gv. 70) mSobiare
qalbatonebis sikvdilianobis koeficienti (Maternal mortality ratio) 12-dan (1990 wels) 2008 wlisaTvis 24-
mde gaizarda, maSin, roca bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi
igi Semcirda. ase, magaliTad, germaniaSi igi 13-dan 7-de,
iaponiaSi 12-dan 6-mde, safrangeTSi 13-dan 8-mde Semcir-
da. saberZneTSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli (mSobiare qal-
batonebis sikvdilianoba 100 000 adamianze) mxolod
2-s udris.
aRniSnulis Semdeg xazi gvinda gavusvaT im ga-
remoebas, rom mxolod samuSos moculobis, intensiuro-
bisa da daZabulobis gamo rodi xdeba yvela zemoT
43
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
aRniSnuli movlena, magram problemebis erTobliobam
gaamwvava yovelive es da gamosavali mosaZebnia ara
marto ekonomikis sferoSi. albaT, axleburad unda
iqnes gaazrebuli rigi faseuloba (maxasiaTebeli), maT
Soris - ratom vmuSaobT Cven ase da amdens, ratom vx-
arjavT amdens da amgvarad da a.S.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi (saqarTvelo maT Soris)
dainteresebuli arian aSS-is ekonomikis sijansaRiT,
radganac is, garkveulwilad, maTi ganviTarebisa da
warmatebis sawindaricaa. saqarTvelosac aqvs dRes
problemebi, magram sxvagvari saxeobis. axla ki erT-
erT maTganze gvinda gavamaxviloT yuradReba. qveya-
nas grZelvadiani da mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis es-
aWiroeba Sinagani potenciali da Sesabamisi finansuri
resursebi. yovelive ki, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli
danazogis moculobaSi gamoixateba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom CvenTan aRniSnul parametrs ar eqceva saTanado
yuradReba. faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi Siga investicieb-
is resursi Zalian mwiria da aqcenti gadatanilia gare
investiciebze, arada, ganviTarebis sxvadasxva TeoriaSi
danazogebis moculobas yvelgan didi mniSvneloba eni-
Weba, radganac igi aris Siga investiciebisa da ekonomi-
kis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mZlavri wyaro.
msoflio bankis monacemebiT [16], aRniSnuli maCve-
nebeli saqarTveloSi 2008 wels mSp-is mxolod 4%-s
Seadgenda, 2009 wels - 2%-s, 2010 wels - 11%-s, 2011 wels
- 13%-s, xolo 2012 wels - 17%-s. miuxedavad amisa, Cven
jer kidev sagrZnoblad CamovrCebiT bevr mezobel
qveyanas. magaliTad: azerbaijans, somxeTs, ruseTis fed-
eracias da ase Semdeg, romelTa mTliani danazogebi
2012 wels mSp-is 41%, 21%, 41%-ia. (ixileT cxrili 1).
44
avTandil CuTlaSvili
mTliani danazogebi (% mSp-Tan) [16]
cxrili 1
wlebi
qveyana2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
saqarTvelo 4 2 11 14 18
azerbaijani 52 42 46 38 37
somxeTi 29 18 19 20 21
TurqeTi 16 13 13 14 14
rumineTi 20 21 21 27 23
bulgareTi 15 20 22 22 22
moldova 23 15 15 13 13
ukraina 21 16 16 15 10
ruseTi 32 23 27 31 30
CineTi 53 53 52 51 49
imedi imisa, rom bazari TviTregulirebas moaxdens
da aRniSnuli sakiTxi TavisiT mowesrigdeba, mTlad
gamarTlebuli ver iqneba. Tavisi wili samuSao, ga-
sakeTebeli aqvs ara marto samecniero sazogadoebas,
aramed biznesisa da saxelisuflebo wreebsac.
danazogebis zrdis ra winamZRvrebia amJamad
saqarTvelos realur seqtorSi? unda iTqvas, rom
qarTuli oficialuri statistika ar gvanebivrebs am
mimarTulebiT informaciis siWarbiT. dasawyisisTvis
ganvixiloT mosaxleobis Tviuri fuladi Semosavali
da Tviuri fuladi xarjebi. ase magaliTad, 2012 wels
Semosavlebma 715.6 mln.lari, xolo xarjma 692.8 mln
lari Seadgina, [18]. gamodis, rom Semosavlebi xarjebs
22.8 mln lariT sWarbobs, rac weliwadSi mxolod 273
mln larze odnav metia. (ixileT cxrili 2).
45
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
saqarTvelos socialuri indikatorebi [17 da 18]
(mln lari)
cxrili 2
wlebi 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
mosaxleobis Tvi-
uri fuladi Se-
mosavali
351.0 455.2 492.1 567.2 617.0 715.6
mosaxleobis Tvi-
uri fuladi xar-
ji
373.0 466.6 478.1 535.8 599.3 692.8
sxvaoba Semosav-
lebsa da xarjebs
Soris
-22.0 -11.4 14.0 31.4 17.7 22.8
saSualo wliuri
maCvenebeli
- - 168.0 376.8 212.4 273.6
unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo wlebSi viTareba uke-
Tesobisaken icvleba, magram dadebiTi tendenciebi jer
kidev sakmarisi araa viTarebis realuri gaumjobesebi-
saTvis. Cndeba kiTxvebi da maTze yalibdeba savaraudo
pasuxebi. magaliTad, rogor SeiZleba Sina meurneobebma
da mosaxleobam ufro meti dazogon? ra politika Sei-
Zleba gatardes erovnuli dazogvis normis gasadide-
blad?
pasuxebi, iseve rogorc kiTxvebi, mravalferovani
da saintereso SeiZleba aRmoCndes. Cven ar gvaqvs pre-
tenzia srul WeSmaritebaze. gvinda mxolod ramdenime
mosazreba davafiqsiroT. kerZod:
• danazogebis zrdas xels Seuwyobs dazogili
Semosavlebis gansxvavebuli sagadasaxado reJimiT
46
avTandil CuTlaSvili
dabegvra;
• saxelmwifo danazogebis zrda SesaZleblad mig-
vaCnia saxelmwifo biujetis deficitisa da profici-
tis ukeT regulirebis meSveobiT;
• Siga finansur brunvaSi saxelmwifosa da ker-
Zo seqtoris resuresebis CarTulobis zrda daexmare-
ba dazogili saxsrebis ganTavsebis SesaZleblobebis
gaumjobesebas da a.S.
garkveuli samuSaoebia Casatarebeli erToblivi
moxmarebis struqturis optimizaciis, sabanko seqtoris
regulirebis srulyofis, finansuri bazris Semdgomi
ganviTarebis, mosaxleobis finansuri ganaTlebis amaR-
lebis mimarTulebiT. yovelivem, sul cota, xeli unda
Seuwyos qveynis Sesatyvisi moxmarebis struqturis
formirebas, saprocento spredis Semcirebas, adminis-
traciuli da mmarTvelobiTi xarjebis optimizacias,
autsorsingis praqtikis SezRudvas, larizaciis koefi-
cientis amaRlebas, fasiani qaRaldebis bazris mraval-
ferovnebas, daexmaros Cvens Tanamoqalaqeebs, damoukide-
blad dagegmon sakuTari finansebi da marTon ojaxis
momavali da a.S.
Cveni azriT, erovnuli danazogebis normis zrda
unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc mizani, aramed rogorc
qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis saSualeba. mosax-
leobas ara marto danazogi, aramed misi usafrTxo,
momgebianad ganTavsebisa da efeqtianad gamoyenebis sa-
Sualeba unda hqondes.
The Main Indicators of Economic Development for the USA
A.Chutlashvili
Changes in the global economy conduct to the changes in the
47
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
savings and expenses in the structure of the world and national GDP. As a result, the public debt are grows for many countries, year by year. The review of the some economic indicators in the leading economy of the world is one of the purposes of that research.
The author examines US GDP in the last 50 years, structure of the federal debt, national savings, gross national product per capita and some social indicators. Keeping leading positions in the world economy and finance require substantial efforts from USA and it will be effec-tive only if will use different kinds of joint actions (scientific, political, military, cultural etc).
Some questions which are important for development of financial system of Georgia also are considered.
Key words: financial markets, GDP, spending, budget policy, fed-eral debt, GDP per capita, national saving, global economy.
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1. Historical Tables. The Budget. Office of Management and Budget.(Table 7.1-Federal Debt at the End of Year. 1940-2018) www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals
2. 2011 Economic Report of the President, gv.188-189. Council of Economic Advisers. www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/cea/economic-report-of-the-President
3. Historical Debt Outstanding – Annual 1950-2010 www.trea-surydirect.dov/gov/reports/pd/histdebt/
4. Federal Debt www.fms.treas.gov/bulletin/ World Resources Institute. Economics, Business, and the Environment — GDP: GDP per capita, current US dollars - http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html
5. aSS Sromis saministros infliaciis kalkulatori http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm
6. Development Data Group, The World Bank. 2008. 2008 World Development Indicators Online. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
48
avTandil CuTlaSvili
Available at: http://go.worldbank.org/U0FSM7AQ40.7. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,
Survey of Current Business. Web: bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/spi/. 8. United States (US, USA or America) Gross National Savings
(% of GDP) Statistics http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statis-tics/United- States/Gross_National_Savings_Percentage_of_GDP/
9. Juliet B. Schor. The Overwork American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure. www.users.ipfw.edu/reflethe/american.html
10. Chartbook of International Labor Comparisons. US Depart-ment of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/fls/chartbook/chartbook2010.pdf
11. arlie Hochschild. The Second Shift12. World Health Satistics (2006-2011) http://www.who.int/
whosis/whostat/en/index.html 13. Definition of GDP – per capita (PPP) – http://www.index-
mundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=us&v=67 14.Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo universitetis
samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2009 w.;15.Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo universitetis
samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2010 w.;16.Gross savings (% of GDP)/ Data/ Table – The World Bank
data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNS.ICTR.ZS17.saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis 2012 wlis anga-
riSi (gv.142)
18.saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da
sabanko statistikis biuleteni; ianvari-ivlisi, 2013w.
http://nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=352
19.World Economic outlook. April 2013. Hopes, Realities, Risks http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/pdf/text.pdf
49
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
inga balarjiSvili
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
iv. javaxiSvilis sax.
Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori
postsabWoTa ekonomikebis transformaciis
procesi ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli politikur
procesebTanac. ekonomikis da politikis mWidro
kavSiri vlindeba politikur arCevanze ekonomikuri
faqtorebis gavlenasa da ekonomikaze politikuri
faqtoris ukugavlenaSi [7].
miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri bazris Teoriis
mravali debuleba sakamaToa (magaliTad, sworia
Tu ara sazogadoebrivi, maT Soris politikuri
institutebi ganvixiloT rogorc bazari; ramdenad
determinirdeba politikuri bazris aqtorebis
moqmedeba sargeblianobis egoisturi mosazrebebiT da
ramdenad - „TamaSis wesebiT“, anu qcevis istoriulad da
kulturulad ganpirobebuli stereotipebiT, romlebic
qmnian sabazro sivrcis garemos; samarTliania Tu ara
Cikagos (g. bekeri, j.stigleri, r.qouzi, r. pozneri, s.
pelcmani da sxv.), virjiniis (j. biuqeneni, r, vainingi,
g. taloki, j. brenani da sxv.) da sxva skolebis mier
ganviTarebuli racionaluri arCevanis koncefciis
pretenzia universaluri kvleviTi paradigmis Seqmnaze),
man gaaTavisufla politikuri azri makro-istoriuli
da makro-sociologiuri determinizmisgan, xeli
Seuwyo individis „reabilitacias“, romelic mihyveba
racionaluri arCevanis problema postsabWoTa politikur bazrebze
50
inga balarjiSvili
pirad interesebs da moqmedebs politikur sivrceSi
avtonomiurad da gacnobierebulad, SesaZlebeli
gaxada politikuri bazris ZiriTadi moqmedi pirebis
- amomrCevlebis, deputatebis da Cinovnikebis qcevis
interpretireba.
politikuri bazari politikuri saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis (ideebis, programebis, marTvis stilis,
lideris imijis) warmoebisa da ganawilebis sistemaa,
romelic SedarebiT efeqtianad uzrunvelyofs
erTmaneTs Soris konkurirebadi gamyidvelebis
(partiebis, politikosebis, biurokratiis) da myidvelebis
(amomrCevlebis, moqalaqeebis) interesTa mniSvnelovani
raodenobis SeTanxmebas. politikuri bazari SeiZleba
aRmocendes mxolod warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis
pirobebSi. „liberalur demokratiaSi, - werda k. erou,
- arsebobs koleqtiuri arCevanis realizaciis ori
gza: xmis micema, romelic gamoiyeneba politikuri
xasiaTis gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad da sabazro
meqanizmi, romelic gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri xasiaTis
gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad“ [13, gv.19].
politikuri bazari - es aris sivrce, romelSic
xdeba amomrCevelTa xmebis gacvla kandidatTa
winasaarCevno dapirebebze, moqalaqeTa mxardaWeris da
loialurobisa - politikosebisa da mmarTvelebis mier
proeqtirebad gadawyvetilebebze. amasTan, politikuri
bazris yvela aqtori moqmedebs sakuTari miznebis
miRwevisaTvis [8, gv. 5]. „politikuri bazari - es
aris veli, romelzec aqtorTa Soris konkurenciul
brZolaSi ibadeba politikuri produqcia: problemebi,
programebi, koncefciebi, movlenebi, romlebidanac unda
airCion Cveulebrivma moqalaqeebma“ [1, gv. 11].
zogierTi avtori uSualod aigivebs demokratias
politikur bazarTan: „demokratias uwodeben
51
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
politikuri bazris an Zalauflebis bazris sistemas, an
sabazro politikas (sabazro ekonomikis analogiurad).
es aris sabazro principis pirdapiri proeqcia
politikur cxovrebaSi. kandidatebi - saqonlis
mimwodeblebi arian, amomrCevlebi - momxmareblebi.
momxmareblis Zalauflebis uzrunvelyofa xdeba
politikuri pluralizmis meSveobiT, e.i. mimwodeblebs
Soris konkurenciis arsebobiT.
postsabWoTa qveynebSi politikur aqtorTa qcevis
racionaluroba mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia TviT
am bazris specifikiT, kerZod: 1) politikuri bazris
mbrZaneblur-administraciuli regulireba da misi
monopolizacia, rogorc Sedegi; 2) administraciuli
resursis aqtiuri gamoyeneba winasaarCevno kampaniis
procesSi; 3) winasaarCevno kampaniis Catarebisas
opoziciis mier masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis
srulad gamoyenebis ararseboba; 4) politikuri bazris
ufro aSkara „sabazro“ xasiaTi, vidre ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, rac dakavSirebulia demokratiuli kulturis,
tradiciis da struqturebis ararsebobasTan; 5)
adamianTa cnobierebiT da qcevebiT manipulireba
masmediis saSualebebis, rogorc politikuri marketingis
instrumentis meSveobiT.
aRniSnuli Taviseburebani ganapirobebs post-
sabWoTa individis qcevis mizezebis Ziebas ara marto
racionaluri arCevanis klasikur TeoriebSi, aramed
istoriul, socialur, fsiqologiur da sxv. konteqstsac,
vinaidan klasikuri midgoma ar iTvaliswinebs
politikuri sistemis transformaciis dinamikur
process. jer erTi, varaudebi, romlebic safuZvlad
udevs politikuri bazris Teorias, ara yvela
politikosis da amomrCevlisTvisaa realuri. rogorc
gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, saarCevno gadawyvetileba Zalian
52
inga balarjiSvili
xSirad warmoadgens ara racionaluri gansjis, aramed
emocionaluri swrafvis Sedegs, rac eWvqveS ayenebs
TviT xmis micemis proceduris, rogorc demokratiuli
politikuri procesis meqanizmis, faseulobas; meore,
varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom amomrCevels ainteresebs
sajaro politikis sakiTxebi, da arCevans am safuZvelze
akeTebs, sakamaToa. aranakleb rols TamaSobs
amomrCevlis identifikacia garkveul partiasTan,
an kandidatis piradi mimzidveloba; mesame, yvela
modeli moiTxovs, rom amomrCevels SeeZlos misTvis
SeTavazebuli politikuri alternativebis ranJireba
imgvarad, rogorc es mas awyobs. es ranJireba myaria
arCevnebidan arCevnebamde. Tumca, cxovreba aCvenebs,
rom rigiTi amomrCeveli arc ise dainteresebulia
politikiT, rom hqondes myari da ucvleli upiratesobebi
sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani problemebis mimarT.
maSinac ki, Tu es upiratesobebi arsebobs, adamianebs
ara aqvT imuniteti Zlieri propagandistuli kampaniis
winaaRmdeg, ar SeuZliaT gauZlon darwmunebas. aseTi
faqtebi adasturebs, rom arCevnebi ar SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc amomrCevelTa upiratesobebis
martivi agregireba, rogorc amas ambobs pozitivisturi
mimarTuleba; meoTxe, Tanamedrove kvlevebiT ar
dasturdeba varaudi partiebisa da kandidatebis Sesaxeb
amomrCevlis sruli informirebulobis Taobaze.
informaciis miReba dakavSirebulia drois da Zalebis
danaxarjebTan. vinaidan rigiT moqalaqis individualuri
„xmis fasi“ arc ise didia, amitom politikuri
informaciis misaRebad minimalur Zalisxmevas iyenebs.
seriozuli politikuri informaciis deficitis
pirobebSi amomrCeveli gamoiyenebs im informacias,
romlis miRebac advilia - magaliTad, kandidatis
pirovnebis, xasiaTis, misi ojaxis, mxardamWerebis da a.S.
53
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Sesaxeb. am pirobebSi izrdeba masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebis mniSvneloba, rac pirdapir muSaobs partiis
Tu kandidatis keTilsasurveli an arakeTilsasurveli
imijis Seqmnaze.
racionaluri qcevis problema aisaxeba e.w.
„ekonomikis konstituciis“ an, rogorc mas uwodeben,
bazris kontragentebs Soris „SeTanxmebis paketis“
specifikaSic. igi qcevis normaTa erTobliobaa, romelic
uzrunvelyofs bazarze garigebaTa ganxorcielebas
da wonasworobis miRwevas. politikuri bazrebi
postsabWoTa sivrceSi aerTianebs rogorc sabazro
ekonomikis konstituciis, aseve mbrZanebluri ekonomikis
konstituciis niSnebs (cxrili).
sabazro da mbrZanebluri ekonomikis normaTa
sistema
qcevis normebi sabazro
ekonomikaSi
qcevis normebi
mbrZaneblur ekonomikaSi
rTuli utilitarizmi martivi utilitarizmi
mizanracionaluri qceva faseulobiT-
racionaluri qceva
depersonificirebuli
ndoba
personificirebuli
ndoba
empaTia „Sen - me, me - Sen“
Tavisufleba pozitiuri
gagebiT
-------------------------------------
kanonisadmi
nebayoflobiTi
morCileba
kanonisadmi morCilebis
demonstrireba
54
inga balarjiSvili
postsabWoTa politikuri bazrebisTvis
upiratesad damaxasiaTebelia monawileTa martivi
utilitarizmi - individTa miswrafeba, moaxdinon
TavianTi sargeblianobis maqsimizeba sakuTari
produqtiuli saqmianobisgan damoukideblad (rTuli
utilitarizmisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic gulisxmobs
sargeblianobis maqsimizebas produqtiuli saqmianobis
safuZvelze). martivi utilitarizmis ilustrirebas
warmoadgens, magaliTad, ruseTis politikur bazarze
parazituli konkurenciis teqnologiebis farTod
gavrceleba, rac gulisxmobs saarCevno blokebis da
xelisuflebis calkeuli maZieblis mier putinis,
stalinis, komunisturi partiis, moZraoba „erTobis“ da
sxvaTa „savaWro markebis“ gamoyenebas, rac ar moiTxovs
Zalisxmevas axali politikuri produqtis Seqmnaze.
aqcentireba konkurentebis „antidovlaTze“ (ara j.
biuqeneniseuli gagebiT, aramed rogorc Seusrulebeli
dapirebebi, anu „uxarisxo“ politikuri saqoneli)
da misi gadaqceva sakuTar politikur dovlaTad,
aseve SeiZleba CaiTvalos martivi utilitarizmis
gamovlinebad (magaliTad, 2013 wlis saprezidento
arCevnebSi „nacionaluri moZraobis“ lozungi „qarTuli
ocnebis 84 dapirebidan 76 ar Sesrulda! ocneba ar
muSaobs!“). amomrCevelTa calkeuli segmenti, Tavis mxriv,
xSirad cvlis Tavis xmas produqtebis, wamlebis da
a.S. nakrebze imis nacvlad, rom politikuri situaciis
analizis safuZvelze gaTvalon ama Tu im politikuri
saqonlis „SeZeniT“ miRebuli mogeba.
meore kriteriumis mixedviT, postsabWoTa
individis qceva ufro metad mizanracionaluria,
vidre faseulobiT-racionaluri, e.i. gulisxmobs gare
samyaros sagnebis da sxva adamianebis gansazRvruli
qcevis molodins da am molodinis gamoyenebas
55
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
sakuTari racionalurad dasmuli da gaazrebuli
miznis miRwevis „saSualebad“ da „pirobad“ [3, gv. 628].
am TvalsazrisiT, arcTu usafuZvloa e. daunsis Tezisi
imis Sesaxeb, rom „partiebi ufro ayalibeben politikas
imisaTvis, rom moigon arCevnebi, da ara igeben arCevnebs
imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibon politika“ [14, gv. 27-28].
aseTi qceva gansxvavdeba mbrZanebluri ekonomikis
faseulobiT-racionaluri qcevis normisagan, sadac
bazris subieqtTa motivacia gansazRvrulia partiuli
ideologiiT, maRali faseulobebiT („mSvidoba mTel
msoflioSi“, „yvelaferi saukeTeso - bavSvebs“) da ara
marto pragmatuli interesiT.
Tanamedrove postsabWoTa politikuri bazrebis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia ndobis uaRresi personifikacia
(mbrZanebluri ekonomikis norma). am Teziss adasturebs
is faqti, rom partiuli siiT xmis micemis motivad
gamodis ndoba misi liderisadmi.
rac Seexeba barteruli gacvlis princips - „Sen
-me, me - Sen“, igi gamoixateba rogorc populisturi
dapirebebis „nakadSi“, aseve arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli
kandidatis mier Tavisi momxreebisaTvis politikuri
valis administraciuli Tanamdebobebis saxiT
dabrunebaSi. TandaTanobiT viTardeba empaTiis
normac, rogorc individis unari, daayenos sakuTari
Tavi kontragentis adgilze da garigebas Sexedos
misi TvaliT, gaigos misi interesebis, SegrZnebebis da
ganzraxvebis dinamika. politikuri elitis mcdeloba,
gansazRvros potenciuri „myidvelis“ damokidebuleba
Tavisi saqonlisadmi, warmatebis saimedo safuZvelia.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi amomrCevelTa ganwyoba -
„yvelas winaaRmdeg“ mTavrdeba arCevnebze gamocxadebis
dabali maCvenebliT, rac a priori gulisxmobs arCeuli
xelisuflebis legitimurobis kriziss.
56
inga balarjiSvili
kanonisadmi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT,
postsabWoTa qveynebis politikur bazrebze aSka-
rad SeiniSneba „orazrovnebis“ problema. e.i.
sociumSi miRebuli normebisadmi erTgulebis saja-
ro demonstrireba, rac ar Seesabameba individTa
Sinagan rwmenas da vlindeba maTi saqmianobis
winaaRmdegobriobaSi.
neoinstituciuri midgomis TvalsazrisT, postsab-
WoTa politikur bazrebze racionaluri qcevis erT-
erT determinantad SeiZleba gamovyoT amomrCevlis
informirebulobis faqtori. Tanamedrove kvlevebiT
ar dasturdeba partiebisa da kandidatebis Sesaxeb
amomrCevelTa sruli informirebulobis varaudi.
amomrCevelTa umetesoba Zalian zedapiruladaa
informirebuli sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli
organoebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. saqme exeba
amomrCevelTa mier politikuri informaciis miRebis da
gaazrebis maRal transaqciur xarjebs. swored amitom
amomrCevelTa qceva xSirad stereotipizebuli da
miTologizebulia, eqvemdebareba ideologiis gavlenas
da naklebad racionalizebulia. politikuri bazris
idealur modelSi aqtorebi floben erTnair informacias
saqonlis Sesaxeb da am informaciis safuZvelze
urTierTqmedeben. myidvelebmac da gamyidvelebmac ician,
rom politikuri saqoneli Tvisebrivi TvalsazrisiT
araerTgvarovania, ician, romeli xarisxobrivi
maxasiaTeblebi da ra raodenobiT arsebobs saqonelTa
saerTo masaSi, magram, ar ician saqonlis calkeuli
erTeulis individualuri maxasiaTeblebi. informaciis
asimetria miwodebis mxaris sasargeblod iwvevs imas,
rom myidveli politikuri saqonlis xarisxs afasebs
statistikurad, xolo gamyidvelisTvis cnobilia
saqonlis TiToeuli erTeulis xarisxi individualurad.
57
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
informaciis asimetriuli ganawileba iwvevs „cudi“
politikuri saqonlis mier „kargi“ politikuri
saqonlis gamoZevebas bazridan, anu „gauaresebad
SerCevas“ (adverse selection), rac kontraqtamdeli
oportunizmis erT-erTi formaa. Sedegad, garemos
araxelsayreli pirobebis gamo, potenciur partniorebad
gamodian is ekonomikuri agentebi, romlebic yvelaze
naklebad sasurvelia mocemuli subieqtisaTvis. garda
amisa, winasaarCevno kampaniis procesSi amomrCevlis
mier informaciis wyaroebis dayofa sando da arasando
informaciad, zRudavs arCevanis sazRvrebs da mas
fsevdoracionalur xasiaTs aZlevs.
informaciis asimetriasTan dakavSirebulia meore
efeqtic - arakeTilsindisierebis riski, rodesac
garigebis meore monawiles ar SeuZlia gaakontrolos
Tavisi kontragentis qceva (magaliTad, gamarjvebuli
kandidatis gawveva amomrCevelTa korpusis mier sakmaod
rTuli proceduraa). garda amisa, informaciis asimetria
SeiZleba efuZnebodes resursebis SezRudulobas -
informaciis misawvdomobis araerTnair SesaZleblobebs
(„daxuruli“, kuluaruli informaciis pirobebi), rac
aranakleb mniSvnelovani faqtoria qcevis motivebis
formirebis da sakuTari interesebis gacnobierebis
dros.
„ekonomikuri xmis micemis“ Teoriis mixedviT
(m. fiorina), arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri ekonomikis
mdgomareobasa da arCevnebis Sedegebs Soris.
eleqtoralur qcevaSi amomrCevlebi orientirdebian
mxolod cxovrebis xarisxze mocemuli xelisuflebis
dros, da aseT qcevas agreTve SeiZleba ewodos
racionaluri. Tumca bolomde cxadi ar aris, xmis micemis
dros arCevani efuZneba amomrCevelTa mier sakuTari
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebas („egocentruli
58
inga balarjiSvili
xmis micema“), Tu mTlianad qveynis ekonomikis muSaobis
Sedegebs („sociotropuli xmis micema“).
am koncefciis mixedviT Tu SevafasebT, post-
sabWoTa qveynebis politikuri bazrebi araerTgvarovania.
Tu, magaliTad, rusi amomrCevlisTvis, rogorc
aRniSnaven mkvlevarebi, damaxasiaTebelia axali
xelisuflebis warmatebis molodini (perspeqtiuli
arCevani), saqarTveloSi eleqtoraluri qcevis
motivi ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi wina
xelisuflebis saqmianobis Sedegebis Sefasebaa
(retrospeqtiuli arCevani)- („erTiani nacionaluri
moZraobis“ mxardaWera - „moqalaqeTa kavSiris
winaaRmdeg, „qarTuli ocnebis“ mxardaWera - „erTiani
nacionaluri moZraobis“ winaaRmdeg). garda amisa,
rusi amomrCevlis araracionaluroba SeiZleba aixsnas
adamianTa umravlesobis politikisadmi interesis
SezRudulobiT an ararsebobiT da qveynis politikur
cxovrebaSi monawileobisgan „TviTgamoricxviT“. moqa-
laqeTa rwmenis ararseboba arCevnebisadmi, rogorc
mmar Tveli elitis formirebis meqanizmisadmi,
mniSvnelovnad amcirebs moqalaqeTa eleqtoralur
aqtiurobas. politikuri sistemisgan, misi institutebisa
da faseulobebisgan imedgacruebis Sedegad qcevis
damaxasiaTebeli niSani xdeba politikuri frustracia,
rac warmoSobs absenteistTa did raodenobas, romel-
Ta umravlesoba uRaribesi fenis TviTgadarCenis
problemiTaa dakavebuli. Tumca, msoflioSi cotaa
demokratiuli qveynebi, sadac arCevnebSi 90%-ze meti
amomrCeveli monawileobs. magaliTad, dasavleT
evropis qveynebSi arCevnebSi monawileobis maCvenebeli
meryeobs 75-85%-s Soris intervalSi. gansakuTrebul
gulgrilobas arCevnebisadmi avlenen Sveicariis
moqalaqeebi: mag., 1984 wlis arCevnebSi monawileobda
59
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
amomrCevelTa mxolod 48,3%. aSS-Si amomrCevelTa
gamocxadeba ukve XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
daeca 50%-mde, 1960-ian wlebSi, raRac droiT gadaaWarba
60%-s, xolo Semdeg isev daeca 50%-mde.
absenteizmi postsabWoTa politikur bazrebze
SeiZleba orgvarad avxsnaT: erTi mxriv, naxevar saukuneze
meti xnis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli „aTvisebuli
umweobis“ etatisturi sindromiT, romlis arsia is,
rom „adamiani, araerTxel darwmunebuli situaciis
ukontrolobaSi, sakuTari moqmedebebiT movlenaTa
msvlelobis Secvlis SeuZleblobaSi, sabolood,
saerTod uars ambobs Ziebisgan. xdeba morCili da
Semsrulebeli“. is ver xedavs politikur procesSi
monawileobis sargeblobas. am TvalsazrisiT, msgavsi
qceva racionaluria (rational ignorance). meore
mxriv, aseTi amomrCeveli arafers „ixdis“, magram iRebs
politikur saqonels samTavrobo programebis saxiT. is
cdilobs gamoiyenos sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi ufasod
da gadaiqceva „ubileTo mgzavrad“ (free-rider), rac
sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT,
araracionaluria.
postsabWoTa qveynebis Ria politikur sistema-
ze gadasvlis erT-erTi instituciuri faqtori
mravalpartiulobaa. politikuri partiebis umravle-
sobas postsabWoTa sivrceSi ara aqvs mkveTri ide-
o logia da ar warmoadgens didi socialuri jgu-
febis interesebis gamomxatvels. xelisuflebis inici-
ativiT Seqmnili partiebis arseboba, rogorc fiqtiuri
alternativa, saprotesto eleqtoratis mizidvis
mizans emsaxureba [5, gv. 92-96]. politikuri partiebis
klasikuri ideologiuri diskursis adgils ikavebs
kvaziideologiuri diskursi [6, gv. 167] - rogorc
ideebis, simboluri saxeebis, prezentaciuli Souebis
60
inga balarjiSvili
erToblioba, rac agreTve arTulebs racionaluri
arCevanis problemas. Sou-politika, rogorc
politikuri bazris komunikaciuri elementi, Tavisi
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT - iluzoruloba, sanaxaob-
rioba, interaqtiuloba, karnavaluroba, hedonisturoba
- astimulirebs politikuri produqtis masobrivi
momxmareblis emociur kavSirs politikur brendTan.
sabolood viRebT Sou-politikis vizualur-emociuri
komponentis dominirebas racionalur-gansjiT
komponentze, rac Tanamedrove informaciuli da
samomxmareblo sazogadoebis sayovelTao tendenciaa,
magram, gansakuTrebiT kargad muSaobs transformaciul
ekonomikaSi. am tendencias gamoxatavs politikis
„simboluri sivrcis“ gafarToebac (magaliTad SeiZleba
moviyvanoT „narinjisferi revoluciis“ dReebSi
narinjisferi bafTebi kievis quCebSi). politikuri
saqonlis Seqmna simboloebis meSveobiT, rasac
mimarTaven politikuri partiebi TavianTi xarjebis
minimizirebis mizniT, aqcentis gakeTeba emociur
Semadgenelze, postsabWoTa politikuri bazrebis
erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli tendenciaa. simboloebi
iZleva informaciis warmodgenis, gaformebis da
myisieri gadacemis saSualebas, racionaluri gaazrebis
da amisTvis saWiro drois danaxarjebis gareSe.
individualuri upiratesobebiT nakarnaxevi arCevani
iluzorulia. igi ganpirobebulia TviT samomxmareblo
sazogadoebis struqturiT, romelic mniSvnelobas
aniWebs ara saqonels, aramed abstraqtul faseulobebs.
simboloebi ayalibebs adamianis cnobierebaSi
asociaciebs da stereotipul saxeebs imisa, rac
realurad ar arsebobs. moTxovnilebani iwarmoeba
im saqonelTan erTad, romelic maT akmayofilebs
(umuSevrobasTan, korufciasTan brZolis mowodebebi).
61
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
es ukanaskneli gadaiqceva simulaciur niSnad, rac
axdens realobis Canacvlebas da imitirebas [2, gv. 91].
amomrCevlebis mier miRebuli simbolo gansazRvravs
politikuri partiisadmi loialurobis xarisxs da
warmoadgens „kontrolirebadi grZnobebis pirobiT
refleqss“ [4, gv. 15-32]. „Zlieri xelisadmi“ swrafva, rac
damaxasiaTebelia postsabWoTa qveynebSi xelisuflebis
aRqmis mentaluri TaviseburebebisaTvis, iwvevs
amomrCevelTa orientacias personalur politikur
„brendze“ (v. putini, v. Jirinovski, v. iuSCenko, i.
timoSCenko, m. saakaSvili). simbolur mniSvnelobas
iZenen partiuli ferebic. magaliTad, cisfers iyeneben
partiebi, romlebic cdiloben daarwmunon amomrCevlebi
TavianT stabilurobaSi (magaliTad, „erTiani ruseTi“ -
ruseTSi, „regionebis partia“ - ukrainaSi).
Tanamedrove politika mniSvnelovanwilad
sa mom xma reblo sazogadoebis atributi gaxda.
moTxovnilebaTa sul ufro mzardi mravalferovneba,
misi ranJirebis aucilebloba, axal momxmarebelTa
wris mizidva, SenarCuneba da gafarToeba axali
samomxmareblo faseulobebis Seqmnisa da miwodebis
meSveobiT, agreTve masTan dakavSirebuli komunikaciebi
politikuri bazris marTvas ganapirobebs [11, gv. 176-181].
politikur bazarze amomrCeveli sargeblobs sxvadasxva
„nakarnaxeviT“, rogoricaa partiuli brendisadmi
loialuroba, jgufuri kuTvnileba, partiuli
identifikacia. magaliTad, ukanaskneli saparlamento
kampaniebis Sedegebi ruseTsa da ukrainaSi aCvenebs, rom
amomrCevlebi ufro metad orientirdebian msxvil, cnobil
politikur Zalebze, romlebsac arCevnebis momentSi
ukve aqvT garkveuli istoria da miRwevebi TavianT
saqmianobaSi da uars amboben uSualo winasaarCevno
proeqtebisadmi ndobaze, rac virtualurobis niSnebs
62
inga balarjiSvili
atarebs. damaxasiaTebelia arCevanis gakeTeba ara
winasaarCevno gamosvlebis da programebis gaaazrebis
safuZvelze, aramed iracionalurad [10, gv. 266].
gardamaval sistemaSi Zlierdeba qcevis politi-
kur-fsiqologiuri determinantebic, maT Soris, mosax-
leobis mentaluri ganwyobebis da sazogadoebaSi
dominirebadi politikuri kulturis gavlena
racionalur arCevanze. politikuri cnobiereba Sedgeba
rogorc racionaluri (codna da Sexedulebebi),
aseve iracionaluri komponentisgan (grZnobebi da
SegrZnebebi). politikuri qceva ganisazRvreba ara
mxolod gacnobierebuli motivebiT (motivebi-miznebi),
aramed aracnobieriTac. „socialuri aracnobieri“,
romelic gamoxatavs individis sociumSi yofnis
moTxovnilebas da izolaciis SiSs [12, gv. 349], xdeba
afilaciis motivi - sxvebTan yofnis miswrafeba, rac qmnis
individebisTvis daculobis da erTianobis SegrZnebas,
astimulirebs konformistul qcevas. mxolod piradi
preferenciebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli arCevanis
SemTxvevaSi, subieqtis politikuri „SenaZenis“ gareSe
darCenis safrTxe gansazRvravs politikuri saqonlis
reitingebis winaswari publikaciebis efeqtianobas da
xmis micemas motiviT - „rogorc yvela“ („dadumebis
spirali“).
amgvarad, politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis
transformaciis dinamikuri procesi ganapirobebs
politikuri bazris subieqtebis qcevis transformaciasac,
romlis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswineba demokratiuli
sazogadoebis aSenebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.
„sazogadoebrivi konsensusis politika moiTxovs
ara marto saqmianobis ganxorcielebas arsebuli
upiratesobebis safuZvelze, aramed socialuri
gadawyvetilebebis aTvisebasac, romelic xels
63
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
uwyobs individualuri upiratesobebis da normebis
ganviTarebas“ [9, gv. 278].
The Problem of Rational Choice on the Postsoviet
Political Markets I.Balarjishvili
The process of transformation of post soviet economies inextricably are linked with political process. The close relationship between economics and politics is demonstrated by the influence of economic factors on the political choice and inverse influence of political factors on the economics.
The article analyzes the peculiarities of post soviet political markets and rational behavior of political actors: absence or instability of political preferences; prospective / retrospective choice; asymmetry of information on the political market for the benefit of supply side; growing the role of short-term factors (peculiarity of the election campaign, the image candidate, content of political communication); Personification of government (orientation of support to the leader, not the political party or ideology); political frustration and absenteeism; determinants of rational political-psychological behavior; electoral conformism.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Алтухова Н.Ю. Политический маркетинг в современной России: Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата политических наук. - Ставрополь, 2006. – С. 11.
2. Бодрийяр, Ж. К критике политической экономии знака. М. : Академический проект. 2007. С. 91.
3. Вебер М. Избранные произведения. М., 1990. C. 628. Downs A. An Economic Theorv of Democracy. – New York,
64
inga balarjiSvili
1957. P. 27–28.4. Ивановский, З. В. Партии и выборы: закономерности и
особенности правового регулирования // Латинская Америка. 2008. № 3. С. 15–32.
5. Ионова А.А. Электоральное поведение как форма поли-тического участия //Актуальные проблемы социогуманитарного знания (Сборник научных трудов). Выпуск XL. – М.: «Прометей» МПГУ, 2009. – С. 92-96.
6. Нежданов Д. В. «Политический рынок» как системообра-зующая метафора современного политологического дискурса/Д. В. Нежданов, О. Ф. Русакова // Полис: Политические исследова-ния. 2011. N 4. С. 167.
7. Нуреев Р.М. Теория общественного выбора. Курс лек-ций: Учебное пособие для вузов. М.: Изд. дом ГУ ВШЭ, 2005.
8. Политический рынок и политический маркетинг: кон-цепции, модели, технологии. – М.: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 1999. – С.5.
9. Сен А. Развитие как свобода. – М.: Новое изд-во, 2004. С. 278.
10. Сковиков, А. К. Политическое участие акторов в изби-рательном процессе // Вісник ЛНУ імені Тараса Шевченка. 2013. № 11 (270). Ч. І. С. 266.
11. Титова, Л. Г. Мифологизация политического процесса в контексте коммуникативного взаимодействия власти и общества // PolitBook. 2013. № 1. С. 176–181.
12. Фромм, Э. Из плена иллюзий / Душа человека. Мысли-тели XX в. – М.: Республика, 1992. С. 349.
13. Arrow K.J. Choix collectifs et preferences individuelles. – Paris, 1974. P. 19.
14. Downs A. An Economic Theorv of Democracy. – New York, 1957. P. 27–28.
65
mikro-makroekonomika
Tengiz verulava
medicinis akademiuri doqtori,
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis
sruli profesori
didi frangi mwerlis onore de balzakis sityve-
biT: „qveynad araferia srulyofili, garda ubedure-
bisa“. idealuri da srulyofili arc araferi arse-
bobs. srulyofileba ganuwyveteli da gamudmebuli
miswrafebaa srulyofisaken, anu procesia da arasodes
rogorc arsebuli, ukve miRweuli. rogori SeiZleba
iyos jandacvis srulyofili, saukeTeso sistema? jan-
dacvis aseTi sistema gulisxmobs samedicino momsax-
urebis SeuzRudav xelmisawvdomobas, rodesac adamians
aqvs nebismieri saxeobis samedicino momsaxurebis abso-
luturad Tavisufali arCevani.
SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomobis garda, saukeTeso
sistemis dros, pacienti daculi unda iyos samedi-
cino momsaxurebis xarjebis rogorc finansuri, aseve
fsiqologiuri tvirTisagan, anu pacienti izolirebu-
lia xarjebisagan. igi miiRweva iseT SemTxvevaSi, rode-
sac samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebs mTlianad ixdis
sadazRvevo kompania da/an saxelmwifo (5, gv. 46).
aRmoCnda, rom hipoTeturi saukeTeso sistemis
orive principi: SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba da jan-
samedicino Semnaxveli
anabrebis sistema –
jandacvis efeqtiani
dafinansebis meqanizmi
66
Tengiz verulava
dacvis xarjebisagan pacientis sruli izolireba erT-
maneTTan SeuTavsebelia. Tu pacients aqvs samedicino
momsaxurebaze SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba da amas-
Tan igi izolirebulia jandacvis xarjebisagan, maSin
aucileblad dadgeba samedicino momsaxurebaze moTx-
ovnis limitirebis sakiTxi (mag., saxelmwifo gansaz-
Rvravs jandacvis biujets, prioritetebs). aqedan gamom-
dinare, zogi momxmarebeli ver miiRebs misTvis sasur-
vel samedicino momsaxurebas da Sesabamisad, sistema
ar iqneba yvelasaTvis erTnairad xelmisawvdomi. faq-
tobrivad, orive principi darRveulia, rac niSnavs, rom
srulyofili jandacvis sistema ar arsebobs.
mTel msoflioSi SeiniSneba jandacvis xarjebis
zrda. aSS-Si mediqeas saxelmwifo programiT xarjebi
mTliani Siga produqtis 3%-s aRwevs, ramac 2050 wels
SeasaZloa 9%-s miaRwios [1]. mkvlevarTa azriT, jan-
dacvis xarjebis zrdis umTavresi mizezia pacientis
izolireba samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebisagan (5, gv.
48). aSS-Si jandacvis xarjebis daaxloebiT 85%-s ixdis
mesame mxare - saxelmwifo an sadazRvevo kompania.
ekonomikis sxvadasxva dargSi saqonlis warmoe-
bas, dafinansebas, da ganawilebas Tavad kerZo seqtori
axorcielebs, cxadia, saxelmwifos mcire maregulire-
beli roliT. amisagan gansxvavebiT, jandacvis seqtorSi
samedicino momsaxurebis dafinansebasa da miwodebaSi
saxelmwifo umTavresi moTamaSe gaxda. ganviTarebul
qveynebSi jandacvis xarjebSi saxelmwifo xarjebis
wili 75%-mde gaizarda, xolo aSS-Si igi 50%-s aRwevs.
garda amisa, aSS-is sadazRvevo seqtorSi saxelmwifos
SeRavaTiani gadasaxadebi aqvs dawesebuli, riTac mis
arapirdapir subsidirebas axdens. aRniSnulTan dakav-
SirebiT, milTon fridmani xazs usvamda: “reformebis
67
mikro-makroekonomika
umetesoba rac XX saukunis meore naxevarSi ganxor-
cielda, araswori gziT midis... eqimebis, saavadmyofoe-
bis mier gaweul samedicino momsaxurebaze ixdis ixdis
ara pacientebi, aramed mesame mxare - sadazRvevo kompa-
nia an saxelmwifo” [3].Cveulebriv, rodesac bazarSi raime saqonels vy-
idulobT, mesame mxare ar ixdis Cvens magivrad, aramed
pirdapir gamyidvels vuxdiT Tanxas. jandacvis bazarze,
rodesac pacienti dazRveulia da SemTxvevis dadgomi-
sas arafers ixdis, anu xarjebisagan izolirebulia, igi
ar aris dainteresebuli efeqtianad, momWirned gaswios
mkurnalobis xarjebi. mas stimuli aqvs Warbad moix-
maros jandacvis servisebi. Tavis mxriv, eqimisTvisac
misaRebia, rom pacienti masTan mimarTvisas arafers
ixdis, xolo samedicino momsaxurebaze gaweul xarjebs,
mis magivrad, mesame mxare (saxelmwifo da/an sadazRve-
vo kompania) daafinansebs. aRniSnulis Sedegad eqimis
mier daniSnuli momsaxureba SesaZloa absoluturad
araaucilebeli da araefeqtiani aRmoCndes.
jandacvis xarjebisagan pacientebis izolire-
basTan dakavSirebuli uaryofiTi movlenebis Tavidan
asacileblad mniSvnelovania jandacvis seqtorSi Tav-
isufali bazris principebis danergvis xelSewyoba, rac
gulisxmobs pacientsa da eqims Soris Suamavlis, me-
same gadaxmdeli mxaris rolis Semcirebas da sakuTar
janmrTelobaze pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobis rolis
amaRlebas. swored am principebis ganviTarebas uwyobs
xels samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistema.
mokle istoria. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis
Sesaxeb idea Caisaxa aSS-Si 1970-ian wlebSi. prezident
niqsonis administraciis periodSi, 1974 wels amerikis
samedicino asociaciis ekonomistma jesi hiqsonma Sei-
68
Tengiz verulava
muSava jandacvis bankebis idea. ideis mixedviT, dam-
saqmebels jandacvis Tanxebi unda Seetana daqiraveb-
ulTa individualur Semnaxvel anabrebze maTi samedi-
cino saWiroebisaTvis.
jesi hiqsonis mosazreba samedicino Semnaxveli
anabrebis Sesaxeb gaiziara cnobilma ekonomistma, no-
belis premiis laureatma milTon fridmanma. 1984 wels
singapurSi miiRes kanoni samedicino Semnaxveli anabre-
bis Sesaxeb. aSS-Si 2003 wels prezidentma jorj buSma
xeli moawera kanons samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis
sistemis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemis Ziri-
Tadi principebi. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebi ganix-
ileba rogorc jandacvis dafinansebis alternatiuli
meTodi. igi warmoadgens individualur Semnaxvel ana-
brebs, romlis mTavari upiratesobebia:
• personaluri pasuxismgeblobis amaRleba;
• momavalSi mosalodneli jandacvis maRali xar-
jebisaTvis Tanxebis dagrovebis xelSewyoba (person-
aluri cxovrebis ciklis drois gadanawileba);
• pacientebis mxridan jandacvis xarjebze kon-
trolis stimuli;
• jandacvis sistemaSi damatebiTi saxsrebis mobi-
lizebis stimuli;
• orientacia prevenciul jandacvaze (cxovrebis
jansaRi wesis damkvidrebis xelSewyoba).
samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis umTavresi upi-
ratesobaa pacientis personaluri pasuxismgeblobis
amaRleba. igi efuZneba personaluri cxovrebis cik-
lis drois gadanawilebis princips (Personal Life-Cycle Time Pooling), rac gulisxmobs aqtiuri cxovrebis peri-
odSi Tanxebis dagrovebas momavalSi mosalodneli
69
mikro-makroekonomika
jandacvis maRali xarjebisaTvis (ix. nax. 1).
personaluri cxovrebis ciklis drois gadan-
awileba, Tanxebis dagroveba, individualuri dagrove-
bis moculoba da janmrTelobis xarjebi
nax. 1
samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, dazRvevis sistema efuZneba solidarobis
princips, sadac dazRveulebi TavianT risks gadascemen
saerTo fonds, romlis meSveobiT xorcieldeba riskis
gadanawileba fondSi gaerTianebul dazRveulebs So-
ris.
adamianis saSualo Semosavali da Tanxebis da-
grovebis SesaZlebloba maRalia ekonomikurad aqtiur,
anu Sromisunarian periodSi, vidre sapensio asakSi. meo-
re mxriv, jandacvis xarjebi dabalia axalgazrda asak-
Si da asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeba. ekonomikurad
aqtiur periodSi adamiani individualurad awarmoebs
Tanxebis dagrovebas, romelic SeuZlia gamoiyenos
70
Tengiz verulava
cxovrebis Semdgom periodebSi janmrTelobis mosal-
odneli xarjebis dasafaravad [4]. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistema, anu Tanx-
ebis dagroveba momavalSi mosalodneli janmrTelo-
bis xarjebisaTvis, amcirebs dazRvevis sistemisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel riskis gadanawilebis TaobaTaSoris
tvirTs [4]. individualuri Semnaxveli anabrebi ada-
mians saSualebas aZlevs resursebi daagrovos drois
karg periodSi, rac SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes
drois Semdgom, SedarebiT arasasurvel periodSi (mag.
sibere, ekonomikuri krizisi, umuSevroba) [4] (ix. nax. 2). personaluri cxovrebis ciklis drois gadan-
awileba, Tanxebis dagroveba, individualuri dagrove-
bis moculoba da janmrTelobis xarjebi.
nax. 2
samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis umTavresi mizania
personaluri pasuxismgeblobis amaRleba. igi efuZneba im
mosazrebas, rom adamianTa umravlesoba pasuxismgebeli
unda iyos jandacvis sakuTar danaxarjebze. amisgan
gansxvavebiT, dazRvevisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
71
mikro-makroekonomika
koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba. mdgomareobas arTulebs
is garemoeba, rom sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomisas
dazRveuli arafers ixdis, igi izolirebulia
xarjebisagan, rac jandacvis servisebis zedmetad
moxmarebis stimulebs ganapirobebs. dazRvevisagan
gansxvavebiT, samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemis
dros moqmedebs ekonomikuri principi - jandacvis
servisebis moTxovnaze gavlenas axdens samedicino
momsaxurebis fasi, Sesabamisad mcirdeba misi zedmetad
moxmareba, araaucilebeli samedicino momsaxurebis
Catarebis stimuli. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis
sistemis dros pacienti dainteresebulia gaswios
jandacvis xarjebze kontroli, radgan rac ufro nakleb
Tanxas daxarjavs, miT meti daugrovdeba angariSze
da miT metad iqneba daculi momavalSi jandacvis
mosalodneli maRali xarjebisagan (ix. cxrili 1).
personaluri pasuxismgebloba iTvaliswinebs sak-
uTar janmrTelobaze zrunvas cxovrebis jansaRi wesis
damkvidrebis meSveobiT. rac ufro metad misdevs ada-
miani cxovrebis jansaR wess, miT naklebad dasWirdeba
samedicino momsaxureba da Sesabamisad, miT mets daa-
grovebs angariSze. singapurSi prevenciuli jandacvis
RonisZiebebs farTo xelSewyoba aqvs saxelmwifos
mxridan. farTod xorcieldeba erovnuli programebis
subsidireba (erovnuli imunizaciis programa, mkerdis
da saSvilosnos yelis kibos skriningi, agreTve integ-
rirebuli skriningis programa, cxovrebis jansaRi we-
sis damkvidrebis programebi) [6].
72
Tengiz verulava
samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis da dazRvevis
sistemis Sedareba
cxrili 1samedicino
Semnaxveli anabrebi
dazRvevis sistema
eTikuri saSiSroebis prevencia; jandacvis xarjebze individualuri pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyoba; saxsrebis dagrovebisken motivacia; araaucilebeli servisebis Tavidan acileba; dagrovili Tanxis gamoyeneba momavalSi jandacvis xarjebisaTvis
eqimebs da pacientebs ar aqvT xarjT-efeqturi mkurnalobis stimuli. dazRveulebi dainteresebuli arian Caitaron araaucilebeli servisebi, radgan dazRveva beneficiarebs uzrunvelyofs SemTxvevis dadgomisas ufaso momsaxurebas an Zalian dabal Tanagadaxdebs.
Semnaxveli anabrebi misdevs beneficiarebs
sadazRvevo premia ar misdevs individualur pirebs, dagrovebiT ar izrdeba droTa ganmavlobaSi, da ar faravs yvela serviss
xarjebis Semcireba xarjebis zrda
samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis dadebiTi mxar-
ea portatiuloba. fizikur pirebs, romlebic floben
jandacvis Semnaxvel angariSebs, sxva samuSao adgilze
gadasvlisas SeuZliaT gadaitanon TavianT angariSze
arsebuli balansi.
73
mikro-makroekonomika
samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebi jandacvis sxva
servisebze, kerZod ZviradRirebuli samedicino momsax-
urebis saxeobebze damatebiTi saxsrebis mobilizebis
stimuls iZleva. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis meS-
veobiT xorcieldeba SedarebiT dabalxarjiani samedi-
cino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa. rac ufro nakle-
bad moixmars pacienti aseT servisebs, miT ufro meti
grovdeba Tanxa Semdgom periodSi SedarebiT ZviradRi-
rebuli samedicino momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad.
samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis administrireba
SeiZleba bankis, sadazRvevo kompaniis an sxva arasa-
banko organizaciis mier. ufro xSirad, is ganTavsdeba
sabanko dawesebulebebSi. Sedegad izrdeba finansuri
institutebis sargeblebi, rac Tavis mxriv, qveynis sa-
banko sistemis mdgradobas zrdis. samedicino Semnax-
veli anabrebze saprocento ganakveTebi, dividendebi an
kapitalis zrda ar eqvemdebareba gadasaxadebs. fizi-
kuri piris Semosavlebs emateba gadasaxadisagan Tavis-
ufali depozitebi. aSS-is Siga Semosavlebis samsaxuri
(Internal Revenue Service) samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis
gaxsnaze adgens maqsimalur limits: 3050 $ erTi pirze,
6150 $ ojaxis mocvaze. singapurSi samedicino Semnax-
veli anabrebis sistema (mediseivi), aSS-isgan gansxvave-
biT, warmoadgens savaldebulo sistemas.
singapuris mediseivis programa. mediseivi, romel-
ic singapurSi SemoRebul iqna 1984 wels, warmoadgens
savaldebulo samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sqemas.
mediseivi savaldebulo sapensio sqemis (Central Provident Fund - CPF) erT-erTi nawilia, sadac Senatani Seadgens
xelfasis 36%-s (16% damsaqmeblis wili da 20% - daq-
iravebulis wili). Senatanebis gadaxda xorcieldeba
individualur angariSebze, sapensio da samedicino xar-
74
Tengiz verulava
jebis uzrunvelsayofad. Senatanebi Tavs iyris cen-
tralur Semnaxvel fondSi, saidanac Cveulebriv an-
gariSze gadairicxeba 26%, specialur angariSze 4%,
xolo jandacvis xarjebisaTvis mediseivis angariSze
gadairicxeba 6% (ix. nax. 3).
centralur Semnaxvel fondSi Senatanebi
nax. 3
qvemoT mocemuli cxrili 2 asaxavs centralur
Semnaxvel fondSi Senatanebis ganawilebas asakis
mixedviT. damqiravebelTa da daqiravebulTa Senatanebi
gansxvavebulia asakis mixedviT. 55 wlamde 36%-s Sead-
gens, Semdgom wlebSi mcirdeba 8.5%-mde. 55 wlamde damq-
iravebelTa Senatanebi Seadgens 16%-s, xolo daqirave-
bulTa Senatanebi Seadgens xelfasis 20%-s. 55 wlis
zeviT Senatanebis zoma sxvadasxvaa da icvleba asa-
kis matebasTan erTad. 55-60 wlamde damqiravebelTa da
daqiravebulTa Senatanebi Seadgens Sesabamisad 6 da
12.5%-s, 60-65 wlis asakSi - 3.5 da 7.5%-s, xolo 65 welze
zeviT asakSi - 3.5 da 5%-s. amasTan, sapensio nawilis
Senatanebis gadaxda wydeba 65 wlis zeviT. mediseivis
angariSze Senatanebi aseve damokidebulia asakze da
izrdeba asakis matebasTan erTad, kerZod, 35 wlamde Se-
natani Seadgens xelfasis 6%-s, 35-45 wlis asakSi - 7%-s,
45-65 wlis asakSi - 8%-s. 60 wels zeviT - 8,5%-s [12].
75
mikro-makroekonomika
daqira
vebu
lis
as
aki
(wleb
i)
damqir
aveb
lis
Se
nata
nebi
(xel
fasi
s %)
daqira
vebu
lis
Se
nata
nebi
(xel
fasi
s %)
Senata
nebi
su
l
(xel
fasi
s %)
Cveu
leb
rivi
anga
riSi
(%)
spec
ialur
i anga
riSi
(%)
medis
eivi
s an
gar
iSi
(%)
35 da
nakleb
i16
2036
264
6
35-45
1620
3623
67
45-55
1620
3622
68
55-60
612.5
18.5
10.5
08
60-65
3.57.5
112.5
08.5
65-z
e meti
3.55
8.50
08.5
central
ur S
emnaxvel f
ond
Si
Senat
aneb
is g
anaw
ileb
a
cxril
i 2
76
Tengiz verulava
mediseivis angariSze Tanxis maqsimalur raode-
nobas gansazRvravs mediseivis Senatanebis zRvaris
(Medisave Contribution Ceiling - MCC) organizacia. 2009 wlis
monacemebiT, igi Seadgenda $37,000-s. nebismieri Senatani, romelic aRemateba dadgenil zRvars, gadatanil iqneba
55 wlamde asakis pirTa specialur angariSze, xolo
55 wels zeviT pirebisaTvis ki gadaitaneba sapensio
angariSze. rodesac 55 wlis zeviT pirs surs gavides
mediseivis sqemidan, mas angariSze unda hqondes minimum
$32,000 (2009), xolo aRniSnuli Tanxis zeviT arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia gaitanos mxolod am minimalurze
meti Tanxa.
mediseivi savaldebulo sistemaa. Senatanebis gad-
axda savaldebuloa rogorc dasaqmebulebisaTvis, aseve
im TviTdasaqmeulisaTvis, romlis wliuri Semosavali
aRemateba $6,000-s. faqtobrivad, mediseiviT singapuris
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 85%-ia moculi. 2008 wlis de-
kembris monacemebiT, singapurels mediseivis angariSze
gaaCnda daaxloebiT 10,000 aSS dolari [12]. mediseiviT
finansdeba beneficiaris (agreTve ojaxis wevrTa) hos-
pitaluri da ambulatoriuli samedicino momsaxurebis
garkveuli saxeobebi (qirurgiuli procedurebi, imuni-
zacia, skriningi, ojaxis dagegmarebis servisebi, fsiqi-
atriuli momsaxureba).
katastrofuli samedicino xarjebi. individu-
aluri anabrebiT dagrovili Tanxa ar aris sakmarisi
katastrofuli samedicino xarjebisgan dasacavad (HIV/AIDS, qronikuli daavadebebi, Tirkmlis ukmarisoba...).
katastroful xarjebTan gamklaveba mxolod sxva ada-
mianebTan erTad solidarobis, anu dazRvevis umTavre-
77
mikro-makroekonomika
si principis gaziarebiTaa SesaZlebeli. solidaroba
gulisxmobs erTi adamianis SesaZlo riskis ganawile-
bas sxva danarCenebze, anu riskebi gadanawildeba yvela
dazRveulze da maTgan anazRaurebas miiRebs mxolod
is, visac miadga zarali. dazRvevis dros adamianebi Ta-
vianT risks gadascemen saerTo fonds. rac ufro meti
adamiani uziarebs erTmaneTs risks, miT metia sargebeli,
da rac mTavaria, miT naklebia sadazRvevo premia, da Se-
sabamisad naklebia samedicino momsaxurebis xarji.
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, janmrTelobis daz-
Rveva Tavisi arsiT gansxvavdeba imisagan, rasac Cven
dRes janmrTelobis dazRvevas vuwodebT. dazRvevis
arsidan gamomdinare, janmrTelobis riski unda iyos
SemTxveviTi, moulodneli. prognozirebadi riski ar
aris dazRvevadi riski (magaliTad, fiziologiuri mSo-
biaroba, gegmuri operaciebi, eqimTan gegmuri konsul-
taciebi...), dazRvevadia mxolod araprognozirebadi
riskebi (mag. paTologiuri mSobiaroba). janmrTelobis
dazRvevam unda moicvas umTavresad iseTi daavadebebi,
rac katastroful xarjebs ganapirobebs (qronikuli
daavadebebi). araprognozirebadi, magram mcirexarjiani
riski ar aris dazRvevadi (magaliTad, mwvave bronqi-
ti).
katastrofuli samedicino xarjebisaTvis aSS-Si
moqmedebs maRali franSizis janmrTelobis sqema (High Deductible Health Plan - HDHP), xolo singapurSi - mediS-
ildis (Medishield) sqema. unda aRiniSnos, rom samedi-
cino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemiT sargeblobisaTvis
aucilebelia katastrofuli samedicino xarjebis daz-
Rvevis sqemaSi gawevrianeba.
maRali franSizis janmrTelobis sqema. aSS-Si
maRali franSizis janmrTelobis sqema (High Deductible
78
Tengiz verulava
Health Plan - HDHP) SemoRebul iqna 2003 wels. sadazRvevo
kompaniebs, sqemis ganxorcielebis SeTxvevaSi, miecaT
grkveuli sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi. sqemaSi gasawevri-
aneblad dawesebulia minimaluri franSiza 1000 $ erTi
pirisaTvis da 2000 $ - ojaxisaTvis. 2008 wlis monace-
mebiT, am sqemiT moculia 65 wlamde asakis pirTa 8% (7
mln. piri).
franSiza aris zaralis nawili, romelic akldeba
sadazRvevo anazRaurebas da ifareba dazRveulis mier,
anu mas ar faravs sadazRvevo organizacia. rac ufro
maRalia franSiza, miT meti stimuli aqvT pacientebs
ufro Segnebulad miudgnen xarjebs samedicino momsax-
urebis misaRebad gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. aRniSnu-
li amcirebs samedicino momsaxurebis Warbad moxmare-
bas, rac, mTlianobaSi, Tanxebis ekonomiis (dagrovebis)
saSualebas iZleva. amasTan, rac ufro maRalia fran-
Siza, miT dabalia sadazRvevo premia da Sesabamisad
ufro mimzidvelia mosaxleobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT da-
balSemosavliani mosaxleobisaTvis.
mediSildi. 1990 wels singapurSi dainerga mediS-
ildi (Medishield), romelic maRalxarjiani daavadebebis
nacionaluri sadazRvevo sqemaa (maRali franSizis
katastrofebis dazRvevis sqema). igi moicavs 70 wlamde
pirTa im qronikuli daavadebebis mniSvnelovan kompo-
nents, rac ar aris dafaruli mediseiviT. msgavsad aSS-
isa, sadac samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemiT
yvela mosargeble gaerTianebulia katastrofuli
samedicino xarjebis dazRvevis sqemaSi, singapurSic me-
diseivis yoveli wevrs SeuZlia airCios mediSildis
sqema (mediSildiT moculia singapuris mosaxleobis
88%). mediSildisaTvis premiebi gaicema individualur
pirTa mediseivis angariSidan. Tu aSS-Si am sqemiT gam-
79
mikro-makroekonomika
oiyeneba maRali franSiza, singapurSi SemoRebulia maR-
ali Tanagadaxdebis meqanizmebi. Tanagadaxda amcirebs
pacientebis mier samedicino momsaxurebis zedmet mox-
marebas. bolo wlebSi saxelmwifom kerZo sadazRvevo
kompaniebs neba darTo mediSildis msgavsi sqemebis
ganxorcielebaze, ris gamoc mosaxleobas aqvs arCevani
mediSildsa da kerZo sadazRvevo kompanias Soris.
dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis samedicino mom-
saxureba. siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myof dabalSemosav-
lian mosaxleobas ar aqvs samedicino Semnaxvel ana-
brebze Tanxis dagrovebis SesaZlebloba. am problemis
aRmosafxvrelad 1993 wlidan singapurSi arsebobs
medifondis sqema. igi saxelmwifos mier dafuZnebuli
saqvelmoqmedo fondia, romelic gankuTvnilia im pirTa
samedicino momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad, romlebic
monawileoben mediseivis an mediSildis sqemebSi, ma-
gram jandacvis xarjebTan dakavSirebiT aqvT finan-
suri sirTuleebi (mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10% sarge-
blobs). medifondiT sargeblobis kriteriumia saWiroe-
ba, romelic efuZneba pacientis finansur mdgomareobas
samedicino momsaxurebaze ganacxadis dros.
garda amisa, saxelmwifo axorcielebs miznobriv
subsidiebs maTTvis, vinc yvelaze metad saWiroebs
samedicino momsaxurebas. saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi
aris sxvadasxva klasis palatebi, romlebic saxelmwi-
fos mxridan gansxvavebulad finansdeba. saxelmwifo
saavadmyofoebis 80%-s saxelmwifo afinansebs (B2 da C klasis palatebi), danarCeni 20% mcired subsidirdeba
(В1 klasis palatebi), xolo a klasis sawolebi saer-
Tod ar finansdeba. pacientebs ufleba aqvT airCion
palatebi TavianTi finansuri SesaZleblobebis mixed-
viT.
80
Tengiz verulava
a klasis palatebi erTadgiliani da yvelaze
keTilmowyobilia, romelTac gaaCniaT Tavisi saabazano,
kondicioneri, televizori, internetiT uzrunvelyofa. a klasis palatebis sawolebi saerTod ar subsidird-
eba saxelmwifos mier. В1 klasis palatebi oTxadgili-
ania da saxelmwifosgan subsidirdeba 20%-iT. В2 kla-
sis palatebi 6 adgiliania, saxelmwifo axdens 60%-ze
meti TanxiT subsidirebas. C klasis palatebi 8 da
metadgiliania da saxelmwifo afinansebs 80%-ze meti
TanxiT (ix. cxrili 3).
palatebis saxeobebi da Sesabamisi subsidireba
cxrili 3
palataoTaxebis
raodenobasubsidireba
A 1 0%
B1 4 20%
B+ 5 50%
B2 6 60%-ze meti
C 8 80%-ze meti
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifos mier subsidire-
bul palatebs mimarTaven aramarto dabalSemosavliani
singapurelebi, aramed xSirad maRalSemosavliani pire-
bic. 2005 wlis monacemebiT, jandacvis saministros
mier gavrcelebuli informaciis mixedviT, maRalSe-
mosavlian singapurelTa 22.1%-ma airCia B2 an C kla-
sis palatebSi stacionaruli samedicino momsaxureba.
2009 wlis 1 ianvridan singapurSi amoqmedda special-
uri programa, romelic dabalSemosavlian pacientebs
saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi stacionaruli momsax-
urebis misaRebad subsidiebiT sargeblobis met saSu-
81
mikro-makroekonomika
alebas aZlevs, vidre maRalSemosavlianebs. subsidiebi
damokidebulia pirad Semosavalsa da sacxovrebelis
tipze. aseve, singapurSi SemuSavebul iqna “bevri damx-
mare xeli”-s koncefcia, romelic gulisxmobs sazoga-
doebis TviTorganizebas umweo adamianebis mxardasaW-
erad, maT monawileobas rogorc samedicino momsaxure-
bis miwodebaSi, aseve saqvelmoqmedo Semowirulobebis
gacemaSi. “bevri damxmare xeli”-s programas ZiriTadad
aramomgebiani organizaciebi axorcieleben, romlebsac
saxelmwifo garkveul daxmarebas uwevs. “bevri damx-
mare xelebi”-s koncefciis gasagebad SeiZleba moviy-
vanoT aRmosavluri andaza: „mieci adamians Tevzi da
mas erTi dRe eqneba sakvebi, aswavle mas Tevzis Wera
da mas mTeli sicocxle eqneba sakvebi.” igi efuZneba
im ideas, rom saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos adamians,
aswavlos mas damoukideblad “Tevzis Wera”, da amiT ga-
naviTaros masSi damoukideblad Tavis gamokvebis unari,
vidre daexmaros masTan saTxovnelad misuls. aseTi
midgoma aviTarebs da aZlierebs Tavad sazogadoebas.
amgvarad, singapuris jandacva warmodgenilia „3
m“ sistemiT:
• mediseivi (Seiqmna 1984 w.) - samedicino Semnax-
veli anabrebis savaldebulo sqema dasaqmebuli mosax-
leobisaTvis;
• mediSildi (1990) - maRalxarjiani samedicino
momaxurebis sadazRvevo sqema;
• medifondi (1993) - jandacvis saqvelmoqmedo
fondi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT da dabalSemosavliani
mosaxleobisaTvis.
garda amisa, 2002 wels singapurSi SemoiRes
„elderSildi“-s (Eldershield) programa asakovan pirTa
sxvadasxva saxeobis daavadebebis dasafinanseblad.
82
Tengiz verulava
igi zemoaRniSnuli sami sqemis damatebaa. elderSildi
kerZo sadazRvevo sqemaa, romlis mizania mZime invali-
dobis SemTxvevaSi (gansakuTrebiT asakovan periodSi)
samedicino xarjebis dafinanseba.
mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili dazRveulia „inte-
grirebuli Sildis sqemiT”. igi aseve kerZo dazRvevaa.
masSi dasazRvevad aucilebelia mediSildis sqemaSi
gaerTianeba.
singapuris jandacvis sistemis mTavari element-
ebia:
• universaluri mocva;
• Sereuli, saxelmwifo-kerZo konkurentuli ba-
zari;
• Sereuli dafinansebis meTodebi (gadasaxadebi,
samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebi, dazRveva);
• kerZo da saxelmwifo sistemebs Soris arCevanis
SesaZlebloba;
• personaluri da saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobis
optimaluri dabalanseba;
• personaluri pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebis
xelSewyoba (Tanagadaxdebis meqanizmebis danergva);
• momavalSi mosalodneli xarjebis mimarT mdgra-
doba (samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebi);
• katastroful xarjebze riskis pulingi da so-
cialuri dacva (dazRvevis sistema);
• miznobrivi subsidireba da Tanabari ganawileba
umweo da RaribTaTvis (gadasaxadi);
• saxelmwifo monawileobs standartebis da fase-
bis dadgenaSi;
• saavadmyofos sawolebis, eqimebis da maRali xar-
jis samedicino teqnologiebis gamoyenebis regulire-
ba.
83
mikro-makroekonomika
samedicino momsaxurebis miwodebis sistema. sin-
gapurSi samedicino momsaxurebis miwodebis Sereuli
sistemaa. saxelmwifo afinansebs gadaudebeli saxelm-
wifo saavadmyofoebis palatebSi gaweuli samedicino
momsaxurebis 80%-s [12]. pirveladi jandacvis seqtorSi
samedicino momsaxurebis kerZo mimwodeblebi Seadgenen
80%-s. meddis saxlebsa da movlis centrebSi momsax-
ureobas ewevian kerZo saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi,
romelTa umravlesoba finansdeba sazogadoebrivi sax-
srebiT.
singapurSi pirveladi jandacva xorcieldeba am-
bulatoria-poliklinikebisa da kerZo samedicino praq-
tikis klinikebis meSveobiT. pirveladi jandacva war-
modgenilia 18 saxelmwifo poliklinikis (20%) da 2,400
kerZo samedicino klinikis saxiT (80%) [12] (ix. cxrili
4). pirveladi jandacvis da hospitaluri momsaxure-
bis sistema, singapuri, 2012 w.
cxrili 4
pirveladi jandacva
hospi-taluri momsa-xureba
sawolebis procen-tuli
ganawileba
saxelmwifo sistema
20% (18) 15 85%
kerZo sistema
80% (2400) 10 15%
65 wlisa da zemoT asakis moqalaqeebisaTvis,
agreTve 18 wlamde bavSvebisaTvis poliklinikebSi am-
bulatoriul konsultaciebze dawesebulia 75%-iani
SeRavaTi, sxva moqalaqeebisaTvis - 50%-iani SeRavaTi.
84
Tengiz verulava
hospitaluri servisebis gansaxorcieleblad, 2012
wlis monacemebiT, qveyanaSi funqcionirebda 25 saavad-
myofo. sawolTa raodenoba Seadgenda 10756-s (2 sawo-
li mosaxleobis 1000 sulze) [12]. sawolTa 85% Tavmoy-
rilia 15 saxelmwifo saavadmyofosa da specializebul
centrSi (sawolTa raodenoba Seadgens 185-dan 2010-
mde) da 10 kerZo saavadmyofoebSi (sawolTa raodenoba
Seadgens 20-dan 345-mde) [12]. saxelmwifos dominanturi
roli ukavia hospitaluri samedicino momsaxurebis
miwodebaSi. 15 saxelmwifo saavadmyofodan 6 zogadi
profilisaa, 1 qalTa da bavSvTa saavadmyofoa, 1 - fsiqi-
atriuli da 6 - nacionaluri centri (onkologiuri,
kardiologiuri, ofTalmologiuri, dermatologiuri,
nevrologiuri da stomatologiuri) da mravalpro-
filiani samedicino centri [12].saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi pacientebs SeuZli-
aT airCion palatebi. saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebis 81%
saxelmwifos mier subsidirdeba (B2 da C klasis pal-
atebi), 19% nawilobriv subsidirdeba (В1 klasis pal-
atebi), xolo a klasis palatebis sawolebi saerTod ar
finansdeba saxelmwifos mier. 2012 wlis monacemebiT,
gadaudebeli daxmarebis saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi
sawolze dayovnebis saSualo maCvenebeli Seadgenda
5,8 dRes, xolo datvirTvis saSualo maCvenebeli 85%-s
[12].bolo wlebSi mTavrobam moaxdina saxelmwifo
saavadmyofoebis restruqturizacia, ris Sedegad maT
miiRes marTvis avtonomia. restruqturizebuli saavad-
myofoebi kerZo saavadmyofoebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba,
rom isini saxelmwifosgan Rebuloben yovelwliur
subsidias da funqcionireben rogorc saxelmwifo sa-
85
mikro-makroekonomika
kuTrebaSi myofi arakomerciuli (aramomgebiani) orga-
nizaciebi [12]. singapuris jandacvis sistemis ZiriTadi maCven-
eblebi. singapuris mTeli mosaxleoba moculia univer-
saluri jandacviT. dafinansebis Sereuli sistema saba-
zro meqanizmebis danergvasa da konkurenciis xelSew-
yobis saSualebas iZleva. jandacvis xarjebi mSp-is
4%-s Seadgens, rac ganviTarebuli qveynebis maCvene-
belze gacilebiT dabalia [12]. jandacvaze saxelmwifo
danaxarjebi Seadgens mTliani saxelmwifo xarjebis
7.2%-s [12] (ix. cxrili 5).
singapuris jandacvis dafinanseba
cxrili 51995 2000 2005 2010
jandacvis mTliani xarjebi (GDP %)
3.0 2.4 3.4 4.0
saxelmwifo danaxarjebi jandacvaze
(jandacvaze mTliani xarjebis %)
50.5 51.4 30.4 36.3
kerZo danaxarjebi jandacvaze
(jandacvaze mTliani xarjebis %)
49.5 48.6 69.6 63.7
saxelmwifo danaxarjebi
(jandacvaze mTliani saxelmwifo xarjebis
%)
9.4 6.2 7 8
kerZo dazRveva (jandacvaze kerZo danaxarjebis %)
0 0 11 12.6
86
Tengiz verulava
miuxedavad imisa, rom singapuris jandacvis xar-
jebi ganviTarebuli qveynebis xarjebze gacilebiT nak-
lebia, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis maCve-
neblebi (sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba, bavSvTa
sikvdilianoba, jandacvis xelmisawvdomoba) jandacvis
msoflio organizaciis SefasebiT, erT-erTi saukeTesoa
msoflioSi. bavSvTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli yovel
1,000 cocxalSobilze Seadgens 3-s, rac dabalia didi
britaneTis (5.9) da aSS-Si (7.6) maCvenebelze (14). sin-gapuris jandacvis sistemiT kmayofilia singapurelTa
85%. saSualo mocdis dro qirurgiul servisebze Sead-
gens 2 kviras, xolo dayovnebis saSualo xangrZlivoba
saavadmyofoSi - 5 dRes. 2006 wels 400000 sazRvarga-
reTeli Rebulobda samedicino momsaxurebas singapur-
Si.
singapuris jandacvis sistema warmoadgens samedi-
cino momsaxurebis miwodebasa da dafinansebaSi saxelm-
wifos Carevebis da sabazro meqanizmebis gamoyenebis
kombinacias. singapuris midgoma, yvelaze TvalnaTliv,
formulirebulia „xelmisawvdomi jandacvis“ xuT
principSi, romelic 1993 wlis oqtomberSi gamoqveynda
singapuris mTavrobis angariSSi. es principebia:
• cxovrebis jansaRi wesis damkvidrebis xelSew-
yoba, prevenciul jandacvaze orientacia;
• TiToeuli moqalaqis janmrTelobis person-
aluri pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyoba. saxelmwifos
saerTo keTildReobaze da samedicino dazRvevaze zed-
metad damokidebulebis Tavidan acileba;
• yvela singapurelisaTvis xelmisawvdomi samedi-
cino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa;
• samedicino momsaxurebis efeqtianobis amaRleba
konkurenciisa da sabazro principebis farTo gamoy-
87
mikro-makroekonomika
enebiT;
• saxelmwifo Carevebis ganxorcieleba im SemTx-
vevaSi, rodesac bazris meSveobiT ver xerxdeba jan-
dacvis xarjebis Semcireba.
aSS-isagan gansxvavebiT, sadac pragmatizmi xSir-
ad niSnavs sazogadoebrivi azris gaTvaliswinebas
da politikur kompromisebs, singapuris pragmatizmiT
politikaSi misaRebi gadawyvetilebebi efuZneba re-
alur Sedegebs da ara maT popularobas. praqtikulad,
pragmatizmi aris utilitarizmis sinonimi [7]. Sesabam-
isad, singapuris jandacvis sistema erT-erTi yvelaze
xarjTefeqtiani jandacvis sistemaa msoflioSi.
singapuris mTavrobas ar aqvs arapopularuli
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SiSi. xarjebis efeqtianobis
da jandacvis xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT, ZviradRire-
buli mkurnalobis meTodebze xelmisawvdomoba xSirad
SezRudulia. 1993 wels mTavrobis mier gamoqveynebul
moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom “jandacvaze ganxor-
cielebulma danaxarjebma unda mogvces maqsimalurad
saukeTeso Sedegi, risTvisac saWiroa xarjT-efeqtian
mkurnalobaze meti resursebis gamoyofa” [10].medikamentebis dafarvaze gadawyvetileba miiReba
„medikamentebis standartuli siis“ safuZvelze, romel-
ic warmoadgens „klinikurad Sesabamisi da xarjT-
efeqtiani medikamentebis sias da ganixileba, rogorc
ZiriTadi samkurnalo saSualebebi, rac aucilebelia
mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi gavrcelebuli daavadeba-
Ta marTvisaTvis“ [8]. msgavsi midgoma gamoiyeneba qiru-rgiuli procedurebisaTvis. magaliTad, aortis sarqve-
lis perkutanuli (kanidan SeRweviT ganxorcielebu-
li) Canacvleba, romelic pirvelad safrangeTSi iqna
ganxorcielebuli 2002 wels, aris usafrTxo proce-
88
Tengiz verulava
dura, vidre gulis operaciamde aortis sarqvelis Ria
Canacvleba. singapurSi, aortis sarqvelis perkutanu-
li Canacvlebas sTavazoben maRali qirurgiuli ris-
kis mqone pacientebs, romlebzec ver tardeba aortis
sarqvelis Cveulebrivi Canacvleba [2]. miuxedavad amisa,
aRniSnuli operaciis xarjebs saxelmwifo ar afin-
ansebs, misi wyaro saqvelmoqmedo Semowirulebebia [9]. gulis erovnuli centri aqtiurad monawileobs aseTi
pacientebisaTvis Tanxebis Sesagroveblad specialuri
fondis meSveobiT.
singapuris jandacvis saministros 2010 wlis anga-
riSis mixedviT, “mdgradi jandacvis sistemis gasaRebia
jandacvis depolitizeba, bazris Cavardnebis minimum-
amde dayvana, jandacvis sistemis funqcionireba ekonomi-
kis sxva dargebis msgavsad” [11]. saxelmwifo jandacvis
seqtors aregulirebs mxolod “saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac bazars ar SeuZlia jandacvis xarjebis Sem-
cireba” [13]. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo Carevebis
mizania ara bazris rolis Semcireba, aramed misi swori
funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa.
2004 wels, jandacvis saministrom daiwyo saavad-
myofoTa angariSgebis gamoqveyneba, sadac naCvenebia saa-
vadmyofoTa xarjebs Soris gansxvavebebi. aRniSnulma
xeli Seuwyo konkurentuli fasebis motivacias. pacien-
tis mier informirebuli arCevanis xelSewyobis mizniT
jandacvis saministro periodulad aqveynebs pacientis
kmayofilebis kvlevebs, mkurnalobis xarisxis Sesaxeb
informacias. erovnuli eleqtronuli jandacvis Canaw-
erebi aseve SeiZleba CaiTvalos ara mxolod rogorc
pacientTa usafrTxoebis instrumenti, aramed samedi-
cino bazris ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi RonisZieba.
jandacvis msoflio organizaciis SefasebiT, sin-
gapuris jandacvis sistema msoflioSi aRiarebulia
erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul sistemad, rogorc jan-
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mikro-makroekonomika
dacvis dafinansebis efeqturobiT, aseve mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis maCveneblebiT. 2000 wels jandacvis msoflio organizaciam jandacvis sistemis maCveneblebiT 191 qveynebs Soris singapurs meeqvse ad-gili mianiWa, xolo 2003 wels, politikuri da ekonomi-kuri riskis sakonsultacio jgufma [Political and Economic Risk Consultancy – PERC] qveynis jandacvis sistema msof-lios yvelaze saukeTeso sameulSi Seiyvana.
ar arsebobs efeqtiani jandacva saxelmwifo da individualuri pasuxismgeblobebis kombinaciis ga-reSe. amis saukeTeso magaliTia singapuris jandacva. saqarTvelom udavod unda gaiziaros is gamocdileba, romelic jandacvis sferoSi sxvadasxva qveynis praq-tikiT dagrovda. ramdenad misaRebia singapuris samedi-cino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistema saqarTvelosTvis? - Tu gaviTvaliswinebT singapuris pozitiur Sedegs, pasuxi, albaT, dadebiTi iqneba.
Medical Savings Accounts: Effective mechanism for financ-ing health care
T. VerulavaA key component of Georgian health care reform will be the in-
telligent balancing of market forces and government interventions. Sin-gapore has achieved a balance appropriate for its population through a savings orientation. In 1984 Singapore adopted a system of Medical Savings Accounts. The concept of Medical Savings Accounts represents an innovative and alternative for the funding of health care systems.
The fact that people are spending their own money rather than that of a third-party insurer has helped to curtail Singapores health care costs. Singapore spends less than other developed countries. From a theoretical point of view the Medical Savings Accounts concept helps to counteract the phenomenon of moral hazard in health insurance sys-tems. Medical Savings Accounts should be considered one part of the solution to the global problem of growing health expenditures. It could be feasible to integrate certain elements of this concept into health care system of Georgia.
90
Tengiz verulava
გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა:
Cannon M. F., Tanner M. D. Healthy Competition: What’s Hold-1. ing Back Health Care and How to Free It. Cato Institute. 2005;
Chao VTT., Chua Y L., Chiam P T L., Lee C Y., See Tho V Y., 2. Tan S Y., Sin Y K., Hwang N C., Lim S T., Koh T H. Percutaneous Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: First Transapical Implant in Asia, Singapore Medical Journal, 51(1) 01/2010; 51(1): 69-72;
Friedman M. How to Cure Health Care. The Public Interest. 3. 2001;
Hanvoravongchai P. Medical Savings Accounts: Lessons 4. Learned from Limited International Experience. Dsiscussion Paper, N 3 , World Health Organization. Geneva. 2002;
Kling A. Crisis of abundance. Rethinking how we pay for health 5. care. Cato Institute. Washington. 2008;
Khaw B. W. All can afford healthcare. Ministry of Health Sin-6. gapore. 2010;
Lee UW. U.S. Prof Muses on Singapore Pragmatism. The Busi-. U.S. Prof Muses on Singapore Pragmatism. The Busi-7. ness Times. 2008;
Li SC. Health Care System and Public Sector Drug Formulary 8. in Singapore”. ISPOR Connections. 2010;
Lim J,. Clive T. Strategic Orientations in Singapore Healthcare. 9. CGL (Centre for Governance and Leadership). Ethos Issue 9, Jun. 2011;
Ministry of Health Singapore. White Paper on Affordable 10. Healthcare, 1993;
Ministry of Health Singapore, 2010;11. Ministry of Health Singapore, 2013; 12. Singapore Government, White Paper on Affordable Health- White Paper on Affordable Health-13.
care. 1993;World Health Organization, Global Health Expenditure Data-14.
base, 2012.
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Татьяна Омельяненкокандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры менеджмента
Государственного высшего учебного заведения«Киевский национальный экономический университет имени Ва-
дима Гетьмана»
Исследования производственной стратегии в промышлен-но развитых странах ведутся уже не одно десятилетие, поскольку давно осознано, что развитие любого предприятия, уровень его конкурентоспособности и масштабы рыночного успеха во многом зависят от того, насколько взвешенно, логично, обоснованно и эф-фективно с точки зрения обеспечения устойчивых конкурентных преимуществ организована его производственная деятельность. Обзор релевантных англоязычных источников (имеются в виду ра-боты таких авторов, как Sara Beckman, Donald Rosenfield, john Ettlie, Michael Burstein, avi Fiegenbaum, Norman Gaither, Arthur Hill, Terry Hill, Ken Platts, Mike Gregory, Mike Pycraft, Wickham Skinner, Nigel Slack, Michael Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-, Michael Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Michael Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так- Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так- Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-David Walters [1 – 13]), а так- Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Walters [1 – 13]), а так- [1 – 13]), а так-же многоаспектный информационный поиск, осуществленный по русскоязычным оригинальным и переводным изданиям, в которых рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с проблематикой производ-ственных стратегий показывает, что теоретико-методические осно-вы разработки производственной стратегии предприятия требуют дальнейшего комплексного анализа и углубления. Актуальность этих вопросов обусловила выбор сферы исследования, результаты которого представлены в статье.
ПРОиЗвОДСТвЕнныЕ ПРиОРи-ТЕТы и ПРОЦЕСС РАЗРАБОТКи ПРОиЗвОДСТвЕннОй СТРАТЕ-
гии ПРЕДПРиЯТиЯ
92
Татьяна ОмельяненкоПроизводственные приоритетыКак справедливо замечает декан факультета менеджмента
технологий бизнес-школы Беркли Калифорнийского университета С. Бекман, производственная стратегия начинается с четкого по-нимания запросов клиента, т.е. того, «что он хотел бы иметь с точ-ки зрения цены, качества и характеристик продукции» [14, с. 8-4]. Обеспечение этих требований предусматривает, по ее мнению, принятие целого ряда решений относительно производственных мощностей, оборудования, вертикальной интеграции, технологий производства, разработки нового поколения продукции и других подобных вопросов [14, с. 8-4].
Фактически речь идет о переводе весьма абстрактной целевой установки – обретение предприятием стратегических конкурент-ных преимуществ – в конкретные, четко определенные задачи, на решение которых должна быть направлена вся его производствен-ная деятельность. В общепризнанной теории производственной стратегии предприятия терминологии для обозначения сфер этих задач обычно используется термин «приоритеты». Минималист-ская версия их набора включает такие, как затраты и качество.
Однако различные исследователи отстаивают свои версии конфигураций наборов приоритетных для производства задач. Рас-смотрим точки зрения некоторых из них.
Р. чейз, Р. Джейкобз и Н. Аквилано, ссылаясь при этом как на первоисточники на работы У. Скиннера [10] и Т. Хилла [5], предлагают считать стратегическими приоритетами организации производственной деятельности предприятия (впрочем, они трактуют их и как «конкурентные показатели» производства, сопровождая свои формулировки яркими призывами-лозунгами) такие:
● производственные затраты, т.е. «Делать дешевле!»;● качество и надежность продукции, т.е. «Делать хоро-
шо!»;
БиЗнЕС-ПЛАн
Маркетинговый план
Финансовыйплан
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mikro-makroekonomika
● скорость поставок, т.е. «Делать быстрее!»;● надежность поставок, т.е. «Выполнять обещанное!»;● способность реагировать на изменения спроса, т.е. «От-
слеживать спрос!»;● гибкость и скорость освоения производства новой про-
дукции, т.е. «Не стоять на месте!»;● другие критерии, которые определяют ся спецификой про-
изводимой продукции, т.е. «Опираться на что угодно!» [15, с. 56-59].
Дж. Бишено не использует термин «приоритеты», а просто отмечает, что претворение производственной стратегии в жизнь предполагает перевод будущих потребностей клиентов в стои-мость, качество, поставки (время исполнения и обязательность), гибкость и сервисную поддержку [16, с. 57], т.е. пусть и в опосред-ствованной форме, но все-таки определяет целевые ориентиры, на достижение которых должна быть направлена разрабатываемая производственная стратегия.
Российские исследователи производственной стратегии фак-тически соглашаются с такой точкой зрения. По крайней мере неко-торые из них: этот вывод следует из того, что, ведя речь о влиянии фактора спроса на товары и услуги на принятие производственных решений Э. С. Минаев и соавторы [17], с оглядкой на специфику стадий жизненного цикла продукта, фактически воссоздают мини-мальный набор тех же самых приоритетов. В качестве ключевых ими признаются:
● качество – поскольку «на ранних стадиях жизненного цикла продукта лидирующее положение на рынке завоевывается внедрением новых продуктов с более высоким уровнем качества и надежности»;
● затраты – так как «когда жизненный цикл продукта всту-пает в стадию роста и затем в стадию стабилизации, ключевым фактором становится цена. … в этот период усиливается роль про-
94
Татьяна Омельяненкоизводственной функции и изыскиваются возможности производ-ства снижать себестоимость продукции...»;
● скорость поставки – «если предприятие поставляет свой товар быстрее, чем конкурент, это может стать определяющим фак-тором для клиента. Этот фактор играет большую роль, когда товар находится в стадии зрелости своего жизненного цикла. Ускорить поставку заказчику можно за счет повышения производительности труда, внеурочной работы либо перепланирования производства, когда или заказу придается статус приоритетного, или он частично уже выполнен еще до заключения контракта, в надежде на сверше-ние сделки»;
● надежность поставки – «это требование означает способ-ность предприятия выполнить заказ вовремя. В этом случае все зависит от производства. При расчете реального времени выпол-нения заказа и поставки товарной продукции составляют график работы с учетом мощностей и запасов…» [17, с. 64–65].
С. Бекман подчеркивает, что «клиенты будут покупать то-вары и услуги у вашей организации, а не у ваших конкурентов, исходя из своих суждений об одной или несколько из следующих характеристик: низкая цена товара или услуги, высокое качество товара или услуги, своевременное получение товара или услуги, отличительные свойства товара или услуги» [14, с. 8-7]. Т.е. факти-чески она выделяет четыре разновидности приоритетов, несколько, хотя и несущественно, отличающихся от приведенных выше, кото-рые у нее ассоциируются со стратегическими задачами для произ-водства [14, с. 8-9].
А. Хилл считает, что производственная стратегия определя-ется в категориях затрат, качества, гибкости и сервисной поддерж-ки, отмечая при этом, что в последнее время к базовому набору приоритетов специалисты предлагают присоединять еще и те, что касаются обязательности, морали, охраны окружающей среды, раз-
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mikro-makroekonomika
вития человеческого капитала, кастомизации и т.д. [4, c. 245].Приведенные трактовки свидетельствуют, что данной сфере
теории производственной стратегии присуща определенная плюра-листичность, которая, впрочем, не является критичной, поскольку мнения несущественно разнятся между собой. Более того, специа-листы едины в том, что значимость выделения стратегических для производства приоритетов крайне высока, поскольку они служат критериями отбора наиболее эффективного варианта производ-ственной стратегии в процессе ее разработки. Тем самым актуа-лизируется проблематика рассмотрения закономерностей процесса формирования производственной стратегии предприятия.
Процесс разработки производственной стратегииВ. Стивенсон [18] делает акцент на иерархической структуре
разработки стратегий в организации, опираясь фактически на иде-ологию широко известной «Пирамиды стратегий» (см, например, [19, с. 79]). В соответствии с его точкой зрения последовательность этапов этого процесса такова:
1) формулирование миссии организации;2) определение целей организации;3) разработка общей стратегии;4) формирование производственной стратегии;5) реализация производственной стратегии [18, с. 69].Безусловно, это крайне упрощенное представление процес-
са стратегического планирования, поскольку здесь отсутствует та-кой важный элемент, как стратегический анализ (анализ внешней среды, внутренней среды, возможностей, угроз, сильных и слабых сторон организации и т.п.), а состав стратегий по их уровням со-кращен всего-навсего до двух, хотя А. Томпсон и А. Стрикленд [19, с. 79] настаивают на, по меньшей мере, трехуровневой иерархии.
Однако многие исследователи производственной стратегии придерживаются именно этого подхода, единственное, чем отли-
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Татьяна Омельяненкочаются существующие точки зрения – это количеством этапов и степенью их детализации. Так, Н. Гейтер [3] подает процесс разра-ботки производственной стратегии предприятия весьма развернуто (рис. 1).
Сильные и слабые стороныНеобходимость конкурироватьЦЕЛи
БиЗнЕС-СТРАТЕгии
ПРОиЗвОД-СТвЕннАЯ СТРАТЕгиЯ
Долгосрочные решения по продукции, процессам и оборудованию
Тип производственной системыУровень специализации производстваПроектирование продукции / услугиРазработка производственного процесса
Рис. 1. Этапы процесса разработки производственной стратегии по Н.Гейтеру [3, с. 128]
БИЗНЕС-ПЛАН
Маркетинговый план
Финансовый
план
Производственный план
Прочие планы
Сильные и слабые стороны
Необходимость конкурировать
КОРПОРАТИВНЫЕ ЦЕЛИ
ЦЕЛИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА
БИЗНЕС-СТРАТЕГИИ
ПРОИЗВОД-СТВЕННАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ
Функциональные зоны
Производство
Маркетинг
Финансы
Инжиниринг
Прочие
Долгосрочные решения по продукции, процессам и оборудованию
Тип производственной системы
Уровень специализации производства
Проектирование продукции / услуги
Разработка производственного процесса
Распределение ресурсов по стратегическим направлениям
Мощность
Размещение производства
Рис. 1. Этапы процесса разработки производственной стратегии по Н.Гейтеру [3, с. 128]
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mikro-makroekonomika
Он акцентирует внимание на том, что цели, которые долж-ны быть достигнуты предприятием в сфере его производственной деятельности, и характер производственной стратегии прямо опре-деляются общими целями и направленностью бизнес-стратегии, поскольку предприятие, действующее в конкурентном простран-стве, вынуждено выстраивать свою деятельность так, чтобы фор-мировать новые и удерживать имеющиеся конкурентные преиму-щества. При этом Н. Гейтером предложено собственное видение набора производственно-стратегических решений, в которых конкретизируется производственная стратегия: определение типа производственной системы и уровня ее специализации, проекти-рование продукции / услуги и разработка производственного про-цесса, распределение ресурсов по стратегическим направлениям, установление уровня мощности и выбор местоположения произ-водства, выбор варианта размещения оборудования.
Скрупулезное рассмотрение предложенных Н. Гейтером эта-пов показывает, так же, как и у В. Стивенсона, отсутствие фазы стратегического анализа. Этот недостаток может быть устранен благодаря применению в процессе разработки производственной стратегии предложенной К. Платтсом и М. Грегори процедуры производственного аудита. Она включает (адаптировано из [7; 11, с. 254]):
1) проведение SWOT-анализа – внимание в первую очередь следует уделять тем значимым угрозам и возможностям, которые открывает предприятию внешняя среда;
2) определение требований рынка – они устанавливаются применительно к отдельному продукту, который предполагается реализовывать на конкретном рынке, или же относительно целого семейства изделий; в качестве критических параметров К. Плат-тсом и М. Грегори было предложено использовать такие, как цена / затраты, качество, объем производства и продаж, особенно-сти продукта, гибкость продуктового дизайна, точность доставки, надежность поставок, хотя понятно, что в зависимости от специфи-ки продукта (семейства изделий) перечень этих параметров может
98
Татьяна Омельяненкосущественно варьировать;
3) осуществление производственного аудита – сферами об-следования выступают мощности, оборудование, производствен-ные процессы и их стабильность, качество, человеческие ресурсы, поставщики, новые продукты, политика контроля производства, хотя так же, как и в предыдущем случае, в зависимости от специ-фики продукта (семейства изделий) перечень этих сфер может су-щественно изменяться;
4) построение карты профиля рыночных требований и про-филя производственных возможностей – по результатам анализа рынка и производственного аудита с использованием балльных оценок выстраиваются два профиля, которые затем сводятся на одной карте;
5) диагностика стратегических разрывов – сопоставление профилей и выявление разрывов стратегического значения.
Использование метода профилирования предоставляет раз-работчикам производственной стратегии действенный инструмент ее обоснования, поскольку результаты диагностики стратегиче-ских разрывов служат основой для принятия решений относитель-но того:
● что делать, если имеющиеся производственные возмож-ности превышают рыночные требования? – возможно, корректи-ровать рыночную политику; или идти на сокращение производ-ственного потенциала с тем, чтобы уменьшить текущие затраты на содержание недогруженного и неиспользуемого оборудования; или принять возрастание этих затрат как должное в надежде, что в будущем ситуация изменится к лучшему;
● что делать, если имеющиеся производственные возмож-ности не в состоянии удовлетворить рыночные требования? – воз-можно, опять-таки корректировать рыночную политику или же разрабатывать и реализовывать программы развития возможно-стей производства.
Анализ как поданных выше, так и не рассмотренных здесь, но существующих иных многочисленных интерпретаций
99
mikro-makroekonomika
процесса формирования стратегии производства, представлен-ных в литературе, посвященной непосредственно производ-ственной стратегии [1; 8; 12] и в публикациях по стратегиче-скому управлению и управлению производством (например, в [15; 20]), позволяет сделать следующие выводы:
► во-первых, процесс разработки производственной стратегии не может быть начат до тех пор, пока не будут уста-новлены долгосрочные цели предприятия относительно на-правлений его развития и аспектов обретения им стратеги-ческих конкурентных преимуществ, поскольку это – основа основ для определения целей в сфере производственной дея-тельности предприятия;
► во-вторых, в обязательном порядке должен прово-диться производственный аудит, т.е. обследование производ-ственных возможностей, результаты которого служат базисом для оценки производственного потенциала и определения воз-можностей и потребностей в его наращивании или изменении характера;
► в-третьих, учитывая тесную связь между всеми функ-циональными стратегиями предприятия разработанная произ-водственная стратегия должна быть проверена на предмет ее согласованности с финансовой, маркетинговой и прочими.
Соблюдение этих условий возможно и не гарантирует аб-солютную успешность процесса разработки производственной стратегии предприятия, но хотя бы обеспечивает его защиту от полного провала.
Авторская версия структуризации процесса формирова-ния производственной стратегии, учитывающая эти выводы, предусматривает выделение следующих этапов:
1) определение корпоративных целей;2) разработка стратегии бизнеса;3) установление на ее основе целей в сфере производствен-
ной деятельности, которые необходимо достичь предприятию для формирования конкурентных преимуществ;
100
Татьяна Омельяненко4) разработка на основе системы этих целей критериев вы-
бора эффективной производственной стратегии;5) проведение производственного аудита;6) осуществление по результатам производственного аудита
оценки имеющегося производственного потенциала и определение потребности и возможностей его изменений;
7) формирование некоторого множества вариантов произ-водственной стратегии путем принятия и взаимного согласования долгосрочных стратегических решений (ресурсных, технологиче-ских, организационных и т.п.);
8) проверка разработанных вариантов на соответствие кри-териям выбора производственной стратегии и выбор наиболее эф-фективного варианта;
9) проверка степени согласованности избранного варианта производственной стратегии с другими функциональными страте-гиями предприятия и внесение, в случае необходимости, соответ-ствующих корректив.
Результаты изысканий автора, выходящие за рамки из-ложенного в настоящей статье, свидетельствуют, что на се-годня сложилась настоятельная потребность в проведении дальнейших исследований в области теории производственной стратегии, представляющей собой широкое поле для дальней-ших научных поисков.
Production priorities and the process of developing production strategy of the company
T. OmelianenkoThe main production priorities are identified; the results of a criti-
cal analysis of the various points of view of researchers at the components of production priorities are posted. Based on a comparison of several approaches to the development of production strategy the conditions for the success of this process are formulated and the author's version of its structuring is proposed.
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Литература
Beckman Sara L.1. Operations Strategy: Competing in the 21st Cen-tury / Sara L. Beckman, Donald B. Rosenfield. — McGraw-Hill, 2008. — 462 p.Ettlie J. E.2. Manufacturing Strategy: The Research Agenda for the Next Decade / John E. Ettlie, Michael C. Burstein, Avi Fiegenbaum. — Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990. — 256 p.Gaither N.3. Production and Operations Management. A Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Approach / Norman Gaither. — 3th edition. — N.-Y. : The Dryden Press, 1986. — 884 p.Hill A. V.4. Encyclopedia of Operations Management: A Field Manual and Glossary of Operations Management Terms and Concepts / Ar-thur V. Hill. —. FT Press, 2011. — 408 p.Hill T5. . Manufacturing Strategy: The Strategic Management of the Manufacturing Function / Terry Hill. — Macmillan, 1985. — 230 p.Hill T.6. Manufacturing Strategy. Text and Cases / Terry Hill. — 3nd ed. — McGraw-Hill, 2000. — 588 p.Platts K. W.7. A Manufacturing Audit in the process of Strategy Formulation / Ken W. Platts, Mike J. Gregory // International Journal of Operations and Production Management. — 1990. — Vol. 10. — №. 9. — P. 5—26.Platts K. W.8. Characteristics of Methodologies for Manufacturing Strategy Formulation / Ken W. Platts // Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems. — 1992. — №. 7 (2).Pycraft M.9. Operations Management / [Mike Pycraft, Hemmanth Singh, Khomotso Phihlela etc.]. — Pearson Education : South Africa, 2007. — 829 p.Skinner W10. . Manufacturing in the Corporate Strategy / Wickham Skinner. — New York : Wiley, 1978. — 327 p.Slack N. 11. Operations Strategy / Nigel Slack, Michael Lewis. — 2nd ed. — Prentice Hall, 2008. — 496 p.Voss C.12. Manufacturing Strategy: Process and Contents / Christo-
102
Татьяна Омельяненкоpher Voss. — Chapman&Hall, 1992. — 402 p.Walters D.13. Operations Strategy / David Walters. — Palgrave Mac-millan, 2003. — 270 p.Бекман С. Л.14. Разработка стратегии для производственных предприятий / Сара Л. Бекман, хаасская школа бизнеса, Калифорнийский университет, Беркли // Современное управление : энциклопед. справ. : в 2 т. / под ред. докторов экон. наук, профессоров Д. н. Карпухина, Б. З. Мильнера. — М. : издатцентр. — Т.2. — 1997. — С. 8-3—8-19.Чейз Р. Б.15. Производственный и операционный менед-жмент : 10-е изд. ; [пер. с англ.] / Ричард Б. Чейз, Ф. Роберт Джейкобз, николас Дж. Аквилано. — М.: вильямс, 2007. — 1184 с.Бишено Дж.16. Новый инструментарий бережливого производ-ства для создания быстрого и гибкого потока : пер. с англ. / Джон Бишено ; Ин-т повышения квалификации персонала «Академия-Лидер». — Калуга : Свет, 2007. — 294 с. — (Серия «Методы эффективного производства и управления»).Минаев Э. С.17. Управление производством и операциями : 17-модульная программа для менеджеров «Управление разви-тием организации». Модуль 15 / Э. С. Минаев, н. г. Агеева, А. Аббата Дага ; гос. ун-т управления ; нац. фонд подготов-ки кадров. — М. : инФРА-М, 1999. — 328 с.Стивенсон В. Дж.18. Управление производством / вильям Дж. Стивенсон. — М. : БинОМ : Лаборатория базовых зна-ний, 1999. — 928 с.Томпсон-мл. А. А.19. Стратегический менеджмент: Концепции и ситуации для анализа : 12-е изд.; [пер. с англ.] / А. А. Томпсон-мл., А. Дж. Стрикленд-III. — М. : Вильямс, 2002. — 928 с.Попов С. А.20. Стратегическое управление : 17-модульная про-грамма для менеджеров «Управление развитием организа-ции». Модуль 4 / С.А. Попов ; гос. ун-т управления ; нац. фонд подготовки кадров. — М. : инФРА-М, 2000. — 304 с.
103
mikro-makroekonomika
nona gelitaSvili
ekonomikis doqtori,
Tsu-is ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis
mowveuli profesori
sadReisod saqarTvelo dgas analogiuri prob-
lemis winaSe, rac ukve aTeuli wlebis win gamoiara ev-
ropis mravalma qveynam. Tumca, gansxvavebaa is, rom evro-
pis ganviTarebuli qveynebis sapensio sistemebi ki ar
moZvelda, aramed gardaqmnas saWiroebda. saqarTvelos
ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, sruliad axali sapensio sistema es-
aWiroeba. es niSnavs reformas Zveli sapensio sistemis
ugulvebelyofis xarjze, radgan aRniSnuli sistema ara
ubralod moZvelebulia da aranairad ar pasuxobs Tan-
amedrove standartebs, aramed Zalian primitiulicaa;
igi ar iTvaliswinebs adamianis mier mTeli aqtiuri
cxovrebis manZilze dagrovil Tanxas da, Sesabamisad,
arc Rirseuli siberis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia.
sapensio reforma, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, `cx-
eli~ da rTuli procesia, radgan is, garda teqnikuri
sirTuleebisa, dafinansebis sakiTxebze metad, Senatane-
bisa da ganawilebis samarTlianobas ukavSirdeba. re-
formis sirTule imiTac aixsneba, rom ganviTarebul
qveynebSi pensiaze gaweuli xarjebi yvela socialuri
xarjis TiTqmis naxevars Seadgens, rac calkeuli in-
Tanamedrove sapensio
reformis miznebi da
strategia saqarTvelosTvis
104
nona gelitaSvili
dividis SemTxvevaSi kidev imazea damokidebuli, Tu
rogori Senatanebi gaakeTa man mTeli cxovrebis man-
Zilze. garda amisa, `sicocxlis mesame faza~ zogjer
aTwleulebi grZeldeba da sapensio transferebi cx-
ovrebiseuli Semosavlebis mzard nawils Seadgens,
xolo aqtiuri cxovrebis (samuSao periodis) Semcireba
sapensio wlebis gazrdis xarjze ukve Seuqcevadi pro-
cesia, rac sistemas TviTganadgurebis impulsebs gad-
ascems.
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rodesac pirvelad
daiwyo sapensio reformebis axal fazaze msjeloba, ev-
ropel mkvlevarTa nawili gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom
gaumarTlebeli iqneboda saxelmwifo dafinansebaze
dafuZnebuli sistemis mTlianad gadasvla kerZo kapi-
talze dafuZnebul sapensio sistemaze [1. gv. 29]. isini
Tavis pozicias imiT amyarebdnen, rom ekonomikuri da
demografiuli procesebis gavlenisgan arc kerZo kapi-
talia daculi da ufro metic, amgvari sistemis kraxi
mTeli TaobisTvis ormagi tvirTi iqneboda, radgan maT
arsebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebac mouwevdaT da,
imavdroulad, axali damoukidebeli sapensio uzrunve-
lyofis sistemis aSenebac, rac praqtikulad SeuZle-
blad moCanda. Tumca, demografiuli, ekonomikuri da
Sromis bazarze mimdinare gansxvavebuli da, imavdrou-
lad, urTierTgadamkveTi cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
aucilebeli gaxda 1-svetiani sapensio sistemisTvis, anu
rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben, TaobaTa Soris gaforme-
buli xelSekrulebisTvis, axali svetebis damateba.
avstrieli mecnierebi – berndi da marini – war-
moaCenen saxelmwifo gamanawilebeli da kapitalis
dafarvis kerZo sistemebis upiratesobebsa da nak-
lovanebebs [1, gv. 72].
105
mikro-makroekonomika
saxelmwifo da kerZo sapensio sistemebis
naklovanebebi da upiratesobebi
riskebi/funqciebi kerZo
dagrovebiTi
sistema
saxelmwifo
gamanawilebeli
sistema
mosaxleobis dabereba plusi minusi
sicocxlis
mosalodneli
xangrZlivobis zrda
minusi 0 (minusi)
faseulobebis Seqmnis
Semcireba
0 (plusi) minusi
karieris Sewyveta minusi 0 (minusi)
umuSevroba minusi minusi
sistemis mSenebloba minusi plusi
inflaciuri ganwyoba minusi 0
realuri saprocento
ganakveTi da
ekonomikuri zrda
0 0
sainvesticio
potenciali
plusi minusi
kapitalis Warbi
dagroveba
minusi plusi
individualuri
arCevanis
Tavisufleba
plusi minusi
politikuri
Tavisufleba
minusi plusi
demografiuli ganviTarebis tendenciebis, ker-
Zod, mosaxleobis daberebis procesis gaTvaliswinebiT,
kerZo kapitalze dafuZnebuli sistema ufro gamZlea,
106
nona gelitaSvili
radgan asakobrivi struqturis cvlilebebi mas nakle-
bad exeba. meore mxriv, sicocxlis mosalodneli xangr-
Zlivobis TandaTanobiT zrda kerZo sistemaSi mxolod
miRebuli Tanxebis SemcirebiT kompensirdeba.
umuSevroba nebismieri sistemis problemaa. wyveti-
li dasaqmebebis dros, kerZo sistema, rTuli procentis
efeqtis gamo, Tanxebis Semcirebas ganapirobebs, maSin,
rodesac saxelmwifo sistema umuSevrobis kompensaciis
miRebis saSualebas iZleva. samagierod, am dros adgili
aqvs saerTo faseulobebis Semcirebas, rac gamowveu-
lia dasaqmebebs Soris arsebuli pauzebiT, es ki, cxadia,
aferxebs qveyanaSi mwarmoeblurobis zrdas da, Sesabam-
isad, amcirebs savaldebulo Senatanebsac.
danarCeni ekonomikuri indikatorebis mimarTac,
rac zemoTganxilul sqemaSia moyvanili, sistemis orive
tipi amJRavnebs saerTo naklovanebebsa da upirate-
sobebs. ase magaliTad, kerZo da saxelmwifo sistemebi-
dan calsaxad ver vityviT, romelze ufro metad an nak-
lebad axdens gavlenas ekonomikuri zrda da realuri
saprocento ganakveTis zrda.
inflaciis maRali done, pirvel rigSi, kerZo
sistemas ayenebs problemebis winaSe. Tuki sainvesti-
cio kapitalis zrda kerZo sistemisTvis upiratesobaa,
kapitalis Warbi dagroveba misi SesaZlo naklovane-
baa. saxelmwifo sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvelaze
mTavari upiratesobaa is, rom misi Camoyalibeba yovel-
gvari sawyisi fazis gareSe SeiZleba, rodesac pirveli
Senatanebis gakeTebisTanave, dauyovnebliv iwyeba sapen-
sio uzrunvelyofis gacema.
am da msgavsi mosazrebebis gamo, romlebic far-
Tod gavrcelda evropis mraval qveyanaSi, da rac kerZo
sapensio fondebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis
Semcirebas isaxavda miznad, axal sistemaze gadasvla
107
mikro-makroekonomika
sxvadasxva sqemiT daiwyo. ZiriTadad es procesi 3-sve-
tiani sapensio sistemis danergvas gulisxmobda.
magaliTisTvis, germaniaSi reformirebis axali
etapi (2001 wlidan) Semdegi sqemis mixedviT ganxor-
cielda [2, gv. 32]:
I sveti – sabaziso uzrunvelyofa: kanoniT dadge-
nili pensia daqiravebulTaTvis da riurupis pensia1*
TviTdasaqmebulTaTvis;
II sveti _ savaldebulo damatebiTi uzrunvely-
ofa: sawarmoo sapensio uzrunvelyofa da risteris2**
pensia;
III sveti – kerZo damatebiTi uzrunvelyofa: si-
cocxlis dazRveva da sapensio dazRveva, xelSekrule-
bebi danazogebze, sapensio fondebi.
sxvadasxva svetis gamoyenebis praqtika saTaves
Sveicariidan iRebs, sadac pirvelad, jer kidev 1960-
ian wlebSi, gaCnda termini `sami sveti~ da is Zalian
swrafad damkvidrda sapensio uzrunvelyofis politi-
kur terminologiaSi [3, gv. 155]. germaniaSi es termini
pirvelad 1980-ian wlebSi gamoiyenes da male Zalian
popularuli gaxda. Tumca, Sveicariisgan gansxvavebiT,
svetebis SedarebiTi analizi ufro ritorikuli for-
mulis saxiT damkvidrda, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZle-
beli iqneboda pluralistuli sapensio sistemis Se-
qmna, magram mas ar eqneboda instituciuri Sedegebi [4,
gv. 21].
amitomac sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
1* riurupis pensia – sabaziso pensiis nairsaxeoba, romelic atarebs ekonomist bert riurupis saxels; aseTi pensia germania-Si 2005 wels SemoiRes, rogorc savaldebulo dazRvevis Tavda-pirveli formis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis mqone alternativa.2** risteris pensia - damatebiTi sapensio uzrunvelyofa, romel-ic ukavSirdeba sapensio reformaze pasuxismgebel Sromisa da socialuri wesrigis federaluri ministris – valter risteris saxels.
108
nona gelitaSvili
eqspertulma komisiam, 1983 wels warmodgenil angariSSi,
erTgvarad gaamyara is pozicia, rom kanoniT dadgenili
sapensio uzrunvelyofa unda darCeniliyo erTaderT
svetad, romelic sruliad sakmarisi iyo standartuli
sicocxlis dazRvevis uzrunvelsayofad. me-2 da me-3
svetebze msjeloba mxolod ori aTwleulis Semdeg
ganaxlda, rodesac axalma reformatorulma Zaleb-
ma eWvqveS daayenes aRniSnuli mosazreba. Tumca, jer
kidev ar arsebobda damatebiTi sapensio uzrunvely-
ofis politikuri programa, romelic mimarTuli iqne-
boda sapensio sistemis sxvadasxva formas Soris for-
maluri urTierTkavSirisa da instituciuri Sedegebis
miRwevisken.
marTalia, 2000 wels Srioderis mTavrobis mier
gansaxilvelad gamotanili proeqti sapensio sistemis
axlebur midgomebsa da principebs Seicavda, magram igi
kvlav mniSvnelovan poziciebze tovebda saxelmwifo
gamanawilebel sistemas. proeqtis garSemo gaimarTa
cxare diskusiebi, romelSic CarTuli iyo ara marto
mTavroba da opozicia, aramed yvela dainteresebuli
mxare: profkavSirebi, damsaqmebelTa kavSiri, pension-
erTa gaerTianeba da mravali sxva sazogadoebrivi or-
ganizacia. sabolood gadawyda, rom reformis procesi
2030 wlamde gagrZeldeboda da momavalSi adamianebi
ukeT SeZlebdnen sakuTari siberis uzrunvelyofas.
aRniSnuli procesebi gansakuTrebiT daaCqara sic-
ocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobis zrdam, ris gamoc
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mkveTrad Se-
icvala dasaqmebulTa da pensionerTa Soris arsebuli
Tanafardoba. magaliTad, germaniaSi 1960 wels 1 pen-
sionerze modioda 8 dasaqmebuli, amJamad es cifri 3,2-
mdea Semcirebuli, xolo 2030 wlisTvis, mosalodnelia,
rom is kidev ufro Semcirdeba da 1,9-s gautoldeba
109
mikro-makroekonomika
[5]. amgvari statistika, faqtobrivad, ukve ganviTareb-
uli qveynebis demografiis zogadi tendenciaa da igi
TavisTavad ubiZgebs zedmetad konservatorul qveyneb-
sac ki, tradiciuli sapensio sistemebis ukeTes al-
ternativebze ifiqron, da saxelmwifo gamanawilebeli
sistemisa da solidaruli sapensio formatis parale-
lurad, ganaviTaron kerZo sapensio uzrunveelyofisT-
vis saWiro finansuri bazrebi, Sesabamisi fondebiT,
SuamavlebiTa da produqtebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo ganviTare-
bis doniT didad CamorCeba iseT qveynebs, rogorebi-
caa Ggermania, avstria da evrokavSiris sxva qveynebi, is
analogiuri demografiuli tendenciebiT xasiaTdeba da
mosaxleobis daberebis problema aqac sakmaod aqtua-
luria. garda amisa, sakmaod sagangaSoa Tanafardoba
dasaqmebulebsa da asakiT pensionerebs Soris, rac, gan-
viTarebuli qveynebis msgavsad, Semcirebis tendenciiT
xasiaTdeba. amis sailustraciod moviSvelioT saqarT-
velos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi [6]
da sakuTari gamoTvlebis Sedegebi (ix. cxrili):
dasaqmebulTa da pensionerTa Tanafardoba
saqarTveloSi
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
sapensio paketis mimRebi (asakiT pensioneri), aTasi
549.9 589.9 611.9 658.3 660.0 662.3 666.4 682.9
dasaqmebuli, aTasi
1744.6 1747.3 1704.3 1601.9 1656.1 1628.1 1664.2 1724.0
dasaqmebulTa da pensionerTa Tanafardobis koeficienti
3.17 2.96 2.78 2.43 2.50 2.46 2.50 2.52
110
nona gelitaSvili
marTalia, rogorc cxrilidan Cans, ukanaskneli
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir- wlis ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir-wlis ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir- ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir-ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir- umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir-umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir- zrda dafiqsir-zrda dafiqsir- dafiqsir-dafiqsir-
da zemoxsenebul Tanafardobis koeficientSi (2.46-dan
2.52-mde), magram im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-mde), magram im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-), magram im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-magram im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen- im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen- martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen- mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen- gamo, rom jer sapen-gamo, rom jer sapen-, rom jer sapen-rom jer sapen- jer sapen-jer sapen- sapen-sapen-
sio sistemis reforma saqarTveloSi arc ki dawyebula,
da Sesabamisad, ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie- Sesabamisad, ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie-Sesabamisad, ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie-, ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie-ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie- ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie-ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie- qmediTi RonisZie-qmediTi RonisZie- RonisZie-RonisZie-
bebi situaciis gamosasworeblad, aranairi safuZveli
ar gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr- gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr-gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr- vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr-vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr-, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr-rom es mateba momavalSic gagr- es mateba momavalSic gagr-es mateba momavalSic gagr- mateba momavalSic gagr-mateba momavalSic gagr- momavalSic gagr-momavalSic gagr- gagr-gagr-
Zeldeba.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom saqarTveloSi
maRali Semosavlebis mqone dasaqmebuli Zalian cotaa,
statistika ki dasaqmebulTa kategorias mosaxleobis
ara marto im nawils akuTvnebs, romelic daqiravebiTaa
dasaqmebuli kerZo an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam- kerZo an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam-kerZo an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam- an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam-an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam- saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam-saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam- seqtorSi da gasam-seqtorSi da gasam- da gasam-da gasam- gasam-gasam-
rjelos iRebs xelfasis saxiT, aramed mosaxleobis is
nawilic, romelic mogebis, Semosavlis an sxva saxeobis
sargeblis miRebis mizniT garkveul saqmianobas eweva
[7, gv.2], SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-gv.2], SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-.2], SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak- davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak- dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-dasaqmebulTaTvis sak- sak-sak-
maod mZime tvirTia pensionerTa Senaxva, da es problema
momavalSi kidev ufro gamZafrdeba.
amitom, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, daCqardes da-, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, daCqardes da-mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, daCqardes da- migvaCnia, daCqardes da-migvaCnia, daCqardes da-, daCqardes da-daCqardes da- da-da-
grovebiT sapensio sistemaze gadasvlis procesi, razec
ukve msjeloben finansTa da ekonomikisa da mdgradi
ganviTarebis saministroebis mesveurni. Tumca, es gad- saministroebis mesveurni. Tumca, es gad-saministroebis mesveurni. Tumca, es gad- mesveurni. Tumca, es gad-mesveurni. Tumca, es gad-. Tumca, es gad-Tumca, es gad-, es gad-es gad- gad-gad-
asvla ar unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- ar unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT-ar unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT-unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT-moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT-mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- vadebSi, radganac saqarT-vadebSi, radganac saqarT-, radganac saqarT-radganac saqarT- saqarT-saqarT-
velos sapensio sistema ar aris adaptirebuli swrafi
cvlilebebisadmi, is mxolod 1 svetis principzea da-, is mxolod 1 svetis principzea da-is mxolod 1 svetis principzea da- mxolod 1 svetis principzea da-mxolod 1 svetis principzea da- 1 svetis principzea da-svetis principzea da- principzea da-principzea da- da-da-
fuZnebuli, romelic sakmaod susti da mouqnelia.
sapensio reformis gatarebis mizniT, saWiroa
Camoyalibdes grZelvadiani strategia da aseve misi
etapobrivi ganxorcielebisken mimarTuli moklevadi- ganxorcielebisken mimarTuli moklevadi-ganxorcielebisken mimarTuli moklevadi- mimarTuli moklevadi-mimarTuli moklevadi- moklevadi-moklevadi-
ani miznebi. strategia unda iTvaliswinebdes Semdeg
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs:
111
mikro-makroekonomika
1-svetiani sapensio sistemidan etapobrivi gadas-•vla 3-svetian sistemaze da am procesSi evropis ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziareba;
politikuri, ekonomikuri, finansuri da sabazro •riskebis gaTvaliswineba, Sefaseba da SeZlebisdagvari
prevencia;
mosaxleobis informirebuloba da sazogadoe-•brivi organizaciebis maqsimaluri CarTuloba re-
formis procesSi, reformisaTvis aucilebeli codnisa
da informaciis gavrceleba;
diskusiebi sapensio reformis sakiTxebze, Sefa-•sebebsa da riskebze;
reformaSi CarTuli yvela samTavrobo uwyebis •saWiroebaTa Sefaseba, maTi teqnikuri aRWurva, sajaro
moxeleebis momzadeba da gadamzadeba;
kerZo sapensio fondebisa da dagrovebiTi sapen-•sio sistemisaTvis aucilebeli sxva finansuri insti-
tutebis SeqmnisTvis saWiro bazisis momzadeba.
Objectives and strategy of modern pension reform for Georgia
N. Gelitashvili
Pension reforms are politically “hot” and difficult because it is at a high technical complexity, less about financial matters, as to contribu-tion and distribution justice goes, because the pension claims in any de-veloped societies around half of all social spending, because the “Third Age” decades takes and pension transfers represent a growing part of the life income.
The column comparison has its origin probably in Switzerland, where the term even “three pillars” of the early 1960s showed up and quickly entered the old insurance policy jargon. Unlike is the Switzer-land of the column comparison, however, remained in Germany a rhe-
112
nona gelitaSvili
torical formula with which one could indeed committed to a pluralistic pension system, but had no institutional consequences.
In Germany 1960 came to a pensioner eight employees, now come to a pensioner 3.2 employees to come in 2030 to a pensioner 1.9 employees. In Georgia come 2005 to a pensioner 3.17 employees, and 2012 - 2.52 employees. Therefore, one should think in Georgia as in Germany on the implementation of the three-pillar pension system. For reforming the Georgian government should develop appropriate objec-tives and strategy.
gamoyenebuli literatura
Prinz Ch., Marin B. – Pensionsreformen. Nachhaltiger Sozialum-1) bau am Beispiel Österreichs. Campus Verlag. Frankfurt/New York, 1999; Benölken H., Bröhl N., Blütchen A. – Altersversorgung am Schei-2) deweg. Bürgerbedarf, Politikanspruch und Anbieterverhalten. Gab-ler Verlag/Springer Fachmedien Wiebaden GmbH 2011;Berner F. – Der hybride Sozialstaat. Die Neuordnung von öffentlich 3) und privat in der sozialen Sicherung. Campus Verlag. Frankfurt/New York. 2008; Murer E. – Alterssicherung in der Schweiz: Stand der Zusatzversor-4) gung. Verlag Nomos. Baden-Baden. 2005;h t t p : / / w w w . b u n d e s r e g i e r u n g . d e / C o n t e n t / D E /5) Artikel/2010/08/2010-08-10-aeltere-arbeitnehmer-die-gewinner-am-arbeitsmarkt.html germaniis mTavrobis oficialuri
veb-gverdi;
http://geostat.ge6) / saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli
samsaxuris veb-gverdi;
http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/methodology/La-7) bour%20Force%20Statistics.pdf saqarTvelos statistikis
erovnuli samsaxuri. zogadi ganmartebani samuSao
Zalis statistikis meTodologiaze.
113
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
giorgi RaRaniZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori
dReisaTvis, qarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo produq-
ciis warmoebis moculobis zrda gansazRvrulia,
rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi
mimarTuleba. cxadia, warmoebis moculobis zrda xels
uwyobs aseve produqciis konkurentunarianobis zr-
das. Zalian mniSvnelovania sworad iqnes gaanalize-
buli Tu ratom moxda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg sasoflo-sameur-
neo produqciis warmoebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, ram
gamoiwvia misi konkurentunarianobis mkveTri dacema.
albaT, ar SeiZleba, romelime erTi faqtoris gamoyofa,
erTi mxriv, arsebobda garkveuli faqtorebis obieqturi
erToblioba, romlebic Tan sdevda damoukideblobis
Semdgom periods, rogorebicaa: sasoflo-sameurneo mi-
wis nakveTebis mcire zomebi, tradiciuli faseulobis
jaWvebis darRveva, tradiciuli bazrebis dakargva [1].
cxadia, yvela am faqtorma da aseve damoukideblobis Sem-
dgom periodSi samoqalaqo dapirispirebam obieqturad
ganapiroba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebis
moculobis Semcireba. garda amisa, aseve aRsaniSnavia,
rom 2004 wlidan saqarTvelos xelisufleba atarebda
QqarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis konkurentunarianoba da
saeqsporto strategiis formirebis
sakiTxebi evrokavSiris bazarze
114
giorgi RaRaniZe
sakmaod gulubryvilo sabazro liberalizaciis poli-
tikas, rac qarTvel fermerebs ayenebda umZimes mdgo-
mareobaSi, radgan maT uwevdaT konkurentuli brZola,
erTi mxriv kargad ganviTarebul,xolo meore mxriv,
sakmaod kargad subsidirebul feremerebTan, rogorc
evrokavSirSi, aseve TurqeTSi, ukrainasa da ruseTSi.
am gulubryvilo midgomam sakmaod didi ziani miyena
sasoflo sameurneo produqciis warmoebas. aseve ar
SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos ruseTis federaciis mier 2006
wels gamocxadebuli embargo,romelic gansakuTrebiT
mZime dartyma iyo qarTuli meRvine kompaniebisaTvis.
ruseTis federaciis msoflio savaWro organizacia-
Si gawevrianeba qmnis obieqtur safuZvels qarTuli
sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis dasabruneblad ruse-
Tis federaciaSi. amavdroulad, saqarTvelo eswrafvis
xeli moaweros Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali
vaWrobis SeTanxmebas evrokavSirTan. amdenad evrokav-
Siri yalibdeba, rogorc qarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis ZiriTadi saeqsporto bazari. evrokavSiris
sasoflo-sameurneo saimporto bazari udidesia msof-
lioSi, romelzec modis aRniSnuli produqciis msof-
lio importis 50%-ze meti. amavdroulad am bazarze
aseve Zalian maRalia zrdis tempi. cxadia, saWiroa,
Zalian kargad iqnes gaTvlili yvela is sabazro niSa
da is sasaqonlo jgufebi, romlebic avlenen yvelaze
maRal mimzidvelobas.
amis gamosavlenad, saWiroa, erTi mxriv, ganvsazRv-
roT bazris is maxasiaTeblebi romlebic ganapirobe-
ben sasaqonlo jgufebis konkurentunarianobas, meore
mxriv, unda ganisazRvros amave sasaqonlo jgufebis
115
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
arsebuli saeqsporto mdgomareobac. am mizniT harmo-
nizebuli sistemis 4-niSna doneze ganisazRvreba is
sasaqonlo jgufebi,romlebic am etapze avlenen sauke-
Teso saeqsporto potencials, meore mxriv, ganisaz-
Rvreba evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze is sasaqonlo
jgufebi, romlebic aCveneben yvelaze maRal sabazro
zrdis temps.
amis Semdeg aucilebeli iyo konkurentunarianobis
indeqsis ageba. konkurentunarianobis indeqsi efuZneba
evrokavSiris saimporto bazris zrdis temps (aRniS-
nuli procentuli maCvenebeli mravldeba 5-ze); aseve
ganisazRvreba evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze ara ev-
rokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis sabazro wili (pro-
centuli maCvenebeli mravldeba 5-ze) da aseve emateba
raodenobrivi maCvenebeli (eqsportis SesaZleblobis
raodenobrivi Sefaseba). eqsportis SesaZleblobis
raodenobrivi Sefaseba ganisazRvreba 1-dan 5-mde.
evrokavSiris saimporto bazris zrdis tempi daT-
vlili iqna 2008-2012 wlebisaTvis, xolo evrokavSiris
saimporto bazris gaxsniloba (anu ara wevri saxelm-
wifoebis wili ganisazRvra 2012 wlisaTvis). qarTuli
eqsportis potencialis raodenobrivi Sefaseba moxda
ori subindikatoris safuZvelze. pirveli gansazRvrav-
da arsebul eqsports evro kavSirSi; Sefaseba 2 eniWe-
boda im sasaqonlo jgufebs, romlebsac qondaT stabi-
luri saeqsporto maCveneblebi 2010-2012 wlebSi, xolo
Sefaseba 1 Tu igive periodSi arsebobda am sasaqonlo
jgufis eqsporti, Tundac erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
meore sub-indikatori asaxavs konkretuli sasaqonlo
jgufis eqsportis mdgomareobas agroproduqciis eqs-
116
giorgi RaRaniZe
portis saerTo maCvenebelSi. am mizniT ganisazRvra
konkretuli sasaqonlo jgufis wili mTliani agro
produqciis (harmonizebuli sistemis sasaqonlo kode-
bi 01-23) eqsportSi 2012 wlisaTvis. Sefaseba 1 eniWebo-
da im sasaqonlo jgufebs romlebsac qondaT wili 5%-
mde; Sefaseba 2 im sasaqonlo jgufebs, romelTa wili
aRemateba 5%-s da aRwevs 10%-mde; xolo Sefaseba 3 im
sasaqonlo jgufebs, romelTa wili aRemateba 10%-s.
evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze Sesabamisi gamoT-
vlebisaTvis gamoyenebuli iqna saerTaSoriso savaWro
centris 4-niSna doneze arsebuli savaWro statistika (http://www.intracen.org/tradstat); xolo saqarTvelosaTvis Se-
sabamisi gamoTvlebi Catarda “saqstatis” monacemebis
safuZvelze (http://www.geostat.ge). sawyis etapze, zemoaRniSnuli meTodologiis
mixedviT, ganisazRvra 18 sasaqonlo jgufi (4-niSna
doneze). Semdgomi gamoTvlebis safuZvelze sasaqonlo
jgufebis ricxvi Semcirda 14-mde (ix. danarTi1,2).
ra rekomendaciebi SeiZleba SevimuSaoT Catare-
buli kvlevis safuZvelze? calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom 2008 wlis safinanso krizisis Semdeg aRdgeniTi
zrda evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze mimdinareobs
ufro neli tempiT, vidre msoflioSi. es faqti naTlad
dasturdeba imiT, rom msoflioSi 2008-12 wlebSi saim-
porto bazris zrdis tempi ufro maRalia, vidre ev-
rokavSirSi. es faqti sainteresoa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom 2003-2008 wlebSi evrokavSiris saimporto bazris
zrdis tempi ufro maRali iyo, vidre analogiuri maCve-
nebeli msoflioSi. miuxedavad am faqtisa, evrokavSiris
agroproduqciis saimporto bazari yvelaze didia
msoflioSi da calsaxad warmoadgens strategiuli
117
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
mniSvnelobis mqone bazars qarTuli agroproduqci-
isaTvis.
saqarTvelos da evrokavSirs Soris arsebuli
manZilebisa da satransporto infrastruqturis gaT-
valiswinebiT, saqarTvelom aSkarad unda aiRos gezi
gadamuSavebul agroproduqciaze, romelsac aqvs Senax-
vis xangrZlivi vada. saqarTvelos praqtikulad ara
aqvs SesaZlebloba konkurencia gauwios gadaumaSeve-
beli produqciis eqsportSi iseT regionebs, rogori-
caa CrdiloeT afrika. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
saqarTvelo imyofeba evrokavSiridan samxreT aRmosav-
leTiT, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros is produqcia, rom-
lis mosavlis aRebis periodi ramdenadme ufro adrea,
vidre evrokavSirSi amave produqciis mosavlis aReba.
aseTi upiratesoba, cxadia droSi iqneba sakmaod xanmok-
le, samagierod, aSkarad kveTavs sabazro niSas.
qarTuli saeqsporto produqciis aseve serio-
zul problemad miiCneva mcire raodenoba, rac mniS-
vnelovnad amcirebs konkurentul upiratesobas. aseve
unda aRiniSnos, rom im sasaqonlo jgufebSi, sadac
saqarTvelo aCvenebs yvelaze maRal konkurentul Ses-
aZleblobebs, rogorc wesi, Zalian maRalia konkuren-
tuli brZola. aseve, zedmetad ar unda iqnes Sefase-
buli Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis
SeTanxmebis mniSvneloba. saqme isaa, rom qarTuli saeqs-
porto produqciisaTvis daSveba evrokavSiris bazarze
ar warmoadgens ZiriTad bariers. amdenad, Tavisufali
vaWrobis SeTanxmeba ar gamoiwvevs saeqsporto poten-
cialis dauyovnebliv zrdas. saqarTvelos mTavrobam
unda gaiTvaliswinos evrokavSiris fermerebis Zalian
Zlieri konkurentuli poziciebi da Seqmnas qarTvel
118
giorgi RaRaniZe
fermerTa daxmarebis kargad gaazrebuli sqemebi. al-
baT, mizanSewonilia maqsimaluri koncentracia moxdes
im sasaqonlo poziciebis mixedviT, romlebsac aqvT yve-
laze maRali saeqsporto potenciali evrokavSiris ba-
zarze. am mizniT mizanSewonilia im sasaqonlo jgufe-
bis gamoyofa, sadac maRalia ara evrokavSiris wevri
saxelmwifoebidan eqsporti. am SemTxvevaSi qarTveli
mwarmoeblebi Sevlen konkurentul brZolaSi ara ev-
rokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis mwarmoeblebTan. es
ki, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs, rom Tavisufali vaWrobis SeT-
anxmeba evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris SesaZle-
belia gaxdes konkurentuli upiratesobis miRwevis
realuri iaraRi. saqarTvelos mTavrobam aseve unda
gansazRvros, evropel investorTa dacvis specialuri
meqanizmebi, Tu isini dainteresdebian agroproduqciis
warmoebiT saqarTveloSi.
calke unda gaanalizdes qarTuli produqci-
is dabali cnobadoba evrokavSirSi, am mizniT, albaT,
garkveuli sabaziso aqtivobebi, rogoricaa saeqsporto
saxlebi, specialuri savaWro gamofenebi sakmaod inten-
siurad iqneba gasatarebeli. yuradReba unda mieqces
specialuri vebgverdebis formirebas, romlebic gazrd-
ian qarTuli produqciis cnobadobas. albaT, mizanSe-
wonili iqneba eleqtronuli vaWrobis wamyvani evro-
puli kompaniebis daintereseba qarTuli produqciis
ganTavsebiT.
Zalian mniSvnelovania sakmaod detalurad gan-
isazRvros saeqsporto bazrebis SerCevisa da maTze
Sesvlis formebi. ramdenadac ganisazRvra yvelaze maR-
ali saeqsporto potencialis mqone sasaqonlo jgufe-
119
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
bi: 0802; 0910; 2204; 2208; 2306; mizanSewonilia swored
am sasaqonlo jgufebis magaliTze ganvixiloT saeqs-
porto bazrebis SerCevisa da Sesvlis strategiebis
sakiTxi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli kompaniebi
limitirebuli arian saeqsporto strategiebis SerCeva-
Si. qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis naklebad SesaZlebelia
e.w. “upsalas modelis” gamoyeneba. am modelis mixedviT
kompaniebi Zlierdebian Siga bazarze da mxolod amis
Semdeg iwyeben eqsportirebas uaxloes mezoblebSi. sam-
wuxarod, saqarTvelos Siga bazris zoma rTuls xdis
qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis am modeliT eqsportis gan-
viTarebas. amdenad, qarTuli kompaniebi Tavidanve unda
iyvnen eqsportorientirebulebi, cxadia, am midgomis
yvela dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxaris gaTvaliswinebiT.
unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom saqarTvelos kompaniebis
mier dsT-s bazrebze dagrovili gamocdileba SeuZle-
belia gamoyenebuli iqnes evrokavSirSi.
evrokavSiris bazrebze yvelaze mimzidveli bazre-
bis aRmosaCenad aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT ZiriTadi
indikatorebi, romelTa mixedviTac unda ganisazRvros
bazrebis mimzidveloba. pirvel rigSi unda ganisazRv-
ros is bazrebi, romlebsac aqvT yvelaze maRali zrdis
tempi. zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba 2008-2012 wlebis sa-
fuZvelze. gaangariSebebi Catarebulia saerTaSoriso
savaWro centris monacemebis safuZvelze, harmonizebu-
li sistemis 4-niSna doneze. (http://www.intracen.org/tradstat). amis Sesabamisad viRebT Semdeg lider qveynebs Sesa-
bamisi sasaqonlo jgufebis mixedviT.
120
giorgi RaRaniZe
yvelaze maRali zrdis tempis mqone bazrebi
evrokavSirSi
cxrili 1
0802 SvedeTi - 46% niderlandebi
-44% fineTi- 44%
0910 litva-86% portugalia -74% poloneTi - 71%
2204 litva – 150% CexeTi – 12% slovakeTi – 10%
2208 malta – 50% niderlandebi -47% litva – 44%
2306 litva – 86% slovakeTi – 43% germania – 31%
bazris zrdis tempi, rasakvirvelia, warmoadgens
mniSvnelovan indikators, magram ar SeiZleba gadaw-
yvetileba iqnes miRebuli erTi maCveneblis mixedviT.
aseve, Zalian mniSvnelovania bazris zoma, anu misi te-
vadoba. saeqsporto strategiis arCevisas kompaniebis
umetesoba orientirebuli arian swored bazris zom-
aze, es meTodi sakmaod gulubriyviloa, vinaidan aseTi
logikiT iqceva praqtikulad yvela kompania. amdenad,
yvelaze didi zomis bazrebze amavdroulad aris yve-
laze mZafri konkurencia, vinaidan yvela sxva arse-
buli an potenciuri eqsportiori orientirebulia
igive bazrebze. amdenad, mizanSewonilia ganisazRvros
bazrebis mimzidvelobis indeqsi orive faqtoris: zoma
da zrdis tempi, gaTvaliswinebiT. swored es meTod-
ologia davudeT safuZvelad Sesabamisi indeqsis da-
muSavebas. yvelaze didi bazari ganisazRvreba, rogorc
2008-2012 wlebSi yvelaze didi bazari saSualo mniS-
vnelobiT; meTodologiis mixedviT yvelaze didi ba-
121
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
zari iRebs wonas 1. yvela sxva bazari ganisazRvreba
rogorc misi wili. amdenad yvela evrokavSiris wevri
qveynebis bazrebi iZenen wonas, sadac yvelaze maRalia
1. Sesabamisi maCvenebeli mravldeba 0,6-ze. meore ind-
eqsi gansazRvravs zrdis temps 2008-2012 wlebSi. yve-
laze maRali zrdis tempis mqone bazari iRebs wonas
1, xolo yvela sxva bazris zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba
rogorc yvelaze mzardi bazris wili. miRebuli maCve-
nebeli mravldeba 0,4-ze.Semdeg orive Sedegi ikribeba
da ganisazRvreba yvelaze ufro mimzidveli bazrebi (ix.
cxrili 2).
yvelaze mimzidveli bazrebi sabazro tevadobisa
da zrdis tempis mixedviT
cxrili 2 0802
germania – 0,91 italia – 0,66 espaneTi -0,56
0910 niderlandebi - 0,92 germania -0,89 didi britaneTi -
0,85
2204 didi britaneTi – 0,75 italia – 0,63 belgia– 0,58
2208 germania – 0,9 safrangeTi – 0,77 espaneTi – 0,72
2306 niderlandebi – 0,68 poloneTi – 0,53 espaneTi – 0,42
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, qartveli eqsportio-rogorc mosalodneli iyo, qartveli eqsportio- mosalodneli iyo, qartveli eqsportio-mosalodneli iyo, qartveli eqsportio- iyo, qartveli eqsportio-iyo, qartveli eqsportio-, qartveli eqsportio-qartveli eqsportio- eqsportio-eqsportio-
rebisaTvis yvelaze ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve- yvelaze ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve-yvelaze ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve- ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve-ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve- mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve-mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve- aRmoCnda yve-aRmoCnda yve- yve-yve-
laze tevadi bazrebi. mizanSewonilia ganisazRvros
damatebiTi kriteriumebi bazrebis SerCevis procesSi.
momxmarebelTa arCevans xSirad ganapirobebs brendis
cnobadoba. Cven SemTxvevaSi brendis cnobadoba unda
ganisazRvros saqarTvelos cnobadobiT. samwuxar- saqarTvelos cnobadobiT. samwuxar-saqarTvelos cnobadobiT. samwuxar- cnobadobiT. samwuxar-cnobadobiT. samwuxar-. samwuxar-samwuxar-
od, evropeli momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic-, evropeli momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic-evropeli momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic- momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic-momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic- udidesi nawili ar ic-udidesi nawili ar ic- nawili ar ic-nawili ar ic- ar ic-ar ic- ic-ic-
122
giorgi RaRaniZe
nobs saqarTvelos. gamonakliss warmoadgens baltiis
saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqarTvelos cnobadoba sakmaod
maRalia. es SesaZlebloba gamoyenebuli unda iqnes
maqsimalurad. amdenad, savaWro kompaniebi baltiis
qveynebidan unda gamoviyenoT axali evropuli bazrebis
maqsimalurad aTvisebisaTvis, mag. skandinaviis saxelm- aTvisebisaTvis, mag. skandinaviis saxelm-aTvisebisaTvis, mag. skandinaviis saxelm-, mag. skandinaviis saxelm-mag. skandinaviis saxelm-. skandinaviis saxelm-skandinaviis saxelm- saxelm-saxelm-
wifoebSi. qarTuli produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg-. qarTuli produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg-qarTuli produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg- produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg-produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg- cnobadoba aseTi midg-cnobadoba aseTi midg- aseTi midg-aseTi midg- midg-midg-
omis SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba Tanmimdevrulad. aseTive
midgoma unda iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo- unda iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo-unda iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo- iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo-iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo- gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo-gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo- yofili sabWoTa blo-yofili sabWoTa blo- sabWoTa blo-sabWoTa blo- blo-blo-
kis qveynebis mimarTac, sadac saqarTvelos cnobadoba
aseve maRalia. Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie- maRalia. Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie-maRalia. Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie-. Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie-Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie-
bi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qarTuli produqciis
Semtanebi centralur evropaSi, xolo bulgaruli kom-
paniebi Seasruleben igive funqcias xmelTaSuazRvis
regionSi.
Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis xelmowera
evrokavSirTan gazrdis evropuli savaWro kompanieb-
is dainteresebas qarTuli produqciiT. amavdroulad
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, saqarTvelodan produqciis re-
eqsportis SesaZleblobebi, romlebic - “damzadebulia
saqarTveloSi” damRis SemTxvevaSi yovelgvari sabaJo
gadasaxadebis gareSe Seva evro- kavSiris bazarze.
unda aRiniSnos, rom reeqsportis operaciebi saqarT-
veloSi ar ibegreba mogebis gadasaxadiT. saeqsporto
strategiis SerCevisas aseve mniSvnelovania qarTuli
kompaniebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba. is kompanie-
bi, romlebic iwyeben eqsportirebas upiratesobas unda
aniWebdnen yvelaze ufro usafrTxo saeqsporto mod-
els. amavdroulad am kompaniebisaTvis yvelaze ufro
swori iqneba moaxdinon koncentrireba im bazrebze, sa-
dac saqarTvelos cnobadoba sakmaod maRalia.
123
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
SedarebiT gamocdili qarTuli saeqsporto kom-
paniebi, cxadia, ufro Tavisuflebi iqnebian strategi-
is SerCevaSi da maTTvis aseve Zalian mosaxerxebeli
iqneba reeqsportis operaciebis ganxorcieleba,zemoT
aRniSnuli upiratesobebis safuZvelze.
saboloo angariSiT SesaZlebelia CamovayaliboT
Semdegi rekomendaciebi:
mizanSewonilia saqarTvelos mTavrobam saga-1.
dasaxado kodeqsSi Seitanos cvlileba da aamoqmedos
mogebis dabegvris regresiuli modeli eqsportori-
etirebuli sawarmoebisaTvis;
saqarTvelos mTavrobam maqsimalurad intensi-2.
uri unda gaxados komunikacia evropel partniorebTan,
raTa srulad da amomwuravad miawodos informacia
saqarTveloSi arsebuli upiratesobebis Sesaxeb;
saqarTvelos mTavrobam unda SeimuSaos Ziri-3.
Tadad agro- produqciis (magram, ara mxolod agro
produqciis) savaWro kompaniebis mozidvisaTvis spe-
cialuri RonisZiebebi; upiratesoba unda mieniWos bi-
Tumad movaWre kompaniebs;
unda Catardes specialuri qarTuli kvireulebi 4.
samizne bazrebze;mag.Tu kompaniebi baltiis saxelmwi-
foebidan daiwyeben qarTuli produqciis gatanas skan-
dinaviaSi, mizanSewonilia aseTi kvireulis organizeba
skandinaviis saxelmwifoebSi.
unda mieniWos upiratesoba agroturizmis gan-5.
viTarebas, rac xels Seuwyobs qarTuli produqciis
cnobadobis gazrdas;
moxdes specialuri vebg6. verdebis formireba, rac
xels Seuwyobs qarTuli produqciis cnobadobis gaz-
rdas.
124
giorgi RaRaniZe
sasaqonlo jgufi
msoflio importi
msoflio importis
zrda
evrokav-Siris
importi
% msof-lio im-portSi
evrokavS. importis dinamika
evrokavS. importi ara wevr. qvynebSi
% 01-23 jg. eqsportSi
konkurent-unariano-bis ind-
eqsi
2012
wels
2008-12
ww.
2012 w.
2008-2012
ww.
2012 w.
102
9021295
38,70%
2971952
32,90%
12,40%
0,70%
8%
2,66
104
933208
-32,50%
259654
28%
-16,80%
0,20%
4%
1,17
409
1716054
37,70%
858561
50%
16,80%
51,80%
0,00%
4,43
701
3749973,00
37,70%
2075905,00
55,4
-6,60%
9,90%
0,00%
0,00
703
4711765
20,90%
1400814
29,70%
-3,10%
26,00%
0,00%
0,00
802
13105151
53,50%
5189456
39,60%
15,00%
71,30%
16%
9,315
805
12773927
11,00%
6141371
48%
-11%
33,50%
1%
3,13
810
10850765
14%
3887812
35,80%
3,10%
28,90%
1%
3,60
910
1727595
23%
656589
38%
12%
42%
1%
5,70
1208
711272
-27%
267539
37,60%
-13,70%
12,40%
0%
0,00
811
4177773
21%
2415596
57,80%
9%
43,20%
9%
4,60
1211
2688327
35,40%
735028
27,30%
7,60%
48,20%
0%
4,79
2009
16423346
0,30%
8941943
54,40%
-3%
38%
2%
4,75
2001
3080522
-10,50%
1101812
35,70%
-15,40%
6%
0%
0,00
2202
15702859
9,40%
7395213
47%
0,70%
17,70%
4%
3,92
2204
33620325
11,60%
15353568
45,70%
-5%
22%
13%
5,85
2208
29378946
23%
8859967
30%
-5,40%
19,90%
16%
5,73
2306
7032444
41,80%
3566331
50,70%
37,50%
45,80%
1%
5,17
konkurentunariano
bis
ind
eqsis
gaang
ariS
eba
danar
Ti
1
125
14 s
asaqonl
o j
gufi
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
sasaqonlo jgufi
msoflio im-porti
msoflio im-portis zrda
evrokavSiris importi
% msoflio importSi
evrokavS. im-portis zrda
evrokavS. importi ara wevr qveynebSi
% 01-23 jg. eqsportSi
konkurent-unarianobis
indeqsi
2012 w
els
2008-12w
w.
2012w.
2008-2012w
w.
2012w/
102
9021295
38,70%
2971952
32,90%
12,40%
0,70%
8%2,66
104
933208
-32,50%
259654
28%
-16,80%
0,20%
4%1,17
409
1716054
37,70%
858561
50%
16,80%
51,80%
0,00%
4,43
802
13105151
53,50%
5189456
39,60%
15,00%
71,30%
16%
9,315
805
12773927
11,00%
6141371
48%
-11%
33,50%
1%3,13
810
10850765
14%
3887812
35,80%
3,10%
28,90%
1%3,60
811
4177773
21%
2415596
57,80%
9%43,20%
9%4,60
910
1727595
23%
656589
38%
12%
42%
1%5,70
1211
2688327
35,40%
735028
27,30%
7,60%
48,20%
0%4,79
2009
16423346
0,30%
8941943
54,40%
-3%
38%
2%4,75
2202
15702859
9,40%
7395213
47%
0,70%
17,70%
4%3,92
2204
33620325
11,60%
15353568
45,70%
-5%
22%
13%
5,85
2208
29378946
23%
8859967
30%
-5,40%
19,90%
16%
5,73
2306
7032444
41,80%
3566331
50,70%
37,50%
45,80%
1%5,17
danar
Ti
2
126
Competitiveness of Georgian Agro products and creation of the export strategies on the EU market
G. Gaganidze.
In the Scientific article Author analyzed the competitiveness of Georgian Agro products, measuring the competitiveness by the index. Also different entry modes on the EU market are analyzed. Author tries to identify major criterias for the formulation and implementation of the effective export strategies.
gamoyenebuli literatura
kristof kordonie, evrokavSiris saeqsporto 1.
bazrebis mdgomareoba qarTuli agro produqciis
konkurentuli upiratesobebis realizaciisaTvis, sam-
uSao masalebi, 2010;
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris 2.
informacia, http://www.geostat.gesaerTaSoriso savaWro centri, 3. ITC, www.intracen.
orgfaostati, 4. http://faostat.fao.org
giorgi RaRaniZe
127
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
leila qadagiSvili
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tsu-is asistent-profesori,
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
naSromis mizania organizaciul kulturaSi gamo-
vlenili erovnuli da ucxouri kulturebis urTierT-
zegavlenis Taviseburebebis analizi Tanamedrove eta-
pze msoflioSi mimdinare globaluri procesebis ga-
TvaliswinebiT.
ramdenadac specialur literaturaSi ,,organiza-
ciuli kultura~ da TviT ,,kultura~ araerTgvarovna-
daa ganmartebuli, miznSewonilad migvaCnia am cnebebis
SedarebiTi analizi, agreTve, erovnuli da ucxouri
kulturebis urTierTkavSiris TaviseburebebTan mimar-
TebiT, zogierTi rekomendaciisa da winadadebis Camoya-
libeba.
kultura (cultura) laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa
da rogorc ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonebSia ganmartebu-
li, sazogadoebis miRwevaTa erTobliobaa _ ganaTle-
bis, mecnierebis, xelovnebis da sulieri cxovrebis sxva
dargebSi, romelic vlindeba adamianis moRvaweobis
sxvadasxva sferoSi da gamoxatavs adamianis sociali-
zaciisa da sazogadoebis humanizaciis dones. gansazR-
vrul epoqaSi xalxis an sazogadoebrivi klasis mi-
organizaciuli kulturis
formirebis sakiTxisaTvis
128
leila qadagiSvili
RwevaTa erToblioba Seadgens maT kulturas. zogadad,
kultura aris cneba, romelSic integrirdeba adamia-
nebis, maTi gaerTianebebis da saerTod, sazogadoebis
cxovrebis, saqmianobis, qcevis sxvadasxva aspeqti ganvi-
Tarebis garkveul etapze.
kulturas ori ZiriTadi mniSvneloba gaaCnia: pir-
veli axasiaTebs civilizacias, gonebis produqts, rome-
lic gamoiyeneba literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, meore
_ mentalitets, rac gulisxmobs adamianis qcevebsa da
qmedebebs, maT mier problemebis gadawyvetis gzebs. Cven
ganvixilavT meore mniSvnelobas, romlis erT-erTi Se-
madgenelia organizaciuli kultura. am ukanasknels
sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven. magaliTad, am sferos
TvalsaCino mkvlevari e. brauni aRniSnavs, rom `or-
ganizaciuli kultura aris rwmenaTa sistema, faseu-
lobebi da problemebisaTvis Tavis garTmevis Seswa-
vlili gzebi, rac ganviTarda organizaciis istoriis
ganmavlobaSi da romelic aSkara xdeba misi materia-
luri RonisZiebebisa da misi wevrebis qceviT~ [1, gv.
9]. Bb. milneri miiCnevs, rom organizaciuli kultura
gansazRvravs im ZiriTadi warmodgenebis da midgome-
bis garkveul sistemas, romelic viTardeba organiza-
ciaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi, Seiswavleba organizaciis
wevrebis mier, gamoiyeneba maTi qcevis orientirad da
problemebis gadamWrel saSualebad da vlindeba orga-
nizaciuli cxovrebis yvela aspeqtiT [3, gv. 262-263]. ne-
bismieri axali organizaciuli struqtura SeimuSavebs
Tavis kulturas, romelic gansazRvravs am struqturis
adgils, mis Siga da gare urTierTobebs da strate-
gias. amasTan, Zalauflebis ganawilebis dros, aseve ga-
dawyvetilebis miRebisa da personalis qcevis wesebis
129
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
dadgenisas warmoadgens erTgvar nimuSs, stereotips.
maSasadame, SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rom organizaciuli
kultura organizaciis obieqtur da subieqtur maxa-
siaTebelTa gavleniT Camoyalibebuli mocemulobaa.
Tu fsiqologiuri aspeqtiT ganvasxvavebT, obieqturs
ganekuTvneba organizaciaSi mimdinare realuri proce-
sebi da adamianTa qcevebi, maTSi damkvidrebuli saur-
TierTo standartebi, ritualebi da tradiciebi, xolo
subieqturs _ organizaciis koleqtivSi formirebuli
Rirebulebebi, Tvalsazrisebi, molodinebi, ganwyobebi.
amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom organizaciaSi momuSave
yvela pirovnebas Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs organizaciu-
li kulturis CamoyalibebaSi. Tavad organizaciuli
kultura, rogorc damoukidebeli faqtori mniSvnelo-
vani mTlianobiT xasiaTdeba, da Zlier zegavlenas ax-
dens TiToeul momuSaveze [2].
TiToeuli organizacia saqmian samyaroSi sakuTa-
ri saxis, sakuTari imijis formirebisas maRali repu-
taciis Seqmnis da SenarCunebis aucileblobis winaSe
dgas, rasac aRwevs kidec organizaciaSi faseulobebsa
da Rirsebebze erToblivi Sexedulebebisa da mrwamsis
sistemis SeqmniT. faseulobebze warmodgena pasuxobs
kiTxvas, Tu ra iTvleba organizaciisaTvis mniSvnelov-
nad, xolo mrwamsi gvamcnobs, Tu rogor unda ifunqcio-
niros organizaciam da rogor unda moxdes misi marTva
ise, rom saqmian samyaroSi Seiqmnas da SinarCunos maRa-
li imiji da reputacia.
organizaciuli kultura (romelsac amJamad kor-
poraciul kulturasac uwodeben), rogorc erovnuli
kulturis Semadgeneli, TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva
da TiToeuli organizaciisTvis individualuria. igi
130
leila qadagiSvili
calkeuli organizaciis donezec ki ar warmoadgens
monoliTur bloks. organizaciis yovel struqturaSi
Tavisi subkulturebi Sedis. subkulturebi viTardeba
msxvil organizaciebSi da asaxavs zogad problemeb-
sa da situaciebs, rasac xSirad awydebian muSakebi, an
am problemebis gadawyvetis gamocdilebas. `subkul-
turebi viTardeba geografiulad an calkeuli qve-
danayofis saxiT horizontalurad an vertikalurad.
roca raime konglomeratis erT sawarmoo ganyofile-
bas aqvs unikaluri kultura, rac ganasxvavebs mas or-
ganizaciis sxva ganyofilebebisagan, maSin saqme gvaqvs
vertikalur subkulturasTan, magram, roca funqciur
specifikur ganyofilebas aqvs sayovelTaod miRebuli
cnebebis kompleqti, maSin yalibdeba horizontaluri
subkultura. organizaciaSi nebismier jgufs SeuZlia
Seqmnas subkultura. organizaciis qvedanayofebs SeiZ-
leba hqondes gansxvavebuli organizaciuli kultura~
[3, gv. 268]. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans globalur da
transerovnul korporaciebSi, radgan sxvadasxva erov-
nebis adamianebs sxvadasxva kultura aqvT. Tumca, mTe-
li kompaniis organizaciuli kulturis ZiriTadi idea
unda iyos erTi, `navSi niCbebi yvelam erTi da imave mi-
marTulebiT unda mousvas~. xelmZRvanelobis amocanaa
daaaxlovos erTmaneTTan organizaciis Semadgenlo-
baSi Semavali subkulturebi. `globaluri da transe-
rovnuli kompaniebis kulturaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva
subkultura ar gamoricxavs Tavsebadobas. magaliTad,
kompania General Electric-is kultura `sazRvrebis gareSe~,
mudmivi swavlebisa da six sigma maRali xarisxis daner-
gva da warmatebiT gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia msoflios
nebismier qveyanaSi. transerovnuli kompaniebi axerxe-
131
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
ben strategiulad mniSvnelovani tradiciebis gadata-
nas sxvadasxva qveyanasa da regionSi, riTac qmnian er-
Tian korporaciul kulturas yvela qvedanayofisTvis.
menejmentma kompaniebis SeZenisas, Tavis mxriv, angariSi
unda gauwios kulturuli integraciis mniSvnelobas,
aseve SeZenili kompaniebis kulturaTa Serwymisa da
gaerTianebis mniSvnelobas~ [4, gv. 565].
mravalerovnul kompaniebs saqmianoba uxdebaT
gansxvavebul erovnul kulturebSi, Tumca, es garemo-
eba ar qmnis kulturaTaSoris gadaulaxav winaaRmde-
gobebs. Kkompaniis organizaciul kulturaSi aisaxeba
erovnuli kulturis garkveuli aspeqtebi, magram misi
sruli Canacvleba ar xdeba. Zalian iSviaTia kultu-
raSi SeuTavsebloba da Tu aseTi ram dafiqsirda, igi
uTuod droebiTi xasiaTis matarebelia. Oorganizaciu-
li da erovnuli faseulobebis SeuTavsebloba xangr-
Zlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iwvevs kompaniis funqcinire-
bis SeCerebas, funqcionireben mxolod isini, romlebic
eguebian sazogadoebis umetesi nawilisaTvis misaReb
kulturul faseulobebs.
Mmravalerovnuli kompaniebis organizaciuli
kultura mxolod sakuTari erovnuli kulturiT araa
SemosazRvruli. Aamgvari msxvili kompaniebis sxva-
dasxva qveyanaSi ganTavsebuli filialebi ganicdian
maTi bazirebis qveynebis kulturaTa gavlenas. Aamitom,
mravalerovnuli kompaniebis warmatebuli saqmianobi-
saTvis saWiroa damuSavdes maTi organizaciuli kul-
turis ucxour kulturasTan misadagebis da Sepiris-
pirebis variantebi, rac kompaniis filialebs miscems
saSualebas TaviaanT sasargeblod gamoiyenon yvela is
saukeTeso kulturuli faseuloba, romlis matarebe-
132
leila qadagiSvili
licaa TiToeuli qveynis erovnuli kultura.
organizaciuli kultura, roca igi saerToa yve-
la iq dasaqmebulisaTvis, aaqtiurebs da sainteresos
xdis maT Sromas, stimuls aZlevs novatorobas, ayali-
bebs xelsayrel klimats, magram, Tu organizaciis fa-
seulobebi ver uzrunvelyofs dasaqmebulTa gaerTia-
nebas da saerTo miznis misaRwevad mobilizebas, maSin
kultura ar SeiZleba organizaciis potencialad Cai-
Tvalos. ase rom, organizaciuli kultura tradiciebis,
individualuri da jgufuri interesebis, Sexedulebe-
bis, muSakTa qcevis Taviseburebebis, socialuri norme-
bisa da formaluri da araformaluri wesebis ubralo
Tavmoyra ki ar aris, aramed saqmianobis dros maTi ga-
movlinebaa.
adamiania sawyisi nebismieri organizaciisa, ro-
melic iqmneba TviT adamianisaTvis. organizaciuli
kultura adamianTa sazogadoebis, adamianTa jgufebi-
sa da calke aRebuli individebis kulturis mixedviT
iqmneba da viTardeba. adamianis mier dawesebulebaSi
Seqmnili organizaciuli kulturis speqtri farToa,
romelic ganisazRvreba TiToeuli adamianis unika-
lurobiT. riTi aixsneba pirovnebis unikaluroba? _
TiToeul adamians aqvs genebis erTaderTi da ganume-
orebeli nakrebi. `genebi, memkvidreobis qromosomuli
Teoriebis mixedviT, diskretuli erTeulebia, romlis
meSveobiTac memkvidreobiT gadadis organizmis niSan-
Tvisebebi~ [5, gv. 101]. organizmis yvela genis erToblio-
ba warmoadgens adamianis genotips. genebi mdgradia da
Tavis Taviseburebebs inarCunebs ramdenime TaobaSi. Ti-
Toeuli adamianis genetikuri baza unikaluria da xs-
nis im gansxvavebebs, romelic adamianebs Soris arsebo-
133
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
bs. individebs, romlebic xvdebian sxvadasxva garemoSi,
subkulturisa da institutebis wrebrunvaSi, SeuZliaT
Seicvalon calkeuli genuri kodebi droebiT, mudmi-
vad an epizodurad. Kkulturis elementebi gadaecema
adamianidan adamians, Taobidan Taobas genetikuri me-
mkvidreobis msgavsad. gansxvaveba mxolod is aris, rom
kulturuli genis kodireba ar xdeba da individi mas
mxolod Sromis an swavlis procesSi eziareba. `kul-
turuli geni~ uzrunvelyofs organizaciis TviTmyo-
badobas, drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi mis
specifikur kulturul struqturas. biologiuri genis
msgavsad, kulturul memkvidreobiT erTeulSi stabi-
luroba SeTavsebulia cvlilebebis aseve did unarTan
[6, gv. 35].
organizaciuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi igu-
lisxmeba misi formireba, SenarCuneba da cvalebadoba
[7, gv.96]. organizaciuli kultura formirdeba orga-
nizaciis mier ori umniSvnelovanesi problemis gada-
wyvetiT _ garemosTan adaptacia da Sinagani inte-
gracia. organizaciuli kulturis SenarCunebisaTvis
menejerebi mimarTaven organizaciuli simboloebisa
da wes-Cveulebebis danergvas, wvrTnasa da swavlebas,
jildoebisa da statusebis gansazRvris kriteriumebis
dadgenas da a.S. gare konkurenciisa da saxelmwifo
regulirebis pirobebis cvlileba, mizanswrafuli eko-
nomikuri gardaqmnebi saWiroebs organizaciuli kul-
turis cvlilebas. kulturis Secvla misi SenarCunebis
sawinaaRmdego procesia, romelsac axasiaTebs ritua-
lebis rRveva; simboloebis, marTvis stilisa da stimu-
lirebis kriteriumebis cvla; swavlebis programebis
gadasinjva, da a.S. organizaciuli kulturis cvlile-
134
leila qadagiSvili
bebi mowmobs, rom es fenomeni ar aris statikuri.
kulturis SecvliT organizacia iZens axal mi-
sias, saxavs axal miznebsa da ideologias, qmnis efeqtia-
ni xelmZRvanelobis modelebs, iyenebs wina saqmianobis
gamocdilebas, fesvgamdgar tradiciebsa da procedure-
bs, afasebs organizaciis efeqtianobas, mis formalur
struqturas da a.S. kulturaSi cvlilebebis procesi
upirvelesad im faseulobaTa orientaciis cvliT ga-
nisazRvreba, romelic xorcieldeba socialur jgufSi,
organizaciaSi, sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi. kul-
turis ganviTarebis process mimarTulebas aZlevs fa-
seulobaTa dominanta (anu gabatonebuli faseuloba).
organizaciis faseulobebSi cvlileba aucileblad
iwvevs organizaciul kulturaSi cvlilebas.
organizaciuli kultura rogorc resursi da
organizaciis ganviTarebis potenciali, didi xnis gan-
mavlobaSi (Tu ki igi xels uSlida organizaciis gan-
viTarebis strategiis ganxorcielebas) ignorirebuli
iyo. Semdeg arCeuli strategiis Sesabamisad daiwyo
kulturis Secvlis mcdeloba, ramac dadebiTi Sedegi
ver gamoiRo da amas mohyva arsebul organizaciul
kulturasTan strategiis SesabamisobaSi moyvana, anu
masze dafuZneba. ase xdeba dResac. is warmatebebi, rasac
dasavleTis Tu aRmosavleTis wamyvani firmebi aRwevs,
swored organizaciuli kulturisa da masze dakisre-
buli strategiis SeTavsebis Sedegia, miuxedavad im
didi gansxvavebebisa, rac iaponiisa da aSS-is kompaniebs
axasiaTebs kulturasa da strategiasTan mimarTebiT,
myari da strategiasTan SeTanxmebuli kultura aris
strategiis warmatebiT realizebis safuZveli.
mTlianobaSi, kulturis ganviTarebis istoria
135
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
SeiZleba adamianis individualuri, subieqturi sawyisis
TandaTanobiT gaZlierebad warmovidginoT. Aadamianis
faseuloba metwilad istoriuli droiT, kulturiT, sa-
sicocxlo cikliTa da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebiTaa
gansazRvruli. socialur, politikur an ekonomikuri
garemos mkveTri Secvla, Cveulebriv, kiTxvis qveS ay-
enebs arsebul faseulobebs da dasabams aZlevs maT
Secvlas [8]. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi jgufuri
faseulobebi batonobda. amis safuZveli iyo tomuri,
Temuri cxovreba, roca gabatonebili iyo jgufuri
azrovneba. antikuri epoqidan daiwyo pirovnuli fa-
seulobebis _ eTikuris, esTetikuris warmoSoba, rasac
safuZvlad daedo pirovnebis TviTSegnebis ganviTare-
ba. faseulobaTa ganviTarebis istoriis Semdegi etapi
iyo egzistencialuri faseulobebis, kerZod zneobrivi,
religiuri, politikuri da esTetikuri faseulobebis
warmoqmna da maTi pirovnul da aRqmis doneze ayvana.
am faseulobebis SeqmniT, faqtobrivad, damTavrda obieq-
turi realobis subieqtivizacia _ adamians mieca Siga
da gare samyarosadmi Tavisi damokidebulebis gamoxat-
vis SesaZlebloba.
erovnuli kulturebis specifika da istoriul
perspeqtivaSi maTi dinamika qveynebis organizaciul
kulturebzec aisaxa. Tavisi arsiT, dasavluri kultu-
ra warmoadgens analizurs, individualurs, inteleqtu-
alurs, argumentirebuls, pativs scems adamianis kerZo
samyaros. dasavlur kulturebSi amJamad pirovnebis
absolituri Tavisufleba dominirebs. aRmosavluri
kultura warmoadgens sinTezurs, romelic Seqmnilia
gansxvavebuli religiuri da filosofiuri sistemebis
Tanaarsebobis safuZvelze; koleqtiurs, romelic iWre-
136
leila qadagiSvili
ba adamianis kerZo samyaroSi; anu aRmosavlur kul-
turaSi batonobs koleqtiuri cnobiereba religiis,
patriotizmis, ierarqiulobis, avtoritarizmis da sxva
prioritetebiT. afrikuli kultura aRmosavleTisas
emsgavseba. isini ixrebian jgufuri faseulobebisken,
inarCuneben mkacr ierarqiulobas, Zalisa da vaJkaco-
bis kults, avtoritarul Zalauflebas, religiis mniS-
vnelovan rols, ganviTarebul koleqtivizms.
cnobilma niderlandelma sociologma gert
hofstedem, erovnul kulturaTa kvlevis Sedegad Sei-
muSava modeli, romelic advilad gamosayenebelia da
gvexmareba am movlenis axsnaSi. igi, ama Tu im orga-
nizaciis kulturis aspeqtebs, maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT
xuT jgufad yofs: [9, gv.69] 1. individualizmi/koleqtiv-
izmi, 2. Zalauflebrivi distancia, 3. ganusazRvrelo-
bis Tavidan acileba, 4. maskulinuroba/feminuroba, 5.
grZelvadiani/moklevadiani orientacia. g. hofstedem
am maxasiaTeblebis gamokvleva Caatara msoflios sxva-
dasxva qveyanaSi da aseTi Sedegebi miiRo: individual-
izmis maRali doniT gamorCeuli kultura aqvs aSS-s
da holandias; Zalauflebisadmi pativiscema damaxasi-
aTebelia safrangeTis, espaneTisa da iaponiis kultur-
isaTvis; ganusazRvrelobas advilad eguebian aSS-is da
SvedeTis sazogadoebebi; maskulinuri sawyisi maRalia
iaponur kulturaSi; grZelvadiani orientaciis maRali
done aqvs CineTs.
kulturis am maxasiaTeblebis gamokvleva saqarT-
veloSi Catarda 2011 wels qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier da
kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT qveyanaSi, rogorc erovnu-
li, aseve organizaciuli konteqstiT, individualuri
faseulobebis, Zalauflebrivi distanciis da masku-
137
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
linuri faseulobebis prioriteti gamovlinda; orga-
nizaciuli konteqstiT aseve sakmaod dadebiTi damok-
idebuleba gamomJRavnda cvlilebebis mimarT, rac imaze
miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba ganusazRvrel situaciebs
ufro egueba, vidre Tavidan icilebs; dabolos, qarTu-
li kompaniebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia moklevadiani
orientacia [10, gv. 64-72].
g. hofstede miuTiTebs, rom samuSao adgilze ar-
sebuli kulturis Taviseburebebi, anu organizaciuli
kultura farTo sazogadoebis kulturis Tavisebure-
bebis amsaxvelia. erovnuli kulturis gavlena orga-
nizaciul kulturaze ganpirobebulia im farTo sa-
zogadoebrivi konteqstiT, romelSic organizacia moq-
medebs, radgan am ukansknelSi xdeba sazogadoebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli faseulobebis gadatana. organizaci-
uli kultura erovnuli kulturis meSveobiT Tavis
ganviTarebis gzaze msoflio kulturis gavlenasac
ganicdis. es gavlena gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda Taname-
drove globalizaciis pirobebSi, rac aiZulebs orga-
nizaciebs TavianTi organizaciuli kultura msoflio
kulturis elementebiT Seavson da msoflio gadmosaxe-
didan Seafason.
dedamiwis informaciuli veli Zalze farToa da
aq dominirebs sxvadasxva kulturis urTierTgavlena.
globalizaciis erTi veqtoris Tanaxmad, eri TandaTano-
biT dakargavs TavisTavadobas da saxelmwifo iqceva
administraciul erTeulad, ekonomikur regionad. Yyve-
laferi iqceva warsulad, istoriad, romelsac mxolod
muzeumebi Seifarebs. amitom, globalizaciis am Seuqce-
vad maraTonSi yvela qveyana, yvela qveynis kultura
eZebs Tavis adgils, raTa ar Caikargos da modernizaci-
138
leila qadagiSvili
is qolgis qveS SeinarCunos erovnuli saxe [11]. orga-
nizaciul sistemaSi kulturaTSorisi Tanaarsebobis
yvelaze misaRebi modeli SemuSavebulia menejmentis
Teoriis Tanamedrove klasikosis nensi adleris mier.
Mmis mier SemoTavazebuli mravalricxovani modelidan
globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze yvelaze misaRebad
gveCveneba e. w. `kulturuli sinergiis~ modeli, romel-
ic mimarTulia axali saerTaSoriso mmarTvelobiTi
politikisa da praqtikis Seqmnisaken. `kulturuli
sinergia gulisxmobs sxvadasxva kulturis saukeTeso
elementebis Tavsebadobas TanamSromlobis umaRlesi
Sedegebis miRwevisaTvis. korporaciuli kulturis
sinergiuli modelis praqtikaSi danergva uzrunve-
lyofs erovnuli da ucxouri kulturebis iseTnair
Tavsebadobas, romlis drosac optimalurad uxamdeba
erTmaneTs ena da komunikacia, kanoni da politika, fa-
seulobebi da warmodgenebi, ganaTleba da profesiuli
momzadeba, teqnologiebi da materialuri resursebi~
[12, gv. 67-68].
amrigad, globalizacia da informaciuli teq-
nologiebis farTod gavrceleba iwvevs ori sruliad
gansxvavebuli kulturis _ aRmosavleTisa da dasavle-
Tis organizaciuli kulturebis sinergias, aRmosavle-
Tis kompaniebi iReben dasavleTis organizaciuli kul-
turis elementebs, dasavluri kompaniebi ki piriqiT _
aRmosavleTisas. strategiul perspeqtivaSi sxvadasxva
qveynis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kompaniebis orga-
nizaciul kulturebs aqvT ganviTarebis erTi veqtori,
erTi mimarTuleba, rac kulturaTa urTierTgavlenisa
da urTierTqmedebis Sedegia.
139
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
The Issue of Organizational Culture Formation
L. Kadagishvili
The article discusses the aspects of interaction of national and foreign cultures8
occurring in organizational culture taking into account the global processes. It’s noted that under modern circumstances, when the interac-tion of many different cultures is unavoidable, changes in national cul-ture is discussed not as a creation of something quite new but as a pro-cess of exchanging individual elements of two different cultures. This might become the base for creation of a new cultural structure which is followed by changes in modern companies.
It’s concluded in the article that globalization and widely spread informational technologies causes synergy of two quite different west-ern and eastern cultures. Consequently, from the strategic perspective, organizational cultures of different eastern and western companies have the same vector and direction of development.
gamoyenebuli galiteratura
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giuli menejmenti: koncefciebi da biznessituacie-
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leila qadagiSvili
bi, me-13 gamocema; naT. ingl. _ SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010. gv.
565;
ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1989, gv. 101;5.
О. Г. Тихомирова. Организационная култура: формирование, 6. развитие и оценка. С = П., 2008 c. 35; T. xomeriki, menejmentis safuZvlebi. Tb., 2007, gv. 96;7.
http://ww8. w. ipseng.techtone.info/files/9213/4245/8172/Taobebi
da Rirebulebebi, wigni 1.pdfКузнецов ю., Подлесных В. Основы менеджмента, Санкт-9. Петербург, “Олбис”, 1997, c 69;l. jamagiZe, n. papaCaSvili, S. SaburiSvili, d sixa-10.
ruliZe, saerTaSoriso biznesis sociokulturuli
garemo saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2011. gv. 64-72;
http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/8475/3/11. Kkulturu-
logiis safuZvlebi, tomi III.pdfПерсикова Т.Н. Межкультурная коммуникация и 12. корпоративная культура, М, Логос, 2002, c. 67-68.
141
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
daviT niJaraZe
ivane javaxiSivilis sax. Tsu-is doqtoranti
komunikacia aris procesi, romlis drosac
informacia icvleba or an met adamians Soris, ZiriTadad
erTmaneTis motivirebis an qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis
mizniT [8, gv. 473]. praqtikulad yvelaferi, rac adamianis
garSemoa da rac mis cxovrebas Seadgens, komunikaciuri
garemoa. sagnebi da movlenebi, rogorc am garemos nawili,
erTi mxriv, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes komunikaciis
funqciad, xolo meore mxriv _ sakomunikacio
saSualebad, romlis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba komunikaciis
(Setyobinebis) ganxorcieleba. Setyobinebis gagzavna
ar xdeba ubralod SetyobinebisaTvis. misi mizania
Setyobinebis mimRebis moqmedebis organizeba [1, gv.
143]. gamomdinare aqedan, nebismier organizaciaSi
da maT Soris saerTaSoriso firmebSi warmarTul
komunikaciuri nakadebis Seswavlas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan swored mis safuZvelze
xdeba sxvadasxva menejeruli gadawyvetilebis miReba.
menejerul komunikacias, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
ganixilaven rogorc erTi da imave enaze saubars, rac
arasworad migvaCnia, miTumetes maSin, rodesac saqme
exeba saerTaSoriso firmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
multikulturul garemos, romelSic saqmianoben
gansxvavebuli kulturuli Tu erovnuli faseulobebis
kulturuli Taviseburebebis
gavlena komunikaciis procesze
saerTaSoriso firmebSi
142
daviT niJaraZe
mqone adamianebi. gamomdinare aqedan, komunikaciis
procesi ufro kompleqsuri cnebaa, vidre erTi SexedviT
Cans.
komunikaciis procesi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba
socialuri sistemis farglebSi, mis TiToeul
monawiles gaaCnia individualuri konteqsti da
gamocdileba Sesabamis sferoSi. komunikacia mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli kulturasTan da gavlenas axdens am
procesis monawileebze imis mixedviT, Tu rogor aris
‘’daSifruli’’ Setyobineba (konvertirebuli simboluri
formiT) da gagzavnili sxvadasxva saSualebiT (arxiT)
mimRebTan, raTa am ukanasknelma sworad moaxdinos
miRebuli informaciis interpretacia. Sesabamisad,
kulturaTaSorisi komunikacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT,
rogorc informaciis simboluri gacvla, romlis
drosac individebi interaqtiuli dialogis gziT
awarmoeben azrebis urTierTgacvlas (ix. seqma 1) [5, gv.
97].
erTi SexedviT, komunikacia aris martivi procesi,
Tumca saerTaSoriso doneze warmoiqmneba bevri iseTi
problemuri sakiTxi, romelic arTulebs da xSir
SemTxvevaSi aferxebs informaciis gacvlis process
organizaciis SigniT.
kultura mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
globaluri komunikaciis sxvadasxva aspeqtze, radgan
yvela kulturul jgufs gaaCnia sakuTari wesebi,
faseulobebi da rwmena, romelsac iziareben misi
wevrebi. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom ekonomikurad
ganviTarebul qveynebSi umetes SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba
komunikaciis werilobiTi forma eletqronuli
teqnologiebis saSualebiT (aSS, kanada, didi
britaneTi). iaponuri sazogadoeba ki, romelsac aseve
gaaCnia maRal teqnologiebze wvdoma, komunikaciis
143
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
procesSi upiratesobas aniWebs pirispir saubars,
rac ganpirobebulia maTi gansxvavebuli kulturuli
faseulobebiT. Tumca, konkretul situaciaSi SeiZleba
erTi da igive kulturis warmomadgenelTa reagireba
ar iyos garantirebulad erTnairi [10].
rogorc wesi, organizaciaSi komunikaciis procesi
moicavs informaciis gacvlas, rogorc firmis SigniT,
ise mis gareT. am kuTxiT gamonaklisi arc saerTaSoriso
firmebia, sadac gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa komunikacia
organizaciis SigniT. radgan informaciis, rogorc
gamgzavnebi, aseve adresatebi arian gansxvavebuli
erovnuli da kulturuli maxasiaTebelebis mqone
TanamSromlebi, romelTa Soris xSirad warmoiqmneba
garkveuli gaugebrobebi. saerTaSoriso firmebSi
komunikaciis problemebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, rogorc
enobrivi aseve aRqmiTi barierebi. pirveli maTgani
gulisxmobs im qveynis sasaubro enas, sadac dasaqmebuls
SetyobinebisaTvis swori mniSvnelobis miniWeba da masze saukeTso pasuxis
mofiqreba
komunikaciuri scenaris swori
amoqmedeba
Setyobinebis gagzavna, aRqma, Sefaseba da
gaSifrva kulturaTaSorisi
gaSifrva
aRqma, analizi, diagnostireba –
situaciis dekodireba
qceviTi scenaris SemuSaveba da
moqniloba Sesabamisi qmedebebisaTvis, Semdeg
ki ganxorcieleba
Mmocemuli situaciisaTvisYyvelaze efeqtiani menejeruli
qmedebis identificireba
sqema 1. efeqtiani kulturaTaSorisi komunikacia [5, gv. 98]
144
daviT niJaraZe
uwevs muSaoba da Tu mas ar esmis ena, romelzec
kompaniis sxva TanamSromlebi saubroben, maT Soris
ver xdeba srulfasovani komunikacia. Tumca, erT enaze
saubris SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba warmoiqmnas dialogis
monawileTa Soris garkveuli problemebi. magaliTad,
miuxedvad imisa, rom amerikelebi da britanelebi
erT enaze saubroben, gansxvavebulia maTi saqmiani
korespondenciis momzadebis specifika: britanelebi
iyeneben ufro mkacr da akademiur stils, xolo
amerikelebi upiratesobas aniWeben werilis zedmetad
uSualo da martiv struqturas [11]. gansxvavebulia
amerikeli menejeris komunikaciis teqnikac misi azieli
an evropeli kolegisagan. aseveAcnobilia, rom rusi
menejerebi ufro metad eyrdnobian araformalur -
werilobiT an satelefono kavSirebs, gansxvavebiT Turqi
xelmZRvanelebisagan, romlebic iaponelebis msgavsad
did mniSvnlobas aniWeben pirispir saubars. Tumca,
erTma kulturulma jgufma SesaZloa gavlena iqonios
meoris komunikaciis kulturaze, am kuTxiT sainteresoa
paskalis kvlevebi, romlis mixedviT, iaponeli menejerebi
amerikul kompaniaSi dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi sul ufro
metad iyeneben maTTvis aratradiciul, araformalur
(satelefono) komunikaciis formas. aRqmiTi barierebi
ki pirovnebis mier realuri situaciis xedvaa da man
SesaZloa mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonios pirovnebis
gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze [4, gv.
200-203].
rac Seexeba gare komunikacias, masSi igulisxmeba
saTavo kompaniis urTierToba Svilobil Tu filial
kompaniebTan, romlebic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi an regionSia,
aseve sxvadasxva biznes partniorebTan, momxmareblebTan,
mimwodeblebsa da samTavrobo struqturebTan
urTierToba. am dros kulturuli gansxvavebebi
145
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
komunikaciis procesSi kidev ufro SesamCnevi xdeba
dResdReobiT Cven vcxovrobT iseT multikulturul
realobaSi, sadac erTi da igive produqti, erTnairi
samarko niSniT, SeiZleba Segvxvdes berlinSi, sidneiSi,
tokiosa Tu parizSi. aseve araa gasakviri, rom
amerikelma menejerma britanel kolegasTan erTad
imuSaos iseTi produqtis relizaciis gegmaze, romlis
dizaini Seqmnilia parizSi, warmoebulia aSS-Si,
xolo testirebulia taivanSi. msgavs klimatSi gare
komunikaciis procesi molaparakebis dros SesaZloa
CixSi Sevides, Tuki moxdeba kulturuli aspeqtebis
ignorireba. magaliTad, bevri dabrkoleba Segveqmneba
biznesis warmoebisas iaponiaSi, Tuki ar gvecodineba am
qveynis specifikuri kulturuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb.
iaponeli biznesmenebi saqmiani Sexvdrisas sakuTar
saxelze win asaxeleben kompaniis saxelwodebas, sadac
isini muSaoben im SemTxvavaSic ki, Tu es pirveli,
gacnobiTi xasiaTis Sexvedraa. koleqtiuri bunebisgan
gamomdinare iaponelebi saqmian urTierTobebs amyareben
pirad SegrZnebebsa an Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT,
romelsac ewodeba ‘’hone’’,zogjer ki isini damoukideblad
sazRvraven, Tu ra unda Tqvan sazogadoebaSi da ra
aris Sesaferisi konkretuli situaciisaTvis, aRniSnul
qmedebas iaponiaSi ‘’tatemaes’’ uwodeben. es yovelive
xSir SemTxvevaSi partniorebis did dabneulobas iwvevs
[3, gv. 4-5].
sxvadasxva regionSi momuSave menejerTa Soris
informaciis kulturaTaSorisi gacvla, rogorc
wesi, mimarTulia momxmareblebis an partniorebis
Sesaxeb monacemebis mopovebisaken. dResdReobiT,
arsebobs uamravi modeli, romelic saSualebas iZleva
gamovikvlioT da SevafasoT msgavs komunikaciur
nakadebze kulturis gavlena (ix. sqema 2).
146
daviT niJaraZe
mocemul sqemaSi warmodgenili zemoqmedebis
faqtorebi mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs gansxvavebul
kulturul garemoSi momuSave daqiravebulebs efeqtiani
komunikaciis damyarebaSi [9, gv. 202-203].
Tanamedrove etapze saerTaSoriso kompaniebi
komunikaciis procesSi informaciis gadacemisas
iyeneben komunikaciis sxvadasxva stils, romlis SerCeva
damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad maRali (faruli) an
(dabali) konteqstisaa sazogadoeba (ix. sqema 3).
ganixilaven komunikaciis Semdegi saxeobis
aprobirebul stils:
pirdapiri da arapirdapiri komunikaciis stili
– pirveli maTagani damaxasiaTebelia maRali konteqstis
sazogadoebisaTvis, masSi gzavnilebis umetesoba aris
nagulisxmevi da arapirdapiri, radgan am SemTxvevaSi
komunikaciis procesis ganmaxorcieleblebi erTmaneT-
sqema 2. kulturis gavlena komunikaciis procesze [9, gv. 202]
kultura 1: gamgzavnis rwmena
Sesabamisi sakomunikacio qcevis Sesaxeb (magaliTad,
rwmena Ria da gulwrfeli saubris
Sesaxeb.)
Setyobinebis gamgzavnis komunikacis stili
(magaliTad, SeimuSaos da gadasces mimRebs pirdapiri Setyobineba, pirdapiri da
drouli pasuxis molodini.)
Setyobinebis mimRebis pasuxi
(magaliTad, ignorireba, Setyobinebis kulturul
WrilSi Sefaseba, dagvianebuli reagireba,
araverbaluri komunikaciis formis gamoyeneba.)
sxva gavlena komunikaciis procesze(magaliTad, kolegebTan gamoyenebuli
warsuli gamocdileba imave kulturidan, kros-kulturuli komunikaciisaTvis mzadyofna, drois simcire, xmauri.
urTierTndoba.)
kulturasTan Tavsebadi komunikaciis
stili (magaliTad,
gulwrfeli da mtkice saubari, swrafi pasuxi.)
kultura 2: mimRebis rwmena Sesabamisi
sakomunikacio qcevis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, pasuxis gacemamde
dafiqreba, kolegis Seurawyofisagan
Tavis arideba.)
kulturasTan Tavsebadi komunikaciis stili (magaliTad, frTxili
saubari, pasuxis gacemamde kolegebTan
konsultaciebi, dapirispirebis Tavidan
acileba.)
147
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
Tan arian axlo urTierTobaSi da Setyobinebis gadace-
mis dros ar saWiroeben did verbalur Zalisxmevas (mag.
iaponia, aziis qveynebi). am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul
rols TamaSobs saubris toni, romelzec damokidebu-
lia komunikaciis procesis Sedegi. magaliTad, brita-
nelma menejerma, romelic Tanamdebobaze dainiSna nige-
riaSi moRvawe multinacionalur kompaniaSi, aRmoaCina,
rom nigerielebTan mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze saubri-
sas efeqturi iyo xmis tonis aweva, rac misma qveSevr-
domebmac Cveulebriv movlenad miiRes. mocemul qveya-
naSi misi warmatebuli saqmianobis Semdeg igi samuSaod
malaiziaSi mdebare sawarmoSi gadaiyvanes, sadac misi
amaRlebuli toni TanamSromlebma araseriozulad mi-
iCnies, ris gamoc xelmZRvanelobas mouxda misi sxva
qveyanaSi gadayvana [2, gv. 75].
T. holis mixdeviT, iseTi maRali konteqstis
kulturas, rogoric iaponiaa axasiaTebs e.w. ‘’Cumi
sqema 3. komunikaciis procesi qveynebis mixedviT [6, gv. 196]
CrdiloeT amerikelebi
Sveicarieli germanelebi
skandinavielebi
germanelebi
frangebi
ingliselebi
italielebi
laTino amerikelebi
arabebi
iaponelebimaRali konteqstis /faruli
komunikaciuri kultura
dabali konteqstis /Ria komunikaciuri kultura
148
daviT niJaraZe
ena’’, rac imas niSnavs, rom komunikaciis procesSi
gamoyenebuli gzavnilebi umetes SemTxvevaSi
kodirebuli da nagulsxmebia, amitom, mimRebis ZiriTadi
amocana informaciis gasagebi interpretaciaa. amisaTvis
igi gzavnils atarebs e.w ‘’konteqstualur filtSi’’ da
cdilobs gaarkvios Tu ra aris naTqvami. magaliTad,
rodesac iaponeli menejeri molaparakebis dros ambobs
- ‘’diax’’, es imas niSnavs, rom mas esmis dasmuli sakiTxis
Sinaarsi da ara rogorc - ‘’Tanaxma var’’ da Tu igi
molaparakebis dasrulebisas ityvis, rom ‘’Cven vifiqrebT
aRniSnul sakiTxze da mogvianebiT dagikavSirdebiT’’, es
miuTiTebs imaze, rom komunikaciis procesSi atmosfero
misTvis iyo usiamovno da uxerxuli [3, gv. 8,22].
detaluri (rTuli), momTxovni da lakonuri
komunikaciis stili. maRali konteqstis sazogadoeba-
Si ZiriTadad dominirebs dawvrilebiTi komunikaciis
stili, am dros molaparake gamoirCeva sityvauxvobiT
da raimes dasabuTebis mizniT, xSirad imeorebs erTid-
aigives. msgavsi stili damaxasiaTebelia arabuli
qveynebisaTvis. komunikaciis momTxovni stili ZiriTa-
dad koncentrirebulia sizusteze da iyenebs imden si-
tyvas, ramdenic saWiroa azris gadmosacemad. aseT kul-
turaSi Tu pirovneba gamoiyenebs zedmet sityvebs, Sesa-
Zloa saubari aRqmul iqnes gazviadebulad da piriqiT,
Tu igi isaubrebs sityvebis mcire raodenobiT, gzavnili
gaugebrad CaiTvleba. mocemul midgomas iyeneben ing-
liselebi, germanelebi da Sveicarielebi. rac Seexeba
lakonur stils, igi damaxasiaTebelia aziis qveynebi-
saTvis, sadac adamianebi azris gadmosacemad iyeneben
ramdenime sityvas, qveteqsts, pauzas da dumilsac ki.
konteqstualuri da personaluri komunikaci-uri stili. konteqstualuri stili ZiriTadad mosau-
bresa da mxareebs Soris urTierTobebze akeTebs aq-
149
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
cents. magaliTad, aziuri kulturis warmomadgenlebi
komunikaciis procesSi iyeneben iseT sityvebs, romlebic
asaxavs maT rols da xazs usvams saubris monawileTa
ierarqiul damokidebulebas. amitom, msgavs kompaniebSi,
saubris monawile mxareebi arCeven iseT terminolo-
gias, romelic miuTiTebs maT statusze sxvebTan mi-
marTebiT. es stili damaxasiaTebelia iseTi maRali
konteqstis kulturisaTvis, rogoric gvxvdeba iapon-
iasa da indoeTSi. personaluri stili ki piriqiT kon-
centrirebulia molaparakebis procesze da cdilobs
mxareTa Soris barierebis Semcirebas. magaliTad, aSS-
Si Tanasworuflebianobis TvalsazrisiT Cveulebrivi
movlenaa erTmaneTisadmi sakuTari saxelebiT mimarTva.
personaluri stili aseve popularulia kanadasa da
avstraliaSi.
emociuri da efeqtiani komunikaciis stili. Eemociuri stili xasiaTdeba iseTi eniT, romelic ms-
menelisagan moiTxovs did yuradRebas da dakvirvebas
imaze Tu rogor gadmoscems molaparake konkretul
informacias. am SemTxvevaSi xSiria informaciis gad-
mocemis araverbaluri gzac, rac msmenelisagan moiTx-
ovs intuiciur analizs. msgavsi stili gavrcelebu-
lia axlo aRmosavleTSi, laTinur amerikasa da aziis
qveynebSi. efeqtiani stili ki mis sapirispirod zustad
da gamokveTilad gamoxatavs azrs. igi damaxasiaTebe-
lia iseTi dabali konteqstis kulturis mqone qveyneb-
isaTvis, rogoricaa Sveicaria, dania da aSS.
qvemoT da zemoT mimarTuli verbaluri komu-
nikacia. pirveli warmoadgens informaciis gadacemis
process menejeridan xelqveiTebisaken. magaliTad, misi
mizani SeiZleba iyos brZanebis an davalebis gadacema.
meore forma ki piriqiT, gulisxmobs informaciis ver-
balur gadacemas xelqveiTebidan xelmZRva-nelebisaken.
150
daviT niJaraZe
aseTi tipis komunikaciis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa mene-
jerebTan ukukavSiri, SekiTxvebis dasma an mxardaWeris
mopoveba [6, gv 195-199].
Agarda Cevn mier ganxiluli verbaluri
komunikaciebisa, saerTaSoriso firmebSi didi
yuradReba eTmoba araverbalur komunikaciebsac. igi
warmoadgens informaciis gadacemis process sxeulis
moZraobiT, mimikebiT an fizikuri sivrcis gamoyenebis
saSualebiT. zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis, rom verbaluri
komunikaciis Sedegad gadmocemuli informaciis 75%-s
Sedgens wored araverbaluri signalebi. isini mxars
uWeren verbaluri Setyobinebebis aRqmas, Semdegnairad:
sityvieri Setyobinebis SevsebiT;sityvebis modificirebiTa da gamokveTiT;gauTvalsiwinebeli interpretaciebis Ser-
bilebiT;
Tvisebebis miniSnebiT iseTi gamoxatvisadmi, romelic ismis an Cans, es ki SeiZleba moicavdes
gamoTqmebs, karis gaRebas da daxurvas, manqanebs,
televizors, radios, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios ko-
munikaciis procesis stimulireba [7, gv. 106].
aSS-Si aseve gavrcelebulia iseTi araverbaluri
komunikaciis forma, romlic gamoixateba e.w. ‘’TvalebiT
kontaqtiT’’. zogierT qveynebSi aseve aqtiurad mimarTaven
Jestebis enas, romelic SeiZleba sxvadasaxva erovnul
kulturaSi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT Segvxvdes.
magaliTad, aSS-Si cera da saCvenebeli TiTis SeerTeba
’’O’’-s formiT niSnavs Tanxmobas(‘’okeis’’), iaponiaSi ki
aseTi Jesti fulis maCvenebelia, samxreT safrangeTSi
ki igi niSnavs nuls.
rac Seexeba azris gadacemas fizikuri sivrcis
(daSorebis) gamoyenebiT, mis magaliTadac gamogvadgeba
aSS, sadac pirispir komunikaciisas iyeneben oTx
151
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
manZils, esenia: intimuri distancia, piraduli distancia,
socialuri distancia, da sazogadoebrivi distancia.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi didi yuradReba
eqceva werilobiTi komunikaciis formas, romelic
xorcieldeba rogorc, fostis, aseve eleqtronulad
(eletqronuli fosta, socialuri qeslebi), internetis
saSualebiT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi,
cudad Sedgenili werilobiTi Setyobineba ufro met
barieres uqmnis komunikaciis procesis monawileebs,
vidre cudi verbaluri metyveleba [6, gv. 202,205].
sabolood SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso
firmebSi, sadac xSir SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba dasaqmebulTa
didi kulturuli mravalferovneba, SesaZloa
komunikaciis procesi ufro meti sirTuleebiT
warimarTos, rasac ganpirobebs adamianTa gansxvavebuli
kulturuli tradiciebi. amitom, aseTma kompaniebma
sworad unda Seafason komunikaciis procesis forma
da stili ramdenad Tavsebadia im qveynis kulturul
faseulobebTan, romelSic isini saqmianoben. radgan
organizaciaSi da gansakuTrebiT globalur firmebSi
swori gadawyvetilebebis miReba informaciis rogorc
Siga, aseve gare gacvlis srulyofili procesis gareSe,
faqtobrivad, warmoudgenelia.
The characteristics of the cultural impact on communication process in the international firms
D. Nizharadze
This article discusses the importance of styles, forms, approaches, barriers and of the communication process in international firms. The article covers analyzes related cultural aspects of the communication process participants and their different behavior, including verbal and non-verbal contacts. Here are also represented specific examples, about
152
daviT niJaraZe
countries and regions according to their cultural group’s behavior in global companies during sending and receiving information. Separate models are illustrated using the charts.
gamoyenebuli literatura
amaRlobeli x., komunikaciuri garemo da komu-1.
nikaciuri diskursis saxeebi, kulturaTaSorisi ko-
munikaciebi, saerTaSoriso samecniero-perioduli
gamocema, №20, Tbilisi, 2013;
Adapted from Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner, 2. Riding the Waves of of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business, 2nd ed. , New York, 1998, P. 75;
Gundling E., Communicating with Japanese in Business, Japan 3. External Trade Organization, Tokyo, 2000;
Hodgets F., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, 4. Strategy, and Behavior, seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, US, 2002;
Lane w.h. et al., Editors, The Blackwell Handbook of Global 5. Management, Blackwell Publishing, US, 2005;
Luthans F., Jonathan P. Doh, International Management: Cul-6. ture, Strategy, and Behavior, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, US, 2012;
Mead R., Andrews T. A., International management: culture 7. and beyond, A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication, UK, 2009;
Richard L. Daft, Organization Theory and Design, South-West-8. ern Cengage Learning, US, 2009;
Richard M. Steers, Carlos J. Sanchez-Runde, and Luciara Nar-9. don, Management Across Cultures Challenges and Strategies, Cam-bridge University Press, New York, 2010;
http://www.forbes.com/sites/carolkinseygoman/2011/11/28/10. how-culture-controls-communication/;
http://www.lucycripps.com/?p=211. 7.
153
finansebi da sabanko saqme
fulis Tanamedrove Teoriebis zogierTi aqtualuri sakiTxi
maia gogoxia,
ekonomikis akad. doqtori,
Tsu-is mowveuli leqtori
Tanamedrove etapze fuls kvlav TvalsaCino ad-
gili uWiravs ekonomikuri stabilizaciis programebSi.
mecniereba fulis Sesaxeb dinamikuri da popularuli
ekonomikuri disciplinaa, sadac nebismieri msxvili
skola ar warmoadgens erTian warmonaqmns. is, rogorc
wesi, moicavs sxvadasxva ganStoebas, romlebic ZiriTa-
di debulebebis TavianT gagebas icaven da praqtikuli
RonisZiebebis sakuTar variantebs wamoayeneben. Tumca
mimdinareobs sinTezis procesi, romelic Slis mkafio
sazRvrebs maT Soris. swored zemoaRniSnuli ganapi-
robebs sakvlevi problemis aqtualurobas. kvlevis
mizania sakiTxis Seswavla fulis rolis, fulisa da
sxva bazrebis (Cveulebrivi saqonlis, samuSao Zalis,
finansuri aqtivebis) urTierTqmedebis xasiaTis Tao-
baze. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad dasmulia Semdegi
urTierTdakavSirebuli amocanebi: 1) fuladi Teoriis
problemebis Tanmimdevruli gadmocema, 2) ekonomikis
realur da fulad seqtorebs Soris kavSiris Cveneba.
statiaSi aRniSnuli sakiTxebis warmoCenis safuZvelze
gakeTebulia daskvna, rom Teoriuli dasabuTeba, anu
ekonomikis modeli saxelmwifos warmatebuli saerTo
ekonomikuri da fulad-sakredito politikis amosava-
154
maia gogoxia
li elementia.
vxsniT ra fulis, rogorc ekonomikuri katego-
riis arss, aucilebelia, xazi gavusvaT, rom fuli aris
ara nivTi, aramed _ sazogadoebrivi urTierToba. is sa-
zogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ganivTebuli formaa. am
ekonomikur kategoriaSi vlindeba da misi monawileo-
biT xorcieldeba adamianebis urTierTobebi kvlavwar-
moebis procesSi. fulis evolucia dakavSirebulia
mwarmoebluri Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebis
Tvisebriv cvlilebebTan Sromis sazogadoebrivi dan-
awilebis, saqonelwarmoebis gaCenisa da ganviTarebis,
erovnuli da msoflio bazrebis formirebis, sakredito
urTierTobebis da sabanko saqmis ganviTarebis, saxelm-
wifos ganmtkicebis, misi ekonomikuri rolis gaZliere-
bis, sabanko sferoSi samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis,
globalizaciis procesis Sedegad.
raodenobrivi Teoria gamoixateba kembrijis tolo-
biT _ kpyM S = da fiSeris tolobiT pyvM S = Y. moTx-
ovnis funqcias aqvs ori Tavisebureba: igulisxmeba,
rom y (realuri Semosavali) da k (proporcia nomi-
nalur Semosavalsa da sasurvel fulad naSTebs So-
ris) mudmivi sidideebia: y -is mudmivoba xSirad ukav-
Sirdeba ideas, rom realuri erovnuli produqti imyo-
feba doneze, romelic Seesabameba srul dasaqmebas, anu
maqsimalurad miRwevad doneze. rameTu erovnuli Se-
mosavali tolia erovnuli produqtis, isic maqsimalur
donezea da stacionarul meurneobaSi, sadac ar aris
teqnikuri progresi da mosaxleobis zrda, realuri
erovnuli Semosavali mudmivi sididea. k -s mudmivobis
varaudi ki gamomdinareobs daSvebidan, rom sameurneo
garigebebis saerTo struqtura mudmivia.
155
finansebi da sabanko saqme
is, ris winaaRmdegac sinamdvileSi gamodioda
keinzi, hqonda ra mxedvelobaSi marSalis naSromebi,
dakavSirebulia ara marSalis rwmenasTan seis igiveo-
bisa (marSali ar iziarebda mas moklevadian periodTan
mimarTebiT), aramed imasTan, rom marSalma yuradReba
gaamaxvila ekonomikuri ganviTarebis grZelvadian as-
peqtebze da daaknina saqonlis moklevadiani siWarbis
mniSvneloba.
seis igiveobas mivyavarT Zalian kategoriul
daskvnamde, rom bazrebze arasodes ar SeiZleba iyos
saqonlis siWarbe, maSin roca valrasis kanoni ubral-
od gulisxmobs, rom Tu aRmocendeba saqonlis siWarbe,
mas Tan axlavs fulze Warbi moTxovna. seis igiveoba
exeba igiveobas dagegmil moTxovnasa da miwodebas So-
ris. faqtobrivi miwodebis, faqtobrivi moTxovnis da
faqtobrivi Semosavlis toloba _ truizmia. is gamom-
dinareobs faqtidan, rom yoveli gayidva (faqtobrivi
miwodeba) yovelTvis dakavSirebulia yidvasTan (faq-
tobrivi moTxovna) da warmoSobs Semosavals gamyid-
velisaTvis (faqtobrivi Semosavali). es truizmi Zevs
erovnul angariSTa sistemis safuZvelSi.
keinzianuri tipis analizisas, Senaxuli fulis
Tanxa nominaluri Semosavlis da operaciebis struq-
turis nebismieri mocemuli donisas, damokidebulia
procentis normaze. amgvarad, k ar aris konstanta,
aramed warmoadgens procentis normis funqcias, roca
procenti maRalia, k dabalia ( v maRalia) da piriqiT.
marSali, romelic iniciatoria k -s Tanamedrove
gagebisa, Riad aanalizebda am maCvenebelze obliga-
ciebis saprocento ganakveTisa da fasebis cvlilebis
mosalodneli tempis gavlenas. es SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
156
maia gogoxia
rogorc fulze, saqonelsa da obligaciebze Semosav-
lis fardobiTi ganakveTebis (anu maTi SedarebiTi
fasebis) analizi.
Tu raodenobrivi Teoriis kembrijeli mimdevrebi ar
Tvlidnen k -s mudmiv sidided, xom ar iziarebdnen sxva
pozicias v -Tan mimarTebiT, daaxloebiT imave dros
amerikaSi momuSave fiSeri da Cikagoeli fulis raode-
nobrivi Teoriis mimdevrebi? Tumca k da v formalu-
rad eqvivalenturi cnebebia, rameTu erTi maCvenebeli
meoris ukusidides warmoadgens, Cveulebriv varaudoben,
rom kembrijeli ekonomistebis mier yuradRebis gamax-
vilebam Semosavlis mimarT garkveuli sasurveli fu-
ladi naSTebis ( k ) dagrovebis sakiTxze, SesaZlebloba
misca maT gamoekvliaT fulze moTxovnis faqtorebi,
maSin, roca yuradRebis gamaxvilebam v -ze xeli Seu-
wyo Tvalsazrisis gavrcelebas, rom v da, Sesabamisad,
fulze moTxovna meqanikurad ganisazRvreba sameurneo
sistemis gadasaxdelebis (saqonelgacvliTi operacie-
bis) struqturiT. am ukanasknel midgomaSi aris simar-
Tlis marcvali, magram aqedan srulebiTac ar gamom-
dinareobs, rom v mudmiv sidided iTvleboda.
Tumca fiSeri nakleb yuradRebas uTmobda sapro-
cento ganakveTebsa da fasobriv eqspeqtaciebs. patin-
kinis mier gakeTebuli mimoxilva Cikagos skolis av-
torebis Sromebis, leqciebis da disertaciebisa aCven-
ebs, rom isini ar ikvlevdnen yvela detalSi procen-
tis normis gavlenas fulis mimoqcevis siswrafesa da
fulze moTxovnaze. isini, marTlac, yuradRebas uTmobd-
nen fasebisa da fasobrivi eqspeqtaciebis cvlilebis
gavlenas fulis mimoqcevis siswrafeze, magram, marSal-
isa da zogierTi sxva avtoris msgavsad isini miiCnevd-
157
finansebi da sabanko saqme
nen, rom fasobrivi eqspeqtaciebis efeqti iwvevs fulis
mimoqcevis siswrafis arsebiT cvlilebebs, anu ,,eqs-
tremalur meryeobas”. amgvarad, maTi aqcenti siswrafis
arastabilurobaze arsebiTad gansxvavdeba fridmenis
azrisagan, romlis Tanaxmadac CikagoSi ganviTarebuli
raodenobrivi Teoriis tradiciiT, fulze moTxovna
da misi mimoqcevis siswrafe saprocento ganakveTebisa
da fasebis cvlilebis mosalodneli tempis stabilur
funqcias warmoadgens.
amgvarad, SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom ux-
eSi raodenobrivi Teoriis daSveba k -sa da v -s mud-
mivobaze, arasakmarisad sworad axasiaTebs raodeno-
brivi Teoriis tradicias keinzianelamdel ekonomikur
literaturaSi. amasTan, ara mxolod gamoiTqmeboda
azri, rom k da v damokidebulia procentis normaze,
fasobriv eqspeqtaciebsa da sakredito sistemis ganvi-
Tarebaze, ivaraudeboda, agreTve, rom bolo ori faqto-
ri mainc, xolo eqspeqtaciebi da ndoba gansakuTrebiT
SeiZleba gaxdes v -s mkveTri meryeobis mizezi da mar-
Tlac, es azri araerTxel gamxdara saqmiani aqtivobisa
da fasebis moklevadiani meryeobis Teoriis safuZveli,
maSinac ki, Tu fuladi masa darCeba ucvleli, p da y
SeiZleba icvlebodes, ufro metic, SesaZloa ekonomi-
kuri krizisic ki aRmocendes.
uxeSi raodenobrivi Teoriis debuleba k -sa da v-s mudmivobaze Cveulebriv formulirdeboda rogorc
mikuTvnebuli grZelvadiani periodisadmi. amasTan, aq-
cents siswrafis mudmivobaze Cqmalavda is faqti, rom
raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreebi detalurad ikvlevd-
nen k -s faqtorebs da Tvlidnen maT cvlilebas Zalian
mniSvnelovnad moklevadiani analizisas. kerZod, isi-
158
maia gogoxia
ni dabejiTebiT miuTiTebdnen k -s mkveTri meryeobis
SesaZleblobasa da amasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri
krizisebis albaTobaze.
uxeSi raodenobrivi Teoria Cveulebriv gulisx-
mobs, rom fuladi masa ekzogenurad ganisazRvreba, ase
rom, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi atarebs calmxriv xa-
siaTs. Tu k da y konstantebia, maSin igulisxmeba, rom
fuladi masis zrda iwvevs fasebis zrdas, magram ara
piriqiT. da kvlav aRmoCndeba, rom es debuleba ar iyo
raodenobrivi Teoriis tradiciebis ganuyofeli el-
ementi.
Cikagoeli raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreebi mkafiod
gamoxatavdnen azrs, rom saqmiani aqtivobis zrda iwvevs
sabanko dakreditebisa da depozitebis gafarToebas,
xolo aqtivobis Semcireba _ sapirispiro Sedegs. es
kavSiri ekonomikur koniunqturasa da fulad masas So-
ris niSnavda, rom sabanko sistema xels uwyobs sameur-
neo aqtivobis meryeobis zrdas. warmoebis gafarToeba
iwvevs fuladi masis gazrdas, romelic fiSeris tolo-
bis Tanaxmad, ukugavlenas axdens saqmian aqtivobaze,
astimulirebs ra Semdgom eqspansias. iTvleboda, rom
fasebis zrda iwvevs fasebis momavali zrdis eqspeqta-
ciebs, Sedegad amcirebs fulze moTxovnas da zrdis
misi mimoqcevis siswrafes.
raodenobrivi Teoriis tradicia keinzamde iyo
Zalze mdidari da Seicavda bevr Rrma dakvirvebasa
da daskvnas. Tu vecdebiT sworad gavigoT es Teoria,
vnaxavT, rom misi momxreebi ar Tvlidnen, rom realuri
Semosavali yovelTvis Seesabameba sruli dasaqmeb-
is dones, rom fulis mimoqcevis siswrafe ucvlelia,
xolo fuladi masa ekzogenurad ganisazrvreba. ami-
159
finansebi da sabanko saqme
tom, arasworia raodenobrivi Teoriis formulireba
rogorc martivi debulebisa, rom fuladi masa iwvevs
fasebis absoluturi donis proporciul cvlilebebs.
TavisTavad ubralo aRmofxvra daSvebisa, rom realuri
Semosavali yovel momentSi imyofeba sruli dasaqmebis
doneze, arTulebs raodenobriv Teorias da yura-
dRebas izidavs sakiTxisadmi fuladi masis cvlile-
baTa gavlenisa realur Semosavalsa da dasaqmebaze.
fridmenis fulze moTxovnis wminda Teoria kar-
gadaa dasabuTebuli da misaRebia fulis Teoriis
mkvlevarebis umetesobisaTvis, magram axali raodeno-
brivi Teoriis momxreebis mier moTxovnis funqciis
gamartiveba atarebs savsebiT sxvagvar xasiaTs kein-
zianelebTan SedarebiT, isini fulze moTxovnas ganixi-
laven rogorc mxolod mudmivi Semosavlis funqcias,
maSin roca keinzianelebi funqciis mTavari cvladis
saxiT ganixilaven procentis normas.
fridmeni miuTiTebs, rom fasebis mimdinare abso-
luturi done unda Seicvalos cvladiT, romelic asax-
avs mudmiv fasebs. sxva sityvebiT, calkeuli pirebis
fulze moTxovna ar aris damokidebuli fasebis do-
nis wminda droebiT meryeobaze, aramed mxolod imaze,
romelic ganixileba rogorc mudmivi. erT-erTi yve-
laze mniSvnelovani gamartiveba is aris, rom fulze
moTxovnis funqciidan gamoiricxeba cvladi, romelic
asaxavs saprocento ganakveTebs. fridmeni amarTlebs
aseT gamartivebas empiriul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT
ekonometrikuli gaangariSebebis safuZvelze, amerikuli
monacemebiT, is mcdarad askvnis, rom gazomili sapro-
cento ganakveTebi sinamdvileSi ar axdens sistematur
gavlenas fulze moTxovnasa an siswrafeze. Tumca, ama-
160
maia gogoxia
vdroulad, is amtkicebs, rom Semosavlianobis normaTa
farTo speqtri, romelTagan yvelas gazomva SeuZlebe-
lia, axdens msgavs gavlenas.
msgavsad raodenobrivi Teoriis bevri keinzianelam-
deli momxrisa, klasikuri droidan neoklasikur pe-
riodamde, fridmeni yuradRebas amaxvilebs fulis mi-
moqcevis siswrafis grZelvadian mudmivobaze. amasTan,
msjelobaa ara imaze, rom siswrafe mudmivia drois
xangrZlivi periodebis manZilze, aramed imaze, rom
misi cvlilebis saukuneobrivi tempi SeiZleba viwinas-
warmetyveloT. es daskvna fridmenis SromebSi efuZneba
ideas, rom fulze moTxovna _ es aris moTxovna ,,fufu-
nebis saganze”, ase, rom, fulis mimoqcevis siswrafe Tan-
daTan mcirdeba. marSalTan, sakredito institutebis
ganviTareba aniWebs siswrafes grZelvadian tendencias
zrdisaken, magram misi ,,Sinagani xedva”, arsiT iseTivea,
rogorc Tanamedrove raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreeb-
isa, radgan siswrafis grZelvadiani cvlilebebi ganix-
ileba, rogorc daqvemdebarebuli saukunis trendisadmi,
romlis winaswar ganWvreta SeiZleba.
keinzis amocanaa, aCvenos, rom wonasworoba sruli
dasaqmebisas ar warmoadgens saerTo SemTxvevas. saer-
To SemTxvevaa wonasworoba umuSevrobis arsebobisas,
xolo sruli dasaqmeba _ mxolod gansakuTrebuli
SemTxvevaa. sruli dasaqmebis sasurvel mdgomareobis
miRwevisaTvis saxelmwifo valdebulia gaataros gan-
sakuTrebuli politika, radgan avtomaturad moqmedi
sabazro Zalebi am mxardaWeris gareSe ar iZleva misi
miRwevis garantias.
keinzis Teoriam SesaZlebeli gaxada erovnul
angariSTa Tanamedrove sistemis ganviTareba, romelic
161
finansebi da sabanko saqme
dakavSirebulia faqtobrivi (ex post) cvladebis kvanti-
fikaciasTan.
,,saerTo Teoriis” da keinzianuri Teoriis logika
mTlianobaSi is aris, rom moTxovna samuSao Zalaze
ganisazRvreba saqonelze efeqtiani moTxovniT, anu, sxva
sityvebiT, wonasworobiT saqonlisa da fulis bazre-
bze. produqtis faqtobrivi done aris dasaqmebis faq-
tobrivi donis funqcia. keinzis erT-erTi mTavari si-
axle is ideaa, rom wonasworoba saqonlis bazrebze
aRmocendeba im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac saqonlis
dagegmili miwodeba ar aris toli dagegmili moTx-
ovnisa; sakmarisia, rom faqtobrivi miwodeba utolde-
bodes dagegmil moTxovnas.
keinzis mTavari mizani misi modelis agebisas
iyo eCvenebina, rom sistema SeiZleba imyofebodes wo-
nasworobis mdgomareobaSi iZulebiTi umuSevrobis
arsebobisas (anu samuSao Zalis Warbi miwodeba) da
saqonlis Warbi dagegmili miwodebisas (sxva sityvebiT,
rodesac ar arsebobs sasaqonlo bazrebis sruli gaw-
menda). amasTan, SeiZleba imis Cveneba, rom Zvel keinzia-
nur models mivyavarT msgavs daskvnebamde sami speci-
fikuri daSvebis miRebis gziT.
keinzianuri modeli ar eyrdnoba mxolod xel-
fasis mouqnelobas, rogorc faqtors ,,wonasworobis
damyarebisa sruli dasaqmebis doneze dabla”, anu wo-
nasworobisa, romlis drosac saqonlisa da samuSao
Zalis bazrebi ar iwmindeba srulad. am modelSi pos-
tulirdeba, garda amisa, ,,likviduri maxis” aRmocenebis
SesaZlebloba, sxva sityvebiT, SeiZleba dadgindes iseTi
procentis norma, romlis drosac moTxovnis elasti-
kurobas procentis mixedviT ara aqvs SezRudva. fase-
162
maia gogoxia
bis donis dacema gamoaTavisuflebs sakaso naSTebis
nawils, aucilebels savaWro garigebaTa ganxorcieleb-
isaTvis, magram ,,likviduri maxis” mdgomareobisas es
naRdi fuli gadaiqceva spekulaciur naSTebad da ar
iwvevs procentis normis Semcirebas.
amgvarad, Tu aRmocendeba ,,likviduri maxe”, maSin,
miuxedavad fasebis dacemisa, finansuri bazari darCe-
ba wonasworobaSi procentis an realuri Semosavlis
ucvleli donisas. fasebis dacema, romelic aRmocenda
saqonlisa da samuSao Zalis Warbi miwodebis Sedegad,
ar cvlis wonasworul procentis normas (r0) an Se-mosavlis wonasworul dones (y). Sesabamisad, Tu meur-
neoba Tavidanve imyofeba mdgrad wonasworobaSi, maSin
,,likviduri maxis” arsebobisas ar aRmocendeba avtoma-
turi tendencia samuSao Zalis bazarze Warbi miwode-
bis aRmofxvrisaTvis. meurneoba darCeba wonasworoba-
Si, miuxedavad iZulebiTi umuSevrobisa da resursebis
gaflangvisa (saqonlisa da samuSao Zalis Warbi mi-
wodeba).
Semdgom, maSinac ki, Tu fuladi xelfasi sakmarisad
moZravia da ar aRmocendeba ,,likviduri maxe”, ekono-
mikam SeiZleba ver miaRwios wonasworobas sruli
dasaqmebisas da darCes wonasworobaSi gauwmendavi ba-
zrebiT da umuSevrobiT. es SeiZleba aRmocendes imis
Sedegad, rom sainvesticio saqonelze moTxovnis funq-
cia araelastikuria procentis mixedviT. sxva sityve-
biT, SeiZleba aRmocendes situacia, rodesac mocemuli
samomxmareblo funqciisas dagegmili sainvesticio da-
naxarjebis done, aucilebeli gaTanabrebisaTvis dageg-
mili danaxarjebisa dagegmil warmoebasTan ( ye = ) im-
denad maRalia, rom sainvesticio saqonelze moTxovnis
163
finansebi da sabanko saqme
mocemuli funqciisas, is ar SeiZleba iqnes miRweuli
procentis normis dadebiTi mniSvnelobebisas. xolo
Tu vigulisxmebT, rom procentis norma arasodes ar
SeiZleba gaxdes uaryofiTi sidide, maSin dagegmili
danaxarjebis done arasodes iqneba sakmarisi, rom
gavzardoT e y -mde.
amgvarad, aRniSnuli sami daSvebis miReba Zvel
keinzianur modelSi aRmoacenebs imis SesaZleblobas,
rom meurneobam SeiZleba miaRwios wonasworobis mdgo-
mareobas, magram im pirobiT, rom dagegmili danaxar-
jebi sasaqonlo bazrebze ufro mcirea, vidre dageg-
mili miwodeba da, Sesabamisad, samuSao Zalis bazarze
aris miwodebis siWarbe. nebismieri am daSvebaTaganis
ararsebobisas _ xelfasis mouqneloba, ,,likviduri
maxe” an sainvesticio saqonelze moTxovnis funqciis
dabali elastikuroba procentis mixedviT Zvel kein-
zianur models eqneboda avtomaturi tendencia wonas-
worobisadmi SemosavliT, romelic Seesabameba sruli
dasaqmebis dones, y . xolo, Tu Tundac erT-erTi am daS-
vebaTagani marTalia, maSin sruli dasaqmeba verasodes
ver iqneboda miRweuli da maSin aRniSnuli modeli
Zalzed gansxvavebuli iqneba klasikuri modelisagan
da iqneboda ufro realisturi. klasikur modelSi wo-
nasworoba umuSevrobiT arasodes ar aRmocendeba. es
modeli yovelTvis imyofeba wonasworobis mdgomare-
obaSi sruli dasaqmebiT. erTaderTi roli, romelsac
fulis bazari asrulebs klasikur modelSi, mdgomare-
obs p -s da DM -s gansazRvraSi, amasTan fulis maragi
ar TamaSobs araviTar rols warmoebisa an dasaqmebis
sidideTa dadgenaSi. keinzianur modelSi meqanizmi sx-
vagvaria, radgan fuladi bazari TamaSobs kritikul
164
maia gogoxia
rols wonasworobis gansazRvraSi saqonlisa da sam-
uSao Zalis bazrebze.
keinzis midgomis Sedareba klasikuri Teoriis pozi-
ciasTan aCvenebs, Tu ukanasknelni Cveulebriv Tvlid-
nen, rom miwodebis pirobebi gansazRvravs erovnul
Semosavals grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, keinzianuri
modeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs moTxovnis pirobebze
uaxloes periodSi.
tradiciul keinzianur modelSi erToblivi moTx-
ovnis mrudi warmoadgens yvela im wertilis traeqto-
rias, romelic Seesabameba kombinaciebs realuri Se-
mosavlisa da fasebis donisa, romlisTvisac damyare-
bulia realuri Semosavlisa da fulis bazris wonas-
woroba [1,gv.586]. amave Teoriis Tanaxmad, arsebobs er-
Toblivi moTxovnis ramodenime determinanti, romelTa
Soris erT-erTi nominaluri fuladi masaa.
individis transaqciuli fuladi naSTebi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc misTvis sasurveli naRdi fuli
da am SemTxvevaSi transaqciuli moTxovna fulze iZens
azrs. naSTebis sasurveli sidide niSnavs, rom individi
Tavisufalia arCevanSi xarjebis optimaluri modeli-
sa da, Sedegad, k -s sididis gansazRvraSi. magram, unda
aRvniSnoT, rom k keinzianelebTan ar aris identuri k-si raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreebTan. ukanasknelTaT-
vis k warmoadgens ukusidides mTeli fuladi masis
mimoqcevis siswrafisa, maSin roca keinzianelebTan
is exeba mxolod transaqciuli naSTebis mimoqcevis
siswrafes. keinzianur sistemaSi yvela fuladi naSTis
mimoqcevis siswrafeze gavlenas axdens, agreTve, moTx-
ovna spekulaciur (da sifrTxilis motiviT nakarnaxev)
fulad naSTebze; Sedegad, maSinac ki, Tu ar ganvix-
165
finansebi da sabanko saqme
ilavT keinzianur k -s, rogorc individualuri arCe-
vanis Sedegs, mTeli naRdi fulis mimoqcevis siswrafe
aq swored am arCevanis Sedegia. amgvarad, keinzianelebi-
saTvis mTeli fuladi masis mimoqcevis siswrafe sap-
rocento ganakveTis funqciaa. es daskvna, ra Tqma unda,
msgavsia raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreebis Sexedule-
bebisa fulis mimoqcevis siswrafis determinantebze
moklevadian periodSi, Tumca, keinzianelebi gacilebiT
Zlierad usvamen xazs mis mniSvnelobas ufro xangr-
Zlivi periodebisaTvis.
keinzianur-neoklasikuri sinTezis modelebi moicavs
pigus efeqts, rogorc ganmasxvavebel niSans. pigu amt-
kicebda, rom TavisTavad aqtivebis flobas moaqvs
sargeblianoba (imave mizezebis gamo, rac mdgomareobas,
romelsac adamiani ikavebs) da swored aq Zevs axsna
keinzis hipoTezisa, rom danazogebi iRebs dadebiT
mniSvnelobebs, maSinac ki, roca procentis norma nulis
tolia. ufro metic, pigu varaudobda, rom simdidridan
miRebuli kmayofileba eqvemdebareba wess Semcirebadi
zRvruli sargeblianobisa, rac metia individis simdid-
ris realuri Rirebuleba, miT mcirea sargeblianoba
am simdidris nazardisagan, sxva sityvebiT, miT mcirea
danazogebis sargeblianoba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, realuri simdidris zrda ai-
Zulebs individs meti moixmaros da naklebi dazogos
da radgan asea, maSin moxmareba ar warmoadgens uares
saqonels simdidresTan SedarebiT.
sinTezs aqvs Tavisi specifikuri niSnebi, rac
gaxda kritikis obieqti axali keinzianelebis mxridan.
sinTezis skola analizis sawyis wertilad iRebs indi-
vidTa qcevas da am safuZvelze agebs erToblivi qcevis
166
maia gogoxia
makroekonomikur Teoriebs, individualuri funqciebis
martivi Sekrebis gziT. amgvarad, maTi analizi iwyeba da
mTavrdeba imis ganxilvis gareSe, rogor moqmedebs sab-
oloo Sedegi sawyis safexurebze (Tumca, idea samuSao
Zalaze moTxovnis mrudis gareT yofnisa warmoadgens
gamonakliss saerTo wesidan). SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom
aseTi midgoma ewinaaRmdegeba keinzis meTods. sarge-
blianobis mamaqsimizirebel modelSi, makroekonomi-
kuri sistemis farglebSi gansazRvrul mimdinare Se-
mosavals ara aqvs realuri mniSvneloba samomxmareblo
xarjebis SemzRudavis rolSi. magram, keinzis modelSi
Semosavali mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda.
keinzianur-neoklasikuri sinTezis meore nawili
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli pirvelTan. is imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom aanalizebdnen ra makroekonomikur wo-
nasworobas, Zveli keinzianelebi iyenebdnen sabaziso
wanamZRvars fasebis moqnilobis Taobaze, an Tu ufro
teqnikuri poziciebidan mivudgebiT, fasebi reagirebs
uwonasworobis aRmocenebaze ufro swrafad, vidre
saqonelTa fizikuri moculoba.
fasebis maRali moqnilobis wanamZRvris alterna-
tivaa meore wanamZRvari SedarebiT mouqneli fasebis
da saqonlis swrafad cvalebadi raodenobis Taobaze.
Tu Cven aqedan amovalT, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom Warbi
miwodeba saqonlis bazarze aRmoifxvreba produqciis
gamoSvebis da, Sesabamisad, _ erovnuli Semosavlis Sem-
cirebiT. Warbi moTxovnis arseboba gvaiZulebs gadavix-
aroT wonasworobidan sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi da,
Sesabamisad, SevzRudoT Semosavlis mxridan individis
mier gadawyvetilebaTa procesi sargeblianobis maqsi-
mizaciis Taobaze. axali keinzianelebi amtkiceben, rom
167
finansebi da sabanko saqme
keinzis TeoriaSi farulad yuradReba eqceva fasebis
SedarebiT mouqnelobas, ris Sedegadac koreqtirebis
tvirTi awevs mxolod saqonlis raodenobis cvlile-
bis meqanizms. isini amtkiceben, rom Zveli keinzianele-
bi cdebian, iyeneben ra neoklasikur daSvebas fasebis
srul moqnilobaze.
keinzianur-neoklasikuri sinTezis mesame nawili
vlindeba am skolis mier fulis neitralurobis prob-
lemis analizSi. keinzis SromaSi fuli ar aris nei-
traluri, fulis arseboba iyo mniSvnelovani faqto-
ri umuSevrobis arsebobis axsnisa, da radganac, keinzi
yuradRebas amaxvilebda swored umuSevrobis arsebo-
bis SemTxvevebze, fulis cvlileba ar iyo neitraluri,
radgan mas mTlianobaSi (Tumca, yovelTvis ara) SeeZlo
Seecvala realuri Semosavlisa da produqtis wonas-
woruli done.
dabolos, keinzianur-neoklasikuri sinTezis
skolis warmomadgenelTa modelebi Riad an farulad
iyeneben valrasis kanons, rogorc ZiriTad princips,
romelic akavSirebs fulis, obligaciebis, saqonlis da
samuSao Zalis bazrebs. Zalzed rTulia aseTi poziciis
dakaveba da amavdroulad SenarCuneba sinTezis model-
is farglebSi umuSevrobis realisturi gagebisa. val-
rasuli analizi _ es aris meTodi, romelic SemuSave-
bul iqna umTavresad wonasworobis SeswavlisaTvis
meurneobaSi, romelic xasiaTdeba sruli dasaqmebiT, ma-
Sin roca keinzis mizani iyo eCvenebina, rom umuSevroba
ufro saerTo SemTxvevaa.
klauerisa da leionhuvudis naSromebTan erTad
patinkinis naSromebma misca impulsi Ziebas meTodisa,
romelic metad miesadageboda umuSevrobis analiziss
168
maia gogoxia
da modelis agebas, romlis centrSi iqneboda ara saer-
To wonasworobis mdgomareoba, aramed _ saerTo uwo-
nasworobis. am mcdelobas SeiZleba vuwodoT axali
keinzianeloba an keinzianuri doqtrinis gadafaseba. am
midgomisTvis mTavaria garkveva cnebebisa _ moTxovna,
miwodeba da Warbi moTxovna, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos
gavmijnoT dagegmili moTxovnisa da miwodebis cnebebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba valrasis modelSi, analogiuri
cnebebisagan, romlebsac centraluri adgili ukavia
keinzis analizSi. vuwodoT dagegmil moTxovnas val-
rasis modelSi gonebaWvretiTi moTxovna, xolo keinzis
modelSi _ efeqtiani moTxovna.
radgan yovel individs SeuZlia SesTavazos ba-
zarze Sromis is raodenoba, romlis daxarjvasac
is gegmavs, wonasworoba valrasis mixedviT gulisx-
mobs srul dasaqmebas. magram keinzi Sewuxebuli iyo
iZulebiTi umuSevrobiT, da, klaueri amtkicebs, rom misi
es Sefiqrianeba gulisxmobs ararealisturobas cnebe-
bisa gonebaWvretiTi moTxovna da gonebaWvretiTi mi-
wodeba.
iZulebiTi umuSevroba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT,
rogorc gonebaWvretiTi miwodebis siWarbe efeqtian
moTxovnaze. iZulebiTi umuSevrobis aseTi ganmarteba
asaxavs keinzianuri azrovnebis mniSvnelovan elements
_ ideas, rom umuSevroba ganisazRvreba saqonelze
moTxovniT, da ara mxolod imiT, rom realuri xelfasi
Zalzed maRalia.
sabazro ekonomika ar arsebobs finansuri ryevebis
gareSe. aq msjelobaa ara mxolod finansur krizise-
bze, rac ekonomikuri ciklis elementebia, aramed _ did
inflaciebzec. finansuri krizisi negatiur gavlenas
169
finansebi da sabanko saqme
axdens realur seqtorze, warmoebasa da kapitaldaban-
debebze. umuSevroba, romlis sidide SeiZleba imale-
bodes nawilobrivi, fiqtiuri, Crdilovani dasaqmebis
sxvadasxva formiT, umwvavesi problemaa. samarcxvinod
dabalma donem sabiujeto seqtorSi pensiebisa da xel-
fasebisa, gadaxdebis qronikuli dagvianebisas, SeiZleba
socialuri afeTqeba gamoiwvios [2, gv. 8].
keinzianuri modeli SeiZleba warmovadginoT oTxi
bazriT _ samuSao Zalis, saqonlis, fulis da obliga-
ciebis. masSi aris sami saxeobis fardobiTi fasebi: fu-
ladi xelfasi, saqonlis fasi da obligaciebis fasebi.
leionhuvudi amtkicebs, rom keinzis originalur mod-
elSi faqtobrivad iyo xuTi bazari, radgan saqonlis
bazari SeiZleba gaiyos bazrad samomxmareblo saqon-
lisaTvis da bazrad kapitaluri saqonlisaTvis. am
modelSi, Sesabamisad, aris oTxi saxeobis fardobiTi
fasebi, radgan fasebis absoluturi done Canacvlebu-
lia fasebis ori doniT _ samomxamreblo saqonelze da
kapitalur saqonelze.
kapitaluri saqonlis fasze ufro metad, vi-
dre samomxmareblo saqonlis fasebze, gavlenas axdens
arasrulyofili informacia ara mxolod awmyo droze,
aramed _ momaval movlenebzec, radgan Semosavlis nor-
ma kapitalur saqonelze _ es aris maCvenebeli, romel-
ic momaval dros ekuTvnis. axali keinzianelebis mod-
elebSi es arasrulyofili cnobebi momavlis Taobaze
uaRresad rTulad gadaixlarTeba fulisa da obliga-
ciebis bazrebis sistemaSi. sxva sityvebiT, keinzis Teo-
ria spekulaciuri moTxovnisa an likvidurobisaTvis
upiratesobis miniWebisa, ganilixeba rogorc amosavali
elementi sakiTxis gadawyvetisas kapitalur saqonelze
170
maia gogoxia
fasebis SedarebiTi sixistis Sesaxeb. da, marTlac,
leionhuvudi amtkicebs, rom mTavari umuSevrobis kein-
zianuri analizisaTvis sulac ar aris fuladi xelfa-
sis ganakveTebis sixiste.
axali kienzianelebi amtkiceben, rom likviduro-
bisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis moqmedeba, faqtobrivad,
eRobeba procentis normis Semcirebas donemde, romelic
uzrunvelyofs saerTo wonasworobas sruli dasaqmebi-
sas. mizezi imaleba fulze spekulaciuri moTxovnis
TeoriaSi. roca ecema procentis norma, adamianebi mo-
elian, rom momavalSi is kvlav gaizrdeba ,,normalur”
donemde. isini zrdian TavianT marags fuladi naSTebi-
sa da amcireben obligaciebis portfels. aRmocendeba
erTgvari baliSi, romelic amuxruWebs procentis dace-
mas, radgan obligaciebis gayidva qmnis zewolas maTi
kursis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT. eqstraordinarul
situaciaSi, romelic xasiaTdeba likviduri maxis arse-
bobiT, es winaRoba iZens absolutur xasiaTs. procen-
tis norma da kapitaluri saqonlis fasi iyineba. magram,
axali keinzianelebi ar Semoifarglebian mxolod uki-
duresi SemTxvevebiT.
likviduri maxe _ keinzis mier fulze moTxovnis
TeoriaSi ganxiluli (hipoTeturi) situacia, romlis
Tanaxmadac fulis miwodebis zrda veRar axdens gav-
lenas procentis normaze, da, Sesabamisad, investiciebze.
aseTi situaciis SesaZlebloba dakavSirebulia obli-
gaciebze saprocento ganakveTis e.w. ,,normaluri” do-
nis arsebobasTan. likvidobis maxis Sedegebi imgvaria,
rom ekonomika ver gamodis investiciuri krizisidan,
xolo monetarul politikas efeqti ar moaqvs [3, gv.
380].
171
finansebi da sabanko saqme
rmin _ hipoTeturi saprocento ganakveTia, romlis
drosac fulze moTxovna usasrulobas uaxlovdeba.
paiferis daskvnebi eWvqveS ayenebs hipoTezas imis Tao-
baze, rom rmin arsebiTad gansxvavdeba nulisagan da, ami-
tom amtkicebs, rom dadebiTi saprocento ganakveTisas
likviduri maxe ar arsebobs. Tumca, eisneri amtkicebs,
rom paiferi araswor statistikur tests iyenebs: sxva
kriteriumebis daxmarebiT eisneri aRmoaCens, rom rmin
daaxloebiT 2%-is tolia. sxva sityvebiT, roca sap-
rocento ganakveTi rt uaxlovdeba dones daaxloebiT
2%, fulze moTxovna usasrulobas uaxlovdeba. Sesa-
bamisad, eisneris daskvnebi niSnavs, rom hipoTeza likvi-
duri maxis arsebobis Taobaze procentis dadebiTi
ganakveTisas dasturdeba empiriuli monacemebiT.
leionhuvudi da devidsoni: adamianebs ar aqvT
zusti informacia momavali moTxovnisa da miwodebis
Sesaxeb, aramed afuZvneben TavianT moqmedebebs aras-
rulyofil warmodgenebze momavlis Taobaze. sameur-
neo agentebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli warmodgenebi imis
Taobaze, rogori unda iyos saprocento ganakveTi, da
es warmodgenebi procentis normalur doneze efuZvne-
ba warsulis gamocdilebas da ara momavali perspeq-
tivebis mkafio codnas. swored es Sexedulebebi aris
imis mizezi, rom fulsa da obligaciebze moTxovna ar
aZlevs procentis normas SesaZleblobas sakmarisad
Semcirdes. kapitaluri saqonlis fasis SedarebiTi
mouqneloba, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba mivaweroT arasruly-
ofil codnas. aseve, arazusti monacemebis arsebobisas
samuSao Zalis bazris mdgomareobaze muSebi ar ako-
reqtireben Tavis molodinebs xelmisawvdom xelfasze
sakmarisad swrafad.
172
maia gogoxia
axali keinzianelebis analizis arsi SeiZleba, amg-
varad, Semdegnairad gadmovceT: Tu fasebi myisierad ar
aRwevs Tavis wonasworul dones, efeqtiani moTxovna
gansxvavebuli iqneba gonebaWvretiTi moTxovnisagan
da gaaZlierebs gadaxras warmoebis, dasaqmebis da sxva
maCveneblebisa maTi wonasworuli donidan, romelic
uzrunvelyofs srul dasaqmebas. mizezi, romlis gamoc
fasebi realur cxovrebaSi ar koreqtirdeba myisi-
erad, dakavSirebulia arasrulyofili informaciisa
da gaurkveveli molodinebis arsebobasTan. marTlac,
garkveul momentSi molodinebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios
fasebis sruli uZraoba (mag., rogorc likviduri maxis
hipoTezis SemTxvevaSi), magram fasebis amgvari sixiste
ar warmoadgens aucilebel pirobas uwonasworobis
analizisaTvis.
is faqti, rom fasebi myisierad ar koreqtird-
eba, moiTxovs gansakuTrebul Teorias, romelic axs-
nis rogor ganisazRvreba fasebi yvela bazarze. erous,
grandmontisa da larokis da sxva avtorebis miniSnebis
Tanaxmad, Tu ar arsebobs saerTo wonasworoba, ar Sei-
Zleba CaiTvalos, rom calkeul agentebsa da kompaniebs
saqme aqvT bazarze Camoyalibebul ekzogenur fasebTan.
maT SesaZlebloba aqvT zemoqmedeba moaxdinon fase-
bze, magram detaluri procesi fasebis koreqtirebisa
rTul bazrebze jer kidev analizs moiTxovs. dabolos,
aris kidev erTi problema _ xom ar moaswavebs axali
keinzianeloba Zireul gadaxedvas fulis Teoriisa da
ekonomikaSi misi rolis sakiTxisa?
rogorc vnaxeT, saerTo ekonomikuri uwonasworo-
bis wyaro SeiZleba warmovadginoT, rogorc ararseboba
utyuari informaciisa, rac fasebis myisier koreqtire-
173
finansebi da sabanko saqme
bas eRobeba. romeliRac yovlismcodne mgegmavma Sesa-
Zloa icis, rom damatebiTi Semosavali, romelic miRe-
buli iqneboda muSebis mier, Tu maT daiqiravebdnen sam-
uSaoze, gazrdida efeqtian moTxovnas am muSaTa mxri-
dan im xarisxiT, rom es sakmarisi iqneboda mewarmeebis
mxridan mTeli damatebiTi produqciis gayidvisaTvis,
romelic am SemTxvevaSi iqneboda warmoebuli da, Sesa-
bamisad, mogebis misaRebad. magram, rogor SeZlebs muSe-
bis damqiravebeli aseTi informaciis miRebas aRniS-
nuli damgegmavis ararsebobisas? [4, gv. 476].
obligaciebze procentis normas centraluri
adgili ukavia fulis TeoriaSi. ramdenadac, rogorc
varaudoben procentis normazea damokidebuli inves-
ticiebi da, SesaZlebelia, danazogebic, is warmoadgens
finansuri bazrisa da meurneobis realuri sferos
urTierTqmedebis maCvenebels. Sesabamisad, procentis
normas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia realur ekonomi-
kaze fulis zemoqmedebis meqanizmSi.
Tu vivaraudebT (likvidurobisaTvis upirateso-
bis miniWebis Teoriis Tanaxmad), rom procentis norma
reagirebs wonasworobis darRevvaze fulis bazarze
ufro swrafad, vidre fasebis saerTo done _ wonas-
worobis darRvevaze saqonlis bazarze, maSin azrs
iZens ukiduresi daSveba fasebis donis mudmivobaze da
amis safuZvelze _ procentis normis Seswavla fasebis
dinamikisagan damoukideblad.
zrdis modelebSi (mzardi ekonomikis pirobeb-
Si) fuli (cvlilebebi fulis miwodebis zrdis tem-
pebSi) mTlianobaSi araneitraluria. magram, es exeba
ara yvela models: zogierT maTganSi fulis miwodebis
zrdis tempebis amaRleba zemoqmedebs koeficientze
174
maia gogoxia
_ kapitali/Sroma, romelic Seesabameba wonasworuli
zrdis traeqtorias, gazrdis mimarTulebiT, sxvebSi _
Semcirebis, zogSi _ tovebs mas ucvlels. wanamZRvari,
romlis Tanaxmadac dagegmili danazogebi yovelTvis
tolia dagegmili da faqtobrivi investiciebisa, iseve,
rogorc varaudi imis Taobaze, rom inflaciis zrdis
tempi yovelTvis koreqtirdeba wonasworobis Sesan-
arCuneblad fulis bazarze, _ neoklasikuri modelis
fuZemdebluri wanamZRvrebia.
inflaciuri procesebis istoriuli ganviTarebisas
stabilurad narCundeboda maTi damokidebuleba fu-
ladi masisa da saqonlis miwodebis moculobis cvli-
lebebze, biujetis deficitze, saqonlis TviTRirebule-
baze, mSp-is zrdaze, sagadamxdelo balansis mdgomare-
obaze, politikur, socialur da bevr sxva faqtorze.
ganvazogadebT ra yovelive zemoTqmuls, davaskvniT,
rom yvela droSi inflacia, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
sazogadoebis mdgomareobis maCvenebelia, misi keTil-
dReobis sazomia, rac XX saukunis manZilze TandaTan
gadaiqca sayovelTao da mudmiv faqtorad, romelmac
mniSvnelovnad gaarTula ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
sistema [5, gv. 78].
keinzianelamdeli fulis tradiciuli raode-
nobrivi Teoriis poziciebidan, fasebis donis cvli-
lebis tempi tolia fuladi masis cvlilebis tempisa.
erTaderTi cvladi, romelsac wonasworobaSi mohyavs
fulis bazari, aris fasebis done, rac udavod dadebiT
gavlenas axdens fulze moTxovnaze. fuladi bazari,
arsebiTad, imyofeba wonasworobaSi drois nebismier
momentSi.
es momentebi daeqvemdebara gadaxedvas Tanamedrove
175
finansebi da sabanko saqme
Cikagos skolis moZRvrebaSi. keiganis da misi mimdevre-
bis Sromebi yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom ara mx-
olod fasebis done moqmedebs nominalur fulad naS-
Tebze moTxovnaze, aramed am donis cvlilebis tempic,
sxva sityvebiT, inflaciis tempi zemoqmedebs realur
fulad naSTebze moTxovnaze, xolo goldmenma Secvala
keiganis modeli im aspeqtiT, rom aRar igulisxmeboda
fulis bazris mudmivi wonasworoba.
fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis midgomasTan, mis
keinzianelamdel Tu Tanamedrove variantSi, konkuri-
rebs ,,inflaciuri garRvevis” midgoma, dafuZnebuli
keinzianur modelze. Tu am modelSi aucilebelia fu-
ladi masis SemanarCunebeli zrda, raTa uzrunvelyos
inflaciuri efeqtis arseboba, maSin is unda arsebobdes,
radgan mis gareSe fulis bazris pirobebi gamoiwvevs
procentis normis gazrdas. fasebis donis zrda usas-
rulo ar iqneba da, Tu davuSvebT, rom aRniSnuli pro-
cesi swrafad damTavrdeba, fasebis zrda iqneba imdenad
xanmokle, rom ar daimsaxurebs saxels _ ,,inflacia”.
Tumca keigenis modeli gamoiyvaneba tradiciuli
raodenobrivi Teoriidan, is moicavs SesaZleblobas,
rom fuladi masis nazardi ar aris hiperinflaciis
aucilebeli piroba. keigenis modelis arsia is, rom k
ar warmoadgens mudmiv sidides. piriqiT, es aris TviT
inflaciis tempis ukufunqcia. im xarisxiT, romliTac
mocemuli realuri Semosavlisas y inflacias Tan
axlavs k -s Semcireba, da ara M -is zrda, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom fasebis zrda finansdeba fulis mimoqce-
vis siswrafis gazrdis xarjze (radgan k _ siswrafis
ukusididea).
zemoT ganxiluli modeli formulirebuli iyo
176
maia gogoxia
rogorc hiperinflaciis Teoria. xelmZRvanelobda ra
mosazrebebiT, rom hiperinflaciis periodebSi inflaci-
is tempi srulad STanTqavs saprocento ganakveTebisa
da realuri Semosavlis efeqts fulze moTxovnaze,
keigeni asabuTebda inflaciis tempis wamowevas erTa-
derTi argumentis rolSi fulze moTxovnis funqcia-
Si. Tumca, es zRudavs aRniSnuli modelis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas. radgan, vaanalizebT ra fulis rols
naklebad mwvave inflaciis pirobebSi, pirncipSi unda
gamoviyenoT fulze moTxovnis funqciis iseTi forma,
romlis argumentebi moicavs masStabis cvlads da Se-
mosavlianobis normebis cvladebs, gansxvavebuls in-
flaciis tempisagan. fridmenma warmogvidgina swored
aseTi modeli, Tumca misi gamoyenebadoba mkveTradaa
SezRuduli gamamartivebeli wanamZRvrebis gamoyenebis
wyalobiT. is warmodgenilia, rogorc erovnuli Se-
mosavlis gansazRvris modeli, Tumca, is gulisxmobs
inflaciis grZelvadiani wonasworuli tempis arse-
bobas.
erT-erTi gamamartivebeli daSveba is aris, rom mim-
dinare nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi yovelTvis
tolia misi mosalodneli sididisa, romelic, rogorc
igulisxmeba, Tavis mxriv, tolia procentis mosalod-
neli realuri normisa da inflaciis tempisa. inflaci-
is mosalodneli tempi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc
realuri da nominaluri Semosavlis zrdis mosalod-
nel tempebs Soris sxvaoba.
daskvna, rom grZelvadiani wonasworobisas nomi-
naluri Semosavlis zrdis tempi utoldeba fuladi
masis zrdis temps, TavisTavad arafers gveubneba in-
flaciis tempis Sesaxeb. principSi SesaZlebelia, rom
177
finansebi da sabanko saqme
fuladi masis zrdis dadebiT temps Tan axldes in-
flaciis nulovani tempi da warmoebis zrdis dadebiTi
tempi sruli dasaqmebisas an simZlavreebis gamoyenebis
dadebiTi done. Tanaxmad fulze moTxovnis am mod-
elisa da filipsis mrudis variantisa (SemuSavebulia
fridmenisa da felpsis mier), fulis zrdis Warbi tempi
sawarmoo simZlavreebis zrdis temps zeviT, utoldeba
inflaciis temps grZelvadiani wonasworobis mdgo-
mareobaSi.
diskusiam monetaristebsa da keinzianelebs Soris
didi aurzauri gamoiwvia. kamaTis pirveli sfero exeba
sakiTxs, aris Tu ara kontroli fulad masaze ufro
saimedo saSualeba erToblivi moTxovnis kontrolisa,
vidre TavisTavad fiskaluri politika. polemikis me-
ore sfero exeba sakiTxs stabilizaciuri politikis
efeqtianobis Taobaze im SemTxvevebSi, roca is iRebs
fulad masaze kontrolis formas. Cven mier ganxilul
inflaciisa da hiperinflaciis monetarul TeoriebSi
iyo daskvna, rom kontroli fuladi masis cvlilebis
tempebze SesaZleblobas aZlevs xelisufalT gaakon-
trolon mxolod inflaciis tempi. amgvari daskvna,
Tavisi arsiT, srulebiT emTxveva keinzianelamdeli
raodenobrivi Teoriis uxeSi anu ,,grZelvadiani” ver-
siis Sedegebs da, rogorc Cans, ewinaaRmdegeba frid-
menis mtkicebas, rom Tanamedrove raodenobrivi Teoria
gansxvavdeba Tavisi winamorbedisagan imiT, rom is, arse-
biTad, warmoadgens ara fasebis donis Teorias, aramed
_ fulze moTxovnis Teorias.
rogorc Cven vnaxeT, ekonomistebi yovelTvis rodi
iziarebdnen erTian azrs im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac
fuli TamaSobs an unda TamaSobdes ekonomikaSi. maT
178
maia gogoxia
dRemde ver miaRwies konsensuss am sakiTxis Taobaze,
razec metyvelebs is, rom SemuSavebul iqna ekonomikis
ramodenime Teoriuli modeli.
Some Actual Questions of the Modern Monetary Theories
M. Gogokhia
On the current stage as before money has important place in the economic stabilization programs, though economists not always shared one and the same opinion about the role which money fulfill or shouid fulfill in the economy. They have not reached consensus about this ques-tion till today. Herewith, several theoretical models of economy were worked out. The article presents the most important questions of money’s role, character of the interaction of money market and other markets ( market of usual commodity, labor market, market of financial assets). Problems of monetary theory sequentially are elucidated, the bond between the real and monetary sectors of economy is displayed.
gamoyenebuli literatura
Роджер Лерой Миллер, Дэвид Д. Ван-Хуз, Современ-1.
ные деньги и банковское дело, пер.3-го английского издания, инфра-М, Москва, 2000;
Аникин А. История финансовых потрясений от Джона Ло 2.
до Сергея Кириенко, зао ,,Олимп-Бизнес”, М., 2000;Новый экономический словарь, под. ред. А.Н. Азрилияна, 3.
Москва, институт новой экономики, 2013;Харрис Л., Денежная теория, пер. с английского, Москва, 4.
Прогресс, 1990;Деньги, кредит, банки, под. ред. Е.Ф. жукова, изд. ,,юнити-5.
Дана”, М., 2011.
179
finansebi da sabanko saqme
sagadasaxado politikis srulyofisa
da efeqtianobis amaRlebis
sakiTxisaTvis
eka grigalaSvili
iv.javaxiSvilis saxelebis Tsu-is doqtoranti qveynis ekonomikuri sistemis gamarTuli da efeq-
tiani funqcionireba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli saxelmwifos mier gatarebul sagadasaxado poli-tikasa da sagadasaxado sistemis gamarTul muSaobaze. sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi yovelTvis iyo da darCeba qveynis ekonomi-kuri politikis umniSvnelovanes sakvanZo sakiTxad.
qveynis ekonomikuri politikis Semadgeneli nawilia finansuri politika [3, gv.110]. igi aris saxelm-wifos mier Tavisi funqciebisa da amocanebis ganxor-cielebis uzrunvelsayofad SemuSavebuli RonisZiebe-bis erToblioba, rac vlindeba finansuri resursebis mobilizaciasa da qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri situaciebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoe-bis wevrebs Soris erovnul ekonomikis, prioritetul struqturul dargebsa da qveynis teritoriul erTeu-lebs Soris ganawileba-gamoyenebaSi. saxelmwifos fi-nansuri politika moicavs misi saqmianobis or urT-ierTdakavSirebul sferos, rogoricaa: sagadasaxado dabegvris sfero da saxelmwifo xarjebis struqturis regulireba, riTac xdeba ekonomikaze zemoqmedeba (fiskaluri politika) da biujetis regulireba (sabiu-jeto politika)
[3, gv.119].
finansuri politikis Semadgeneli sferoebia: sa-gadasaxado politika, xarjebis politika, valis poli-tika. safinanso politika moicavs saxelmwifos yvela
180
eka grigalaSvili
RonisZiebas, romelic mimarTulia saxelmwifo Semosav-lebis (gadasaxadebi, fuladi mosakreblebi, Senatanebi, kreditebi) mobilizebis, warmarTvis da aseve finansuri gaTanabrebisken. misi mizania ganxorcieldes sayovel-Tao da specialuri sazogadoebriv-politikuri amo-canebi, uzrunvelyofil iqnes saxelmwifosa da sa-zogadoebis ekonomikur-politikuri ganviTarebis geg-mazomieri procesi [1, gv.127-128].
am amocanebidan gamomdinareobs gadasaxadebis Semdegi ZiriTadi funqciebi [5, gv.38-40] :
1. saxelmwifos xarjebis finansuri uzrunvely-ofis funqcia, rac niSnavs biujetSi sagadasaxado Se-mosavlebis mobilizacias (fiskaluri funqcia). misi saSualebiT xdeba gadasaxadebis ZiriTadi sazogadoe-brivi daniSnulebis - saxelmwifos finansuri resurse-bis formireba, rac akumulirdeba biujetsa da arasabiu-jeto fondebSi. gadasaxadebis fiskaluri funqciis sa-SualebiT xdeba saxelmwifos politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri amocanebis realizacia, gansakuTrebiT ki, biujetis meSveobiT, Tavdacvis, marTlwesrigis, social-uri sferoebis da dargebis, garemosdacviTi RonisZie-bebis da sxva sferoebis dafinanseba;
2. socialuri funqcia, anu, mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufis Semosavlebis gamoTanabrebis funqcia. misi amocanaa, maRalSemosavliani fizikuri da iuridi-uli pirebis progresuli sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT dabegvris meSveobiT, erovnuli Semosavlis dabalSe-mosavlian jgufSi gadanawileba; socialurad yvelaze arasamarTliania arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi, Tanabar sagadasaxado zewolas axdens sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrze;
3. maregulirebeli funqcia, rac niSnavs sagadasax-ado ganakveTebis manevrirebiT ekonomikuri zrdis daC-qarebas an Senelebas. ekonomikis regulirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba liberaluri da mkacri sagadasaxado mod-
181
finansebi da sabanko saqme
elebi. pirveli xels uwyobs ekonomikuri zrdis maR-ali tempebis miRwevas. mkacri sagadasaxado modelis dros ki mewarmeTa Semosavlebis didi nawili miimarTe-ba saxelmwifo biujetsa da centralizebul fondebSi, firma ki ganicdis finansur siZneleebs.
4. gadasaxadebis makontrolebeli funqcia saSu-alebas iZleva Sefasdes sagadasaxado meqanizmi, gakon-troldes finansuri nakadebis moZraoba, gamovlindes sagadasaxado da sabiujeto sistemaSi Sesatani cvli-lebebi.
sagadasaxado politikis instrumentebia: saga-dasaxado ganakveTi, sagadasaxado baza, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da preferenciebi [4, gv.72].
sagadasaxado politika realizdeba sakanonmde-blo da sxva normatiuli aqtebis safuZvelze, riTac dgindeba qveyanaSi asakrebi gadasaxadebis saxeobebi, ga-damxdelTa wre, sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, gadamxdelTa pasuxismgebloba, gadasaxade-bis ganawileba biujetis doneebs Soris.
saxelmwifos sagadasaxado politikis amocanebia [2, gv. 251]: saxelmwifos finansuri resursebiT uzrun-velyofa; qveyanaSi sameurneo regulirebisTvis pirobe-bis Seqmna; sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mosaxleobis Semosavlebis donis uTanabrobis aRmofxvris uzrunve-lyofa. sagadasaxado politikis mizania SemuSavebuli da miRebuli iqnes mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebi sagadasaxado dabegvris sferoSi. sagadasaxado poli-tika xorcieldeba sagadasaxado meqanizmis meSveobiT. rac sagadasaxado dabegvris marTvis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi normebisa da meTodebis erTobliobaa.
mastimulirebeli sagadasaxado politika mokl-evadiani perspeqtivisaTvis miznad isaxavs ekonomikis cikluri vardnis daZlevas da gulisxmobs gadasa-xade-bis Semcirebas. ufro grZelvadiani perspeqtivisaTvis gadasaxadebis Semci-rebis politikam SeiZleba ganapi-
182
eka grigalaSvili
robos warmoebis faqtorebis miwodebis gafarToeba da
ekonomikuri potencialis zrda.
efeqtiani sagadasaxado politikis gatarebas Seu-
Zlia mniSvnelovnad Seuwyos xeli saxelmwifos Ziri-
Tadi amocanebis gadaWras. gadasaxadebi SeiZleba gamoy-
enebul iqnes ara marto rogorc ekonomikis zrdis an
Seferxebis instrumenti, aramed rogorc ekonomikis
dargobrivi, Sigadargobrivi, dargTaSorisi da region-
TaSorisi proporciebis Camoyalibebaze zemoqmedebis
instrumentic. sagadasaxado tvirTi fasdeba saxelm-
wifos mier amoRebuli savaldebulo gadasaxadebis
saerTo moculobis sididis SefardebiT mTlian Siga
produqtTan. bevri qveynis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom
zedmetad liberaluri an zedmetad mZime sagadasaxado
tvirTis pirobebSi ekonomikis funqcionireba araefeq-
tiania. aqedan gamomdinare, metad mniSvnelovania saga-
dasaxado tvirTis sworad gaangariSeba.
XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis saqarTveloSi saga-
dasaxado sistemis efeqtianoba minimumamde iyo dasuli,
rac gamowveuli iyo [6, gv. 85-86]: sagadasaxado kanonm-
deblobis sirTuliT – mTavroba investorebis dainter-
esebas cdilobda sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dawesebis
SepirebiT, rac qveyanaSi izidavda saeWvo warmoSobis
moklevadian spekulaciur kapitals.
qveynis xelisuflebis mier axali sagadasaxado
kodeqsis (parlamentis mier miRebul iqna 2004 wlis 22
dekembers) 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan amoqmedebam fiskalur
politikaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana, kerZod,
gaamartiva sagadasaxado sistema, rac gadasaxadebis
raodenobis 21-dan 7-mde Semcirebasa da sagadasaxado
ganakveTis klebiT gamoixata. dReis mdgomareobiT ki
qveyanaSi moqmedebs 6 gadasaxadi.
sagadasaxado sistemis Sesafaseblad konkretu-
li saanalizo periodisaTvis mniSvnelovan indikato-
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finansebi da sabanko saqme
rad iTvleba pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis
optimaluri SeTanawyoba. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi
ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi an naklebad ganviTarebadi
qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. is fiskalurad
gacilebiT efeqtiania: administrirebas ar saWiroebs,
regularulad miiReba biujetSi, magram socialurad
arasamarTliania, gamomdinare iqidan, rom saxelmwifo
Semosavlebi izrdeba mosaxleobis keTildReobis xar-
jze. saqarTveloSic saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi
ZiriTadad arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis bazaze izrdeba.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi gadasaxadebidan pirdapir gad-
asaxadebs miekuTvneba: saSemosavlo, mogebisa da qone-
bis gadasaxadebi, xolo damatebuli Rirebulebis gad-
asaxadi, aqcizi da importis gadasaxadi arapirdapiri
gadasaxadebia. naerTi biujetis sagadasaxado Semosav-
lebSi pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wilis
dinamika 2003-2012 wlebisTvis mocemulia diagramaze 1.
naerTi biujetis sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi
pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wilis
dinamika 2003-2012 wlebSi
diagrama 1 [9]
rogorc aRvniSneT, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis
struqturaSi arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili gac-
ilebiT didia pirdapir gadasaxadebTan SedarebiT,
Tumca 2007 wels pirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrdis tem-
184
eka grigalaSvili
pi aWarbebda arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrdis temps.
aseve 2010 wels sagadasaxado Semosavlebis struqtur-
aSi pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili
Sesabamisad 41.8% da 58.2% iyo, rac imaze mianiSnebs,
rom gadasaxadebis simZime ufro metad momxmareble-
bze gadavida. 2011 wels sagadasaxado Semosavlebis
struqturaSi arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili 56.9%,
pirdapiris ki – 43.1% iyo. 2011 wels arapirdapiri ga-
dasaxadebi ufro naklebad gaizarda, vidre pirdapiri
gadasaxadebi. analogiuri tendencia gagrZelda 2012
welsac: sagadasaxado Semosavlebis struqturaSi ara-
pirdapiri da pirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili, wina wlis
msgavsad, Sesabamisad, 56.8% da 43.2% Seadgenda, Tumca,
pirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrdis tempi aWarbebda ara-
pirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrdis temps, rac ZiriTadad
importis saxiT mobilizebuli Semosavlebis 3.3%-iT
klebam gamoiwvia.
sagadasaxado tvirTis dinamika warmodgenilia
meore diagramaze. 2008 wlamde sagadasaxado tvirTi
yovelwliurad izrdeboda. 2008-2010 wlebSi ki (finan-
suri krizisis da agvistos omis Sedegad) sagadasax-
ado Semosavlebi ufro neli tempiT gaizarda vidre
mSp, ramac sagadasaxado tvirTi Seamcira. 2010 wels
sagadasaxado tvirTi wina wlis 24.5%-dan 23.4%-mde
Semcirda. 2011 wels tendencia Seicvala: sagadasaxa-
do Semosavlebi ufro metad (26%-iT) gaizarda, vidre
nominaluri mSp (16.8%), Sedegad sagadasaxado tvirTi
1.9%-iT gaizarda da 25.3% Seadgina. zrdis tendencias
hqonda adgili 2012 welsac, rodesac naerTi biujetis
gadasaxadebma mSp-is 25.5% Seadgina, rac 0.2%-iT metia
wina welTan SedarebiT da mcirediT CamorCeba kriz-
isamdel 2007 wlis maCvenebels (25.8 %).
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finansebi da sabanko saqme
საგადასახადო ტვირთის დინამიკა 2003-2012 წლებში ნაერთი ბიუჯეტის მიხედვით დიაგრამა 2 [9]
mniSvnelovania 2013 wlis dagegmili biujetis Semosavlebis analizic. sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT (qveyanaSi akreბili gadasaxadebiT) dagegmilia biu-jetis ZiriTadi nawilis Sevseba, danarCeni ki saerTa-Soriso grantebiTa da kreditebiT ifareba. saxelm-wifo biujetis Semosavlebis moculoba „saqarTvelos 2013 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, 7.4225 mlrd laris odenobiT ganisaz-Rvra. maT Soris: gadasaxadebi 6.92 mlrd lari, sxva Semosavlebi 0.3 mlrd laris doneze, xolo grantebi 0.2025 mlrd laris odenobiT ganisazRvra, maT Soris, donorebis dafinansebiT miRebuli iqneba 0.1275 mlrd laris odenobis granti. rogorc vxedavT, wina welTan SedarebiT, gaizarda Semosavlebis dagegmili odenoba gadasaxadebis zrdis xarjze (dagegmilia yvela saxo-bis gadasaxadis zrda), maSin roca grantebis da sxva Semosavlebis moculobis Semcirebaa mosalodneli. mTliani Semosulobebis moculoba ki 8.4255 mlrd laria dagegmili.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dokumentSi - ZiriTadi amocanebi da mimarTulebebi 2009-2012 wlebisTvis, aRniS-nulia, rom gaTvaliswinebuli fiskaluri politikis amocanebis misaRwevad saWiroa sagadasaxado kanonm-deblobis liberalizacia, rac gulisxmobs xuTi wlis
186
lia svaniZe
ganmavlobaSi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTis eta-pobrivad Semcirebas 15%-mde, xolo dividendebisa da procentis gadasaxadis ganulebas (ix. diagrama 3).
gadasaxadebis ganakveTis saprognozo cvlileba 2011-2014 wlebSi
diagrama 3 [9]
Tumca, aRniSnuli cvlileba ar ganxorcielebula. 2012 wlis 20 dekembers sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Seta-nili cvlilebebis mixedviT, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis 20%-dan 18%-mde Semcireba aRar moxdeba, Tumca SemoRe-bul iqna daubegravi saxelfaso minimumi. kerZod, fizi-kuri piri, romlis mier xelfasis saxiT miRebuli dasa-begri Semosavali kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar aRemateba 6000 lars, uflebamosilia am Semosavlidan gamoqviTos daubegravi minimumi 1800 lari; amasTan, das-abegr SemosavalSi ar gaiTvaliswineba sagadasaxado kodeqsis safuZvelze saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan gan-Tavisuflebuli xelfasis saxiT miRebuli Semosavali. daubegravi minimumis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadaxdis wy-arosTan dakavebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaan-gariSeba da Sesabamisi Tanxis dabruneba xorcieldeba daqiravebulis mier daubegravi minimumis gamoqviTvis Sesaxeb deklaraciis sagadasaxado organoSi ward-geniT. aRniSnuli cvlileba 2013 wlis 1 ianvridanaa ZalaSi Sesuli, magram daqiravebul pirs daubegravi minimumiT realurad sargeblobis SesaZleblobas 2014 wlidan aZlevs.
187
finansebi da sabanko saqme
2013-2016 wlebis qveynis ZiriTadi monacemebisa da mimarTulebebis dokumentSi sagadasaxado poli-tikasTan dakavSirebiT naTqvamia, rom uzrunvel-
yofili iqneba samarTlianobis principze dafuZneb-uli dabegvris meqanizmebi; yovelwliurad dadgindeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis daubegravi minimumi, romelic ar iqneba saarsebo minimumze naklebi. SemoRebul iqneba fizikuri pirebisaTvis gamoqviTvis gonivruli sistema (jandacvasTan, dazRvevisa da profesiuli saqmianobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi); mowesrigdeba mogebis gadasaxadSi gamoqviTvebis sistema; gadaixede-ba aqcizuri saqonlis nomenklatura da ZiriTadad daibegreba fufunebis sagnebi; gauqmdeba qonebis ga-dasaxadSi afasebis sistema da SenarCundeba realuri 1%-iani ganakveTi; Seiqmneba dabegvris stabiluri ga-rantiebi - stabiluri sagadasaxado garemo da ar daiS-veba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi xSiri cvlilebebi; kanoniT ar daiSveba axladmiRebuli cvlilebebis my-isierad amoqmedeba da dawesdeba gonivruli vada misi miRebidan amoqmedebamde; mowesrigdeba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi bundovani da ormagi interpretaciis SesaZleblobis momcemi debulebebi; gamartivdeba sa-gadasaxado normebi da mewarmis sasargeblod gadaw-ydeba sadavo normebi; Semcirdeba sagadasaxado dav-ebis ganxilvaSi saxelmwifos dominanturi roli da dainiSneba administraciul palataSi specializebuli mosamarTleebi; Seiqmneba mcire biznesis dabegvris op-timaluri modeli aRricxva-angariSgebis wesebiT da dabegvris alternatiuli meqanizmebi; moxdeba saga-dasaxado sistemaSi calkeuli darRvevis dekriminal-izacia; Semcirdeba da gonivrul farglebSi moeqceva sagadasaxado da administrirebis sferoSi jarimebi da sauravebi; sanqciebis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi, ar dail-uqeba kompaniis maragebi da ar SeizRudeba misi biznes-aqtivoba; Semcirdeba administraciuli organoebis mier
188
eka grigalaSvili
gaweuli momsaxurebis safasuri da baJi; daregulird-eba kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT (brZanebebi, instruqciebi) sagadasaxado administrirebasTan dakavSirebuli mx-olod teqnikuri sakiTxebi. amasTan erTad aRsaniSnavia is, rom sagadasaxado administrirebaSi aqcenti sadam-sjelo RonisZiebidan arasadamsjelo RonisZiebebze gadavida da Semcirda sanqciebis da sauravebis raode-noba, rac naTlad Cans sagadasaxado kodeqsSi ganxor-cielebuli cvlilebebidan:
„saqarTvelos 2013 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrda 2013 welsacaa dagegmili. amasTan, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi sagadasaxado Se-mosavlebis kvlav udidesi nawili (49.2%) iqneba. Ami-tom, miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi aqtiurad msjeloben liberalur sagadasaxado politikasa da kanonmdeblobaze (rac gamoixateba sagadasaxado ganakveTebisa da gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT 21-dan 6-mde), moqmedebs sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi garkveuli jgufe-bisTvis da Tavisufali turistuli zonebisTvis; Tavi-danaa acilebuli ormagi dabegvra, mainc mniSvnelovani nabijebia gadasadgmeli sagadasaxado politikis sru-lyofisTvis.
sagadasaxado sistemis optimizaciis erT-erTi gzaa gadasaxadebis dife-renciacia, mravaldoniani dRg-is, mogebis gadasaxadis, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis da sxva gadasaxadebis daweseba. aseTi midgomebiT Ses-aZlebelia ekonomikis prioritetuli dargebis stimu-lireba, adgilobrivi sawarmoo seqtoris waxaliseba, saeqsporto dargebis ganviTareba da a.S.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo wlebSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad gamartivda sagadasaxado kanon-mdebloba da Semcirda gadasaxadebis ganakveTebi, sa-kanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa momavalSic aucilebe-lia. amasTan, saWiroa sagadasaxado politikaSi dageg-mili reformebis Sesaxeb rogorc sazogadoebis, aseve potenciuri investorebis sistematuri informireba,
189
finansebi da sabanko saqme
rac qveyanaSi investiciebis Semodinebas da Qekonomikis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels. qveynis sagadasaxado kod-eqsi da sagadasaxado politika unda gaTavisufldes politikuri mizanSewonilobiT sakiTxebis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebisagan.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTveloSi sagadasax-ado politikis ZiriTad principebad unda iqces: yve-la sameurneo subieqtis da moqalaqis kanonis winaSe iuridiuli Tanasworobis aRiareba da uzrunvelyofa; sagadasaxado politikis gatarebis stabilurobis da Tanmimdevrulobis saxelmwifo garantiebi; samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa sagadasaxado gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofa.
saqarTvelos biujetSorisi urTierTobis gaum-jobesebaSi sagadasaxado politikis srulyofa, upirve-les yovlisa, unda gamoixatos regionebis finansur uz-runvelyofaSi arsebuli disproporciebis aRmofxvr-iT. sagadasaxado politika regionebs Soris finansuri SesaZleblobebis gamoTanabrebis instrumentad unda iqces. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli Semosavlebis ganawilebis procesSi frTxili midgoma, vinaidan Se-mosavlebis gadanawilebiT metismetma gatacebam, Sei-Zleba gamoiwvios mdidari ganviTarebuli regionebis protesti. amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom fi-nansuri gamoTanabrebis mizniT regionebze centralur biujetidan transferebis gamoyofa am problemas ver moagvarebs, vinaidan maT wamaxalisebeli xasiaTi ar gaaCnia da verc uzrunvelyofs regionebis konkurentu-narianobis amaRlebas.
sagadasaxado politikaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes: pirveli, sagadasaxado krediti, anu gadasaxadis gadavadeba garkveuli periodis manZilze, rac, Tavis mxriv, waaxalisebs CamorCenil regionebSi warmoebis amoqmedebasTan erTad maT gadaadgilebas; meore, saga-dasaxado ganakveTebis diferenciacia calkeuli re-gionis mixedviT, rac unda ganxorcieldes ara mwar-moeblis registraciis adgilas an iuridiuli misamar-
190
eka grigalaSvili
Tis mixedviT, aramed produqciis faqtobrivi warmoebis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT; mesame, regionebSi mosax-leobis dasaqmebisa da damagrebis, saboloo angariSiT, samuSao Zalis denadobis SeCerebisaTvis, mizanSewonil-ia sabiujeto organizaciebSi dasaqmebulTa Sromis anazRaurebis dros gamoyenebuli iqnes teritoriuli koeficientebi; meoTxe, sagadasaxado politikaSi yura-dRebas moiTxovs im sawarmoebisaTvis daxmareba, rom-lebic samewarmeo saqmianobas axorcielebs inovaciuri konkurenciis safuZvelze, riTac xels uwyobs maRalx-arisxiani produqciis warmoebasTan erTad, region-ebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas da regionuli ekonomikuri zrdis centrebis ganviTarebis programe-bis damuSavebas; biujetSorisi urTierTobebis gaum-jobesebisaTvis aucilebelia sagadasaxado politikis liberalizacia, romelic gulisxmobs: optimaluri sa-gadasaxado saqmianobis gatarebisaTvis RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas, rac uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva donis biu-jetis saWiro raodenobis saxsrebTan erTad am biu-jetebis udeficitobas, ekonomikis normaluri saga-dasaxado regulirebis pirobebs.
sagadasaxado politikis efeqtiani gatarebisaT-vis aucilebelia:
sagadasaxado kodeqsis gamartiveba. igi unda •daiweros gasagebad da kargad gamarTuli eniT;
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mocemuli muxlebi erT-•maneTs ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes, ar unda iyos bun-dovani da orazrovani, anu ar unda iZleodes calkeul muxlebis sxvadasxvagvarad gagebis saSualebas;
sagadasaxado politikis saSualebiT sagadasaxa-•do Semosavlebis mobilizaciis procesSi unda SeirCes iseTi sagadasaxado instrumentebi da principebi, rac samarTlianobis dacvis paralelurad, minimumamde Seam-cirebs efeqtianobasTan dakavSirebul danakargebs;
mosalodneli ekonomikuri da finansuri Sedege-•bidan gamomdinare, sagadasaxado ganakveTebis erTjera-di, an etapobrivi Semcireba.
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finansebi da sabanko saqme
For the Question of improvement of Tax Policy and Heighten its Effectiveness
E. GrigalashviliSmooth and effective functioning of the state’s economic system
significantly depends on the work of the state's tax system and tax poli-cies. Issues related to the improvement of the tax system always is and will remain a key issue for the country's economic policy.
The basic principles of Georgian tax policy should become: ac-knowledgement and maintenance of the lawful equality of all the eco-nomic entities and citizens stands before the law; stable and consecutive implementation of the tax police guaranteed by the state and also tax transparency of the business entities should be insured.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. gvelesiani r., gogoriSvili i. ekonomikuri politika. nawili I. Tb., gamomcemloba „universiteti“, 2008;
2. kakulia r., baxtaZe l., jibuti a. sajaro fin-ansebi. Tb., gamomcemloba „darbegi“, 2010;
3. kakulia r., gabelaSvili k. finansebis Teoria. Tb., gamomcemloba ,,darbegi“, 2012;
4. kopaleiSvili T., CikvilaZe m. gadasaxadebi da dabegvra. Tb., Tsu gamomcemloba, 2011;
5. mesxia i., nikoleiSvili o. gadasaxadebi da dabegvra. Tb., 2002;
6. papaskiri r. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofis RonisZiebebi; Jurn. “ekonomika da biznesi“, 2009. #6.
7. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, Tb., 2013;8. saqarTvelos mTavrobis dokumenti, ZiriTadi
monacemebi da mimarTulebebi 2009-2012 da 2013-2016 wlebisTvis;
9. saqarTvelos finansTa saministros monacemebi;10. www.economy.gov.ge11. www.geostat.ge12. www.mof.ge13. www.netgazeti.ge14. www.pbo.parliament.ge15. www.rs.ge16. www.sca.ge
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simSvide, siyvaruli, daxvewiloba da goniereba, gamorCeuli Sromismoyvareoba, TavdaWeriloba, sikeTe, saTnoeba,…aseTia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis, ekonomikis mimarTulebis, mikroekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, profesori eTer xaraiSvili.
igi daibada 1953 wlis 20 seqtembers, saCxereSi, pedagogis ojaxSi. 1975 ww. daamTavra ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saxalxo meurneobis dagegmvis fakulteti, xolo 1978 wels _ aspirantura, 1981 wels warmatebiT daicva sakandidato da 1999 wels ki sadoqtori disertaciebi.
2005 wlidan aris saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti da Semdeg namdvili wevri. 2009 wlidan agraruli ekonomikis evropuli asociaciis wevria, 2010 wlidan ki _ bunebis istoriis evropuli akademiis namdvili wevri.
profesori eTer xaraiSvili akademiur saqmianobas warmatebiT aTavsebs administraciul saqmianobas. 2000-2006 ww. iyo ekonomikis fakultetis dekanis moadgile magistraturaSi swavlebis dargSi, 1996-2000 ww. ekonomikis fakultetis dekanis moadgile samecniero muSaobis dargSi, 2008–2009 ww. ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxuris ufrosi, 2011 wlidan dRemde aris ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis germanul-qarTuli institutis direqtoris moadgile mewarmeobis dargSi. 2006 wlidan qalbatoni eTer xaraiSvili xelmZRvanelobs mikroekonomikis kaTedras.
profesor eTer xaraiSvilis organizebiT ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetze yovelwliurad tardeba saerTaSoriso konferencia – „bioekonomika da soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTareba“. sadac monawileobdnen Sveicariis, didi britaneTis, ruseTis, ukrainisa da sxva
Rirseul iubilars –
Rirseuli jildo
193
Cveni iubilarebi
qveynebis warmomadgenlebi.sakmaod warmomadgenlobiTia im umaRlesi
saswavleblebis CamonaTvali, sadac q-n eTeri iyo miwveuli. 1998 w. miwveuli iyo pireusis (saberZneTi) teqnikuri universitetSi, 1999 w. dublinis (irlandia) triniti kolejSi, 1999 w. grenoblis (safrangeTi) universitetSi, 1998-2000 ww. brunelis (londoni) universitetSi (Tempus Tacis) proeqtiT treningkursebi da sazafxulo skolebi informaciisa da liberaluri umaRlesi ganaTlebis, aseve distanciuri da multimedia swavlebis problemebze, 2010 w. TurqeTSi, Savi zRvis universitetSi, 2010-2012 ww. berlinis teqnikuri universitetSi, 2011 w. ciurixis (Sveicaria) teqnologiur institutSi, 2012 w. trentos universitetSi (italia), 2013 w. parmas universitetSi (italia).
qalbatoni eTeri ekonomikuri eqspertis statusiT monawileobda, germaniis akademiuri gacvlis samsaxuris (DaaD); evrokavSiris teqnikuri daxmarebis programaSi (Tempus Tacis), fond ,,Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelo”, soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (FaO) mier organizebul sxvadasxva proeqtSi.
2006–2013 wlebSi monawileobda seminarebSi, mrgvali magidis, sajaro diskusiebis muSaobaSi, saqarTvelos kanonebis ganxilvaSi, evrosabWos egidiT gamarTul RonisZiebebSi.
qalbatoni eTeri aris 100-mde samecniero naSromis avtori, maT Soris 2 monografiaa, 6 saxelmZRvanelo.
profesor eTer xaraiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Svidma doqtorantma da 20-ma magistrantma daicva sadisertacio da samagistro naSromi, maT Soris arian Sveicariis teqnologiuri institutis magistrantebi.
profesori eTer xaraiSvili 2013 wels dajil-doebulia Rirsebis ordeniT.
2013 wlis 28 oqtombers, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis akademiuri sabWos #119 dadgenilebiT, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero da saswavlo procesis ganviTarebaSi Setanili gansakuTrebuli wvlilisaTvis, ekonomikisa da biznesis
194
fakultetis profesor eTer xaraiSvils mieniWa ivane javaxiSvilis medali.
qalbatoni eTeri aris ulamazesi qarTuli tradiciuli ojaxis deda da tyupi SviliSvilebis – aleqsandresa da andrias bebia.
vulocavT, qalbaton eTeris damsaxurebul jildos da vusurvebT janmrTelobasa da mxneobas, axal did miRwevebs samecniero-pedagogiur moRvaweobaSi.
Teimuraz beriZeekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis dekanis
movaleobis Semsrulebeli, profesori,revaz gogoxia Jurnal ,,ekonomika da biznesis“ mTavari redaqtori,
profesori,elguja meqvabiSviliekonomikis principebis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli,
profesori,nodar xadurimakroekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, profesori,mirian tuxaSviliSromis ekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli,
profesori,revaz gvelesianiekonomikuri politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli,
profesori,iuri ananiaSviliekonometrikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, profesori,simon gelaSviliekonomikuri da socialuri statistikuri kaTedris
xelmZRvaneli, profesori,qeTevan marSavaekonomikuri da socialuri statistikuri kaTedris
xelmZRvaneli, profesori,elene xarabaZebuRaltruli aRricxvisa da auditis kaTedris
xelmZRvaneli, profesori,manana lobJaniZe samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis samsaxuris
ufrosi, profesori.
195
Jurnal ekonomika da biznesis 2013 wlis
#1-5-s Sinaarsi
statiebis avtorebi
rubrikebis da statiebis dasaxeleba #gv.
saSobao epistole #1
ilia II sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi
saSobao epistole ..............................................................11
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
revaz gvelesiani
slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSvili.
enver lagvilava
konomikuri politikis saSualebaTa racionaluri gamoyenebis logika ....................
saqarTvelos konkurenciuli kanonis srulyofis mimarTulebebi ......................................
eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis Teoriul-meTodologiuri sakiTxebi…….............................................................................
17
33
45
mikro-makroekonomika
ia nacvliSvili
gulnaz erqomaiSvili
naTia daReliSvili
Tengiz TaqTaqiSvili
inovaciuri midgomebi globalur vaWrobaSi _ msoflio keTildReobis gaumjobesebis faqtori (inglisur enaze)
velens industria da misi ganviTarebis strategia saqarTveloSi---------------------
Rrma da yovlismomcveli vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (DCFTA) – realoba Tu “parTnioroba qaRaldze?” -----------------…
mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi da misi saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris formebi ………
61
79
91
99
196
Ffinansuri ekonomika
akaki gabelaia
vaxtang Waraia
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis Sefaseba da da prognozireba...............................
sabanko zedamxedvelobis maregulirebeli standartebis danergvis Taviseburebebi….......................................................................
111
121
buRaltruli aRricxva. auditi
marina maisuraZe
WiWiko adeiSvili
sawarmoTa aqtivebis gaufasurebis regulireba ...............................................................................
audituri kontroli: istoria, Tanamedroveoba da ganviTarebis perspetivebi saqarTveloSi ....................................
143
153
kritika
iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado)papava
qarTveli ekonomistis litvaSi gamoqveynebuli plagiaturi statiis Sesaxeb ........................................................................................... 171
mzia qerTbaia
Cveni iubilarebiprofesori qeTevan marSava
193
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
#2
nugzar paiWaZe
მირoნ ტუღუში
ნატო ჩადუნელი
jemalxarito-naSvili
xelmZRvanelTa kvalifikaciis amaR-lebis mwyobri da gamarTuli sistema _ organizaciaTa warmatebuli saqmianobis sawindari .....................................................................................
dasaqmebis efeqtiani saxelmwifoebrivi
regulirebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis .................
globalizaciis tendenciebi Taname drove
msoflioSi .................................................................................
devid rikardo (1772-1823) _ konomikuri mecnierebis korife (dabadebidan 240 weli) ................................................................................................
11
29
47
59
197
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
giorgi RaRaniZe
eka gulua
.saqarTveloSi warmoebuli eleqtroen-
ergiis saeqsporto potenciali ............................
„talant–menejmenti“_ adamianis potencia lis marTvis aqtualuri mimarTuleba .............................................................................
75
95
finansuri ekonomikamaia gogoxia
nadia kvataSiZe
asie cincaZe, nino svaniZe
erovnuli (centraluri) bankebis saqmiano-
bis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi Tanamedrove
etapze ..............................................................................................
finansuri aqtivebis klasifikacia da
Sefaseba ........................................................................................
socialuri dazRvevis fondis resursebis
cvlilebis analizi albaTur–statisti-
kuri meTodiT ..........................................................................
99
119
127
erovnuli ekonomika msoflio
integraciul procesebSi
eka lekaSvili
emir eTeria
socialisturi integracia regionuli
ekonomikuri integraciis konteqstiT _
sabazro inte graciis antipodi .........................
.ekonomikuri globalizacia da saqarT-velo–evrokaSiris savaWro urTierTobebis perspeqtive bi (inglisur enaze) .............................PP
139
161
Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval
giorgi abuseliZe
plagiati Tu ciliswameba? _ moswav-
lis pasuxi maswavlebels litvaSi
gamoqveynebuli statiis gamo .................................. 181
Cveni iubilarebi
brwyinvale mecnieri, amagdari pedagogi,
Semoqmedi pirovneba (profesori elene
xarabaZe _ 70) ........................................................................... 195
198
saaRdgomo epistole #3ilia II sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqisaaRdgomo epistole ...................................................... 11
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
elguja meqvabiSvili vaxtang Cala-feiqriSvili
sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis is toriuli
bunebis sakiTxisaTvis ...................................................
antikrizisuli politikis aR-mosavleTevropuli gamocdileba da saqarTvelo ...............................................................................
21
35
mikro-makroekonomika
murman
carciZe
marina CavleiSvili
marina maisuraZe
irina vaSaymaZe
umuSevrobis bunebrivi done, masze moq medi
faqtorebi da Sefaseba ................................................
saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis
da sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis zogierTi
sakiTxi ......................................................................................…
……………………
sawarmoTa gaerTianebis identificire ba,
aqtivebis da valdebulebebis aRiareba da
Sefase ba ......................................................................................
bankebsa da sawarmoebs Soris urTier-
Tobebis zegavlena ekonomikis
stabilurobaze ..................................................................... .
55
75
89
103
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
demur siWinavaПилипенко Елена васильевнаgiuli qeSelaSvili
naira RvedaSvili
informaciis sivrciTi modelirebis
sakiTxisaTvis .........................................................................
Cколько стоит уравнение Mаксвелла ......................
inovaciuri menejmenti da misi per-
speqtivebi saqarTveloSi ............................................
adamianuri resursebis marTvis teqnologia Tanamedrove etapze ..........................................................……………………………………………………………………………………………….
113125
137
151
199
avTandil asaTiani
vaxtang Waraia manana xarxeli
kouCingi – axali meTodologia
biz nesSi .......................................................................................
saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis analiti-
kuri mimoxilva ......................................................................
droa ufrosebis menejmenti SevcvaloT
liderebis menejmentiT ................................................
167
175
187
axali wignebi: rogoria profesional -
recenzentTa azri?
Temur beriZe
Temur beriZe. leqciebis kursi
Tanamedrove
makroekono mikur TeoriebSi .................................... 195
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
#4
malxaz Ciqobava
andreas nastanski, simon gelaSvili
uSangi samadaSvili
konvergenciis SesaZleblobebi
neoklasikuri da endogenuri zrdis
modelebis mixed viT .........................................................
globaluri fi nansuri krizisi, rogorc
saerTaSoriso finansuri bazris
aqseleratori (germanul enaze) ........................…
saqarTvelos msoflio ekonomi kasTan integraciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ........
11
25
45
mikro-makroekonomika
giorgi RaRaniZe
nazira kakulia
Tengiz TaqTa-qiSvili
vasil xizaniSvili
.konkurentunarianobisa da strate giis
urTierTkavSiris sakiTxebi .....................................
valutis gacvliTi kursis reJimebi da maTi
gavlena makroekonomikur stabilurobaze
sursaTis sabazro fasebis meryeo ba da misi
gavlena mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis
qcevaze ....................................
biznesis socialuri pasuxismgeblo ba .......
59
71
83
93
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
200
badri ramiSvili
nino fare-saSvili Tea munjiSvili
giorgi SixaSvili
virtualuri organizaciebi _ globalur
ekonomikaSi saqarTvelos biznesis
swrafi integrirebis SesaZlebloba ............
organizaciuli qcevis regulirebis
meTodebi ....................................................................................
codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gamovlenis
eleqtronuli sistema ,,kiber I~ ...........................
satreningo proeqti: „profesiuli
orientacia, sakuTari biznesis dawyeba da
marTva“.............................................................................................
101
119
133
153
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
ioseb mamuke-laSvili
elguja akobia
fiqsirebuli aqtivebis gada fasebasTan
dakavSirebuli riskebi saqarTvelos
ekonomikaSi ...................................biujetis dafinansebaze myofi orga-nizaciebis arafinansuri aqtivebis cveTis daricxvis Taviseburebebi ...................................
171
185
axali wignebi: rogoria profesional - recenzentTa
azri?revaz gogoxia, mirian tuxaS-vili, eTer xaraiSvili daviT narmania
ekonomikur-politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis momzade bisa da miRebis
problemebi ..........................................................................
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba imitaciur
modelirebaSi (inglisur enaze) ......................JurnalSi - ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero statie bis warmodgenisa da gamoqveynebis wesi ......................................................
197
201
206
#5
gulbad amiranaSvili
revaz gogoxia
qarTlis cxovreba
eqvTime RvTiskaci (TayaiSvili) - 150 ....
qarTveli xalxis istoriuli
sa ganZuri ................................................................................
profesori biZina lutiZe akad. paata guguSvilis sociologiuri gamokvlevebis Sesaxeb (eZ Rvneba prof. b. lutiZis naTel xsovnas) ..........................................................................................
11
12
27
201
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
iakob (iaSa) mesxia
mamia WumburiZe
politikuri aramdgradoba da ekono-
mikuri turbulentoba saqarTveloSi
(inglisur enaze) .................................................................
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis evo-
luciis tendenciebis Sesaxeb ...............................
33
61
mikro-makroekonomika
ineza gagniZe
SoTa SaburiSvili
ekaterine udesiani
ekaterine gloveli
levan natroSvili
mikroekonomikis konkurentunarianoba -
Tanamedrove midgoma
ofSoris fenomeni Tanamedrove
biz nesSi ........................................................................................
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi .......................................sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulTa struqturis statistikuri analizi (saqarTvelos magaliTze) .........................................
sagareo daxmareba: arsi, struq tura,
miznebi. ........................................................................................
79
89
101
109
119
menejmenti. marketingi. turizminugzar paiWaZe
miron tuRuSi
lia svaniZe
manana xarxeli
Sromis efeqtianobis marTvis sruly ofis
sakiTxebi ..................
kulturis sferos finansuri
uzrunvlyofis regulirebisaTvis ...................
adamianis emociebis eqspresiulobis
fsiqo-fiziologiuri da anatomiuri
safuZvlebi ...............................................................................
firmis faseulobaTa jaWvis marTva ..............
139
157
173
187
saerTaSoriso konferencia
iv. javxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is
ekonomikis da biznesis fakultetis
saerTaSoriso konferencia ......................................
,,bioekonomika da soflis meurneobis
mdgradi ganvi Tareba”........................................................
199
183
simon gelaSvili
naTeli xsovna /bikenti gabiZaSvili/ 203
202
JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero statiis
warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesi
1. JurnalSi qarTul, inglisur, germanul da
rusul enebze qveyndeba statiebi ekonomikuri Teoriisa
da ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoriis, ekonomikuri poli-
tikis, ekonomikisa da biznesis aqtualur sakiTxebze, aseve,
recenziebi bolo periodSi gamoqveynebul monografiebsa
da saxelmZRaneloebze.
2. statiaSi warmodgenili unda iyos: sakvlevi prob-
lemis aqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis
meTodologia, kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle), rekomendaciebi.
3. statia warmodgenili unda iyos 4 formatiT.
statiis moculoba, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaT-
valisa da referatebis CaTvliT, ar unda aRematebodes
kompiuterze 1,5 intervaliT da 11 SriftiT nabeWdi teqs-
tis 15 gverds.
4. qarTul enaze daweril statias unda axldes re-
feratebi qarTul da inglisur enebze - TiToeuli 1000-
dan 1500-mde niSnis moculobiT. Uucxo enaze daweril
statias Tan unda axldes ZiriTadi Sinaarsi 2-3 gverdze
qarTul enaze da referati imave ucxo enaze.
5. redaqciaSi statiis warmodgena aucilebelia or
nabeWd egzemplarad, elversiasTan erTad( MS word, qarTu-
li statia SriftiT AcadNusx, ხოლო უცხოურ ენაზე ტექსტი - Times New Roman).
6. statiis saTauris qvemoT (marjvena mxares) unda
mieTiTos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, aka-
demiuri xarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni da eleqtronuli
fostis misamarTi;.
7. statiaSi unda Candes sakvlev problemasTan
dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba.
literaturis dasaxeleba unda ganTavsdes statiis bo-
203
los erTiani siis saxiT: a) wignis dasaxeleba Semdegi Tan-
mimdevrobiT - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari da inicialebi,
wignis dasaxeleba, gamocemis adgili, gamomcemloba, weli;
b) saJurnalo statiisaTvis - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari
da inicialebi, statiis dasaxeleba, Jurnalis dasaxeleba,
weli, Jurnalis nomeri.
literaturis siaSi miTiTebuli wyaro gamoyenebuli
unda iyos statiis teqstSi. ama Tu im avtoris naSromi-
dan citirebisas, mas unda mieTiTos wyaro Sesabamisi
gverdis aRniSvniT Semdegi saxiT [5,gv.41], sadac pirveli
cifri Seesabameba citirebuili wyaros rigiT nomers
gamoyenebuli literaturis siaSi, xolo meore - im gverds,
saidanac moyvanilia citata. literaturis siaSi yoveli
wignis (Jurnalis) bibliografiuli aRwera unda Seesa-
bamebodes mis satitulo furcels.
8. ZiriTadad teqstSi cxrilebi, grafikebi da sqe-
mebi unda ganTavsdes maTi miTiTebis adgilze, Tu iq
adgili arasakmarisia - SeiZleba momdevno gverdze. cxri-
lebs, grafikebs da sqemebs unda hqondes dasaxeleba da
numeracia.
9. statias, romelic ar pasuxobs zemoT CamoTvlil
moTxovnebs, redaqcia ar miiRebs
10. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javax-
iSvilis Tsu-is profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorante-
bisa da yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) av-
torebi ixdian safasurs – erT gverdze 5 (xuT) lars,
rac maT mier Cairicxeba Tsu-is ekonomikuri Semosavlebis
angariSSi.
sakontaqto telefonebi: 2 30 36 68; 2 30 40 78; 599 24 77 47; 599 10 38 16 e-Mail:ebf.journal@tsu.ge
204
daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -manana jixviSvili
ISSN 1987-5789
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