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• An Invitation to Health• Chapter 11• Avoiding Addictions

Chapter 11 ObjectivesName some of the risk factors for problem gambling.

Discuss reasons why people choose to use or not to use drugs.

Give examples of appropriate and inappropriate use of over-the-counter and prescription medications.

Describe the treatment methods available for individuals seeking help for drug dependence.

Describe the effects and health risks of common drug abuse.

Review your drug history (legal and illegal) and assess the health risks you chose to take.

Identify the types of drug dependence, and discuss the factors affecting drug dependence.

Addictive Behaviors And The Dimensions of Health

Physical Health

Psychological Health

Spiritual Health

Social Health

Intellectual Health

Environmental Health

Risk Factors For Problem Gambling

Being male. Gambling at an early age. A big win earlier in one’s gambling career. Consistently chasing losses. Gambling alone. Feeling depressed before gambling. Feeling excited and aroused during gambling.

Correlating factors

Poor grades at school. Other addictive behaviors. Lower socioeconomic class. Parents with a gambling or other addiction

problem. History of delinquency or stealing money

to fund gambling. Skipping class to go gambling

• Anandamide: regulation of pain, appetite, memory & mood.• THC: Active ingredient in Marijuana.

Drug Use on Campus

Why Students Don’t Do Drugs

Spirituality and religion

Academic engagement

Perceived harmfulness

Athletics

Why Students Do Drugs

Genetics and family history Parental attitudes and

behaviors Substance use in high school Social norms Positive expectations Mental health problems Social influences Alcohol use Sexual identity

Understanding Drugs and Their Effects

DrugAny substance, other than food, that affects bodily functions and structures when taken into the body.

Drug AbuseThe excessive use of a drug in a manner inconsistent with accepted medical practice.

Drug DependenceA pattern of continuing substance use despite cognitive, behavioral, and physical symptoms.

• Drug Misuse• The use of a drug for a purpose (or

person) other than that for which it was medically intended.

• Drug Diversion• The transfer of a medication from the

individual to whom it was prescribed to another person.

Understanding Drugs and Their Effects

Routes of Administration

Dosage and Toxicity

Individual Differences

Setting

Types of Actions

Interactions with Other Drugs or Alcohol

Routes of Administration of

Drugs

Drug-Drug Interactions

SynergisticDrug + Drug > 2Drug

AdditiveDrug + Drug=2Drug

(Acting in same way)

Potentiating(1 intensifies effect of other- drugs to help people quit)

AntagonisticDrug + Drug < 2Drug

(1 blocks the other)Antidotes

Caffeine and Its Effects

Most widely used psychotropic (mind-affecting) drug. 80% of Americans drink coffee–an average of 3.5 cups per day.

General Bodily Effects Relieves drowsiness, helps in performance of repetitive

tasks, and improves the capacity for work. Improves performance and endurance during

prolonged, exhaustive exercise Enhances short-term, high-intensity athletic

performance. Improves concentration, reduces fatigue, and sharpens

alertness.

Caffeine and Its EffectsHealth Effects

A few cups of coffee/day is safe.

Potential Benefits: lower risk for type 2

diabetes & cardiovascular disease;

protect against Alzheimer’s;

reduce the likelihood of gallstones,

Parkinson’s disease, liver cirrhosis, and colon cancer.

High Dosage Effects Dependence Anxiety Insomnia Rapid breathing Upset stomach and

bowels Dizziness

Commonly Misused Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drugs

Aspirin Nonsteroidal Anti-

Inflammatory Drugs Ibuprofen

Nasal sprays Laxatives Eye drops Sleep aids Cough syrup

Prescription DrugsPotential Complications

NonadherenceNot taken the way prescribed

Recurrent infections, serious medical complications, and emergency hospital treatment.

Physical Side EffectsHeart failure, heart attack, seizures, kidney and liver failure, severe blood disorders, birth defects, blindness, memory problems, and allergic reactions.

Psychological Side EffectsDepressive symptoms vs. agitation and anxiety

• Drug InteractionsOTC drugs, prescription drugs, alcohol, vitamins & minerals, and food components.

• Generic DrugsHave the same active ingredients as brand-name prescriptions, but their fillers and binders, which can affect the absorption of a drug, may be different.

• Buying Drugs On-lineHealth and legal risks

Prescription Stimulants

Abuse of stimulants prescribed for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Most students who have tried stimulants do not feel that the drugs had a positive effect on their academic performance in the long run.

Prescription Drug Abuse on Campus

Prescription Stimulants

Prescription Painkillers

Reasons for Use: Legitimate goal Acceptability Self-diagnosed ADHD Academic strain Perceived harmlessness

Understanding Substance Use Disorders

AddictionA behavioral pattern characterized by compulsion, loss of control, and continued repetition of a behavior or activity in spite of adverse consequences.

Psychological DependenceThe emotional or mental attachment to the use of a drug.

Physical DependenceThe physiological attachment to, and need for, a drug.

Understanding Substance Use Disorders

IntoxicationMaladaptive behavioral, psychological, and physiologic changes that occur as a result of substance abuse.

WithdrawalDevelopment of symptoms that cause significant psychological and physical distress when an individual reduces or stops drug use.

PolyabuseThe misuse or abuse of more than one drug.

What Causes Drug Dependence and Abuse?

The Psychology of Vulnerability Difficulty controlling impulses, a lack of values that may

constrain drug use, low self-esteem, feelings of powerlessness, denial, and depression or anxiety.

Early Influences Lower socioeconomic backgrounds, family instability, a

lack of realistic, rewarding alternatives and role models, and increased hopelessness.

The Biology of Dependence Dopamine

Dopamine Levels for Cocaine

Drugs and Driving Alcohol affects perception, coordination, and judgment.

Marijuana affects a wide range of driving skills. Slowed thinking & reflexes e.g. brake quickly Ability to “track” or stay in lane through curves Maintain speed & proper distance between cars

4-6 hrs after smoking a single marijuana (long after the “high” is gone)

Sedatives, sedative-hypnotics, and-anti anxiety agents slow reaction time.

Amphetamines, after repeated use, impair coordination.

Hallucinogens distort judgment.

Common Drugs of Abuse

Cannabis Club Drugs/

Designer Drugs

Stimulants Depressants Opioids Hallucinogens Inhalants

Marijuana

Hashish

MDMA

GHB

Ketamine

Nitrites

Amphetamines

Methamphetamine

Cocaine

Benzodiazepines

Rohypnol

Barbituates

Heroin

Morphine

Codeine

OxyContin

Vicodin

LSD

PCP

Solvents

Gases

CannabisMarijuana and Hashish

The Facts Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug in the

United States (12 million Americans). Derived from the cannabis plant that contains the active

ingredient THC.

How Users Feel Mild sense of euphoria, a sense of slowed time, a

dreamy type of self-absorption, and some impairment in thinking and communicating.

Euphoria peaks within a half hour and usually lasts about three hours.

Risks Brain – acute toxic psychosis, panic attacks,

delusions, paranoia, depression, uncontrollable aggressiveness.

Lungs – pulmonary infections, bronchitis, inflammation, pre-cancerous abnormalities.

1 joint = 4X tar in cigarette – lung exposed to 4X toxins

Heart – Increase heart attack risk Pregnancy

Withdrawal Potential for marijuana withdrawal syndrome

characterized by insomnia, restlessness, loss of appetite, and irritability.

CannabisMarijuana and Hashish

Club Drugs (Designer Drugs)Ecstasy

The Facts Ecstasy is the common street name for

methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Has both stimulant and mildly hallucinogenic

properties.

Common Characteristics of Ecstasy Users More likely to use marijuana, binge drink,

spend more time socializing and less time studying, have multiple sexual partners, smoke cigarettes, rate parties as more important than academics, and view religion as less important.

Club Drugs (Designer Drugs)Ecstasy

How Users Feel Peace with self and connectedness with others.

Risks Psychological difficulties such as confusion,

depression, and sleep problems. Physical symptoms such as involuntary teeth

clenching, nausea, blurred vision, and rapid eye movement.

Club Drugs (Designer Drugs)GHB/GBL

The Facts GHB (Gamma hydroxybutyrate) stimulates the

release of human growth hormone, but has no known effects on muscle growth.

How Users Feel Smaller doses induce euphoria and enhance sex

due to a rise in dopamine in the brain. Larger doses can cause individuals to pass out and

possibly fall into a coma.

Club DrugsThe Risks of GHB/GBL

Side Effects Nausea, amnesia, hallucinations, decreased heart rate,

convulsions, and sometimes blackouts/coma.

Long Term Side Effects Withdrawal reaction including rapid heartbeat, tremor,

insomnia, anxiety, and occasionally hallucinations that last a few days to a week.

The danger is greatest when GHB is mixed with alcohol or opiates.

Club DrugsKetamine (K)

The Facts Ketamine is an anesthetic used by veterinarians. K blocks chemical messengers in the brain that carry

sensory input leading to hallucinations.

Side Effects Low doses: impaired attention and memory, anxiety,

agitation, paranoia, and vomiting High doses: K can cause delirium, amnesia, impaired

motor function, high blood pressure, depression, and potentially fatal respiratory problems.

Other Common Club DrugsNitrites

The Facts Clear, amber-colored liquids Used recreationally for a high

feeling, a slowed sense of time, a carefree sense of well-being, and intensified sexual experience.

Side Effects Headache, dizziness, a drop in

blood pressure, changes in heart rate, increased pressure within the eye, and skin flushing.

Herbal EcstasyThe Facts A mixture of stimulants such as

ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and caffeine.

Sold as a “nautral” and safe alternative to ecstasy.

Side Effects Stroke, heart attack, and a

disfiguring skin condition.

StimulantsAmphetamines & Methamphetamine

The Facts Amphetamines trigger the release of epinephrine

(adrenaline) which stimulates the central nervous system. Methamphetamine is a powerful addictive stimulant. Meth remains in the central nervous system and the body,

producing prolonged stimulant effects.

How Users Feel Amphetamines produce a state of hyper-alertness and

energy. Meth produces long-lasting toxic effects, including

psychosis, violence, seizures, and cardiovascular abnormalities.

StimulantsAmphetamines & Methamphetamine

Potential Side Effects Bingeing and crashing. Feelings of grandiosity, anxiety,

tension, anger, agitation, paranoia, and impaired judgment.

Increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Long Term Side Effects Malnutrition, skin disorders,

ulcers, insomnia, depression, vitamin deficiencies, sexual dysfunction, impaired concentration or memory, and, in some cases, brain damage.

Stimulants Cocaine

Cocaine is a white crystalline powder extracted from the leaves of the South American coca plant.

Routes of Administration Sniffed/Snorted Injected intravenously (speedballing) Smoked (freebasing/crack)How Users Feel Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system

producing feelings of soaring well-being and boundless energy.

After a brief period of euphoria, users slump into depression.

Risks Cocaine dependence is an easy habit to acquire. Can cause blood vessels in the brain to clamp shut and

can trigger a stroke, bleeding in the brain, and potentially fatal brain seizures.

Withdrawal Depression Fatigue Vivid and disturbing dreams Excessive/too little sleep

Stimulants Cocaine

Some Effects Of Cocaine

On The Body

KhatOther names

Kat, Catha, Chat, Abyssinian Tea

Ingredients Its active ingredients are two controlled

substances, cathinone and cathine.

Effects Chewing alleviates fatigue and reduces appetite.

Compulsive use may result in manic behavior, grandiose illusions, paranoia, and hallucinations.

DepressantsBenzodiazepines and Barbiturates

The Facts Benzodiazepines are sedative-hypnotics and have

largely replaced barbiturates. Commonly prescribed for tension, muscular strain,

sleep problems, anxiety, panic attacks, anesthesia, and in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal.

Rohypnol, the date rape drug.How Users Feel Low doses reduce or relieve tension, but may cause

rapid mood changes, impaired judgment, and impaired social and occupational functioning.

High doses produce a loosening of sexual or aggressive inhibitions.

DepressantsBenzodiazepines and Barbiturates

Side Effects Physical and psychological dependence within

two to four weeks. Risk of cross-tolerance.

Decrease response to one drug because of exposure to other drug.

Mood and behavior changes, slurred speech, poor coordination, unsteady gait, involuntary eye movements, impaired attention or memory, and stupor or coma.

Synergistic effect when used in combination with alcohol.

DepressantsOpioids (Opium, Morphine, Codeine, and Heroin)

Prescription Opioids (Hydromorphone and Oxycodone)

How Users Feel All opioids relax the user, and impart feelings of

euphoria while acting as powerful narcotics, or painkillers.

Side Effects Addiction, lethargy, weight loss, loss of sex

drive, anxiety, insomnia, and restlessness. Long term injection of opioids: infections of the

heart lining and valves, skin abscesses, and lung congestion.

Hallucinogens

DefinitionDrugs that produce vivid and unusual changes in thought, self-awareness, emotion, and perception.

Natural Sources of HallucinogensMorning glories, jimsonweed, nutmeg, mace, peyote cactus, and psychedelic mushrooms.

Synthesized HallucinogensLSD: lysergic acid diethylamide, a psychedelic drug that produces distorted reality.PCP: an anesthetic that blocks nerve receptors from pain and temperature without producing numbness; angel dust.

InhalantsDefinition

Drugs that produce vapors that cause psychoactive effects when inhaled or sniffed.

ExamplesModel airplane glue, gasoline, paint thinner, transmission fluid, lighter fluid, liquid shoe polish, and fingernail polish remover.

Potential Side EffectsGastroenteritis, depressed muscle tone, damage to the liver and kidneys, nervous system dysfunction, and bone marrow disorders.

Treating Drug Dependence and Abuse

Recognize the reality of the problem. Consult a physician, counseling center, or local

mental health clinic.

Intervention Modalities Medical care Medication Detoxification Individual psychotherapy Marital and family therapy Behavior modification 12-step programs

Choosing an Addiction Free Lifestyle

Set goals for yourself. Participate in drug-free activities. Educate yourself. Choose friends with a healthy outlook

towards their future.

Diet Analysis – Due 10/26• In syllabus• All foods eaten for 3-days. • Enter & analyze at www.mypyramid.gov.

• Include all beverages and snacks. • Estimate amount consumed in cups, ounces, etc. Be as specific

as possible. • Go to My Pyramid.gov & create a profile using the My Pyramid

Tracker feature, • Enter your food intake

• You have to create a profile to complete this assignment properly.

• Select serving sizes • Print out your list of foods with the portion sizes for each day. 

There are three reports you should print:

1. The dietary guidelines recommendations

2. The nutrient intakes

3. The comparison of your intakes with MyPyramid recommendations

3 page written report • Diet weaknesses and strengths & what you need to do to improve your intake.• Does diet include variety of foods? Are there any meals in particular where

more variety could be included? Give examples of foods you would include.• Are you meeting your calorie need? Do you feel your caloric goal is realistic?

Why or why not?• Are you including adequate dietary fiber in your diet? If not, how can you

include more fiber in your diet? List three major health benefits of fiber consumption and explain why each benefit is important to you.

• Evaluate sodium, protein and fat intake. Do you need to make changes, what changes would you make?

• Do you feel your added sugar intake is high, moderate or low? Explain why? If you feel your intake is high or moderate, how could it be reduced? List the food that you consumed that included high fructose corn syrup.

• Explain how you feel about the results of this diet analysis? What is the most important change you need to make right away to improve your diet?

• Are you physically active? What things are you willing to do to improve your activity and meet the recommendation of 1hour every day?

• Your thoughts about the process of using the website.• Overall, what did you learn from this assignment.