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Fractional Distillation

©cgrahamphysics.com 2016

Can you match country and drinking age?

Illegal, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, no age limit

19

21

none

16

20

illegal 18

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Starter: quick question

Q: Which diagram shows the particles in the

following?

- salt solution

- pure salt

- pure water

- steam

B

A

C

D

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Aim

• By the end of this lesson I will be able to explain

how we can separate a solvent from a solute

Key words

• Solvent

• Solute

• Solution

• Distillation

• Condensing

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Solute, Solvent and Solution Solvent, solute, solution

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Review: What is a solution?

A solution is a special type of mixture that is made when one substance dissolves and mixes fully with another.

For example, a cup of instant coffee is a solution.

The solid that dissolves (e.g. coffee granules) is called the solute.

The liquid that does the dissolving (e.g. hot water) is called the solvent.

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Distillation

• How can you separate the solvent from the solids dissolved in a solution?

• The best method to separate and collect the solvent from the solution is distillation

• Distillation involves three stages: boiling condensing collecting

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7H Separation techniques – Distillation

water in

water out

thermometer

heat

heat proof mat

gas cools and condenses

condenser

liquid is

collected pure liquid

liquid

boils off

flask with

mixture

Boiling, Condensing and Collecting

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Fractional distillation in industry • Crude oil can be separated

into its different parts or by

fractional distillation.

• As the crude oil is heated,

the liquids in it get hotter.

• Each evaporates off at a

different temperature.

Liquid found

in crude oil

Boiling

point (0C)

petrol 60

kerosene 200

diesel 240

road tar 350

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Liquid found

in crude oil

Boiling

point (0C)

petrol 60

kerosene 200

diesel 240

road tar 350

1. Which liquid will reach its

boiling point first?

2. Which liquid will be the most

difficult to evaporate?

3. Why is it easier to turn

kerosene into a gas than

diesel?

4. All four liquids are used as

fuels. What is probably the

main hazard when separating

them by distillation?

1. Arrow A is pointing to the place where .................... happens.

2. At point B the hot vapour is cooling back to a liquid. This process is called ..................

3. ……. .…… goes into the distillation apparatus at point X and comes out again at point Y

4. Why is this substance necessary?

Plebary: Distillation

boiling

condensing

Cold water

So that water steam is changing back to liquid water and can be collected ©cgrahamphysics.com 2016

Key words • Solvent - The liquid that does the dissolving

• Solute - The solid that dissolves

• Solution - mixture that is made when one substance dissolves and mixes fully with another.

• Distillation - the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling

• Condensing - cause to change from a gas or vapor to a liquid.

©cgrahamphysics.com 2016