gemini+group+project final1
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Search for Earth-like Planets
Team Gemini
James Deeney, Akeiah Dillon, Jagun Terry, Karmen Williams
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Reasons to Search for Earth-like
Planets
Jagun Terry
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The Search for Life
There may be 100 billion Earth-likeplanets in the Milky Way.
If any of the Earth-like worlds haveliquid water, they are likely to be home
to some type of life.
Life on these planets would most likelybe primitive life, like bacteria ormulticellular creatures
If aliens have just switched on theirtransmitter to communicate it couldtake hundreds of centuries to receivea message.
Info Reference:http://planeetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_life.cfmPicture Reference:https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0531/5b0f285a
http://planeetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_life.cfmhttp://planeetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_life.cfm -
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Reasons & Benefits to Search for
Earth-like PlanetsCOROT, a French and Europeanmission along with the Kepler missionwill unveil evidence of Earth-likeplanets
Allow astronomers to detect planets
and count them to gain moreinformation about Earth-like planets
Will be a huge step in understandingthe formation of these planets.
Uncover other solid planets unlikegas planets of Jupiter and Saturn.
Explain the Earth's history from 3billion years ago
Info Reference: www.nasa.govPicture Reference:http://www.physorg.com/news182107288
.html
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Rare Earth & Fermi Paradox
HypothesisThe Rare Earth Hypothesis states theEarth's is the result of fortuitouscircumstances that cannot easily befound or duplicated.
The Fermi Paradox, is thecontradiction between high estimatesof the probability of the existence ofextraterrestrial civilizations and lack ofevidence.
Info Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis &http://scienceblogs.com/highltyallochthonous/2009/03/kepler_and_the_rare_earth_hypo.phpPicture Reference:forgetomori.com/.../ galactic-habitable-zone1.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesishttp://scienceblogs.com/highltyhttp://scienceblogs.com/highltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis -
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Copernican Principle
The Ptolemaic system placed theEarth at the center of the solar system
Polish mathematician/astronomerNicolas Copernicus challenged the
Ptolemaic system.
The Copernican Principle is statementin physics that there should be nospecial observers.
Copernicus demonstrated that the Sunwas at the center of the solar systemand that the Earth orbits around it.
Info Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?Copernicus &http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican
_principlePicture Reference:ircamera.as.arizona.edu/.../copernicus3.jpg
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History of the Search for Earth-
like PlanetsWorld's view of the Universe canbe traced to ancient observers inChina, India, Greece, and Egypt.
The Qur'an, Talmud and manyHindu texts imagined a universefull of beings.
Ancient Greece, also speculated
that other solar systems mightexist.
http://dogmatics.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/raphael-plato-aristotle.jpg
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ITechniques to Locate Earth-like
Planets
Karmen Williams
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Current Information of Earth-like
PlanetsThere are 403 extrasolar planets that
have been discovered.
Most are gaseous similar to Jupiter
Some "super-Earths" are thought tobe large terrestrial, or rocky, worlds.
Info & Picture Reference:http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=30146
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Detecting Extrasolar PlanetsExtrasolar planets are difficult to
locate for 3 reasons:
Distance from Earth
Appear very faint
Parent stars glare overwhelm
extrasolar planets
Info Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_methodPicture Reference:http://www.sciencedaily.com/gallery/space_time/extrasolar_planets/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_method -
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Successful Methods of Detection
Info Reference:http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=30146Picture
Reference:thekonablog.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/4673/
COROT
A space mission with the dual aims of finding extrasolar planets aperforming asteroseismology
Launched December 2006.
Kepler MissionUses a NASA space telescope to discover Earth-like planets orbit
other stars.Has a mission lifetime of at least 3.5 years
Uses a photometer developed to monitor the brightness of over
100,000 stars and launched in March 2009.
Hubble Space TelescopeWas carried into orbit in April 1990.
One of the largest and most versatile
Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescopeKnown simply as MOST is a Canada's first and only space telescoHas confirmed a few planets.
http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=30146http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=30146 -
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Doppler Method & Results
James Deeney
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Doppler Spectroscopy
Doppler Spectroscopy orRadical velocity measurementallows scientists to measurethe orbital wobble of a star
Determines the minimummass of any orbiting planet.
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_planets.cfm
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Orbits of planet and stars
As planets orbit their stars, they actuallyorbit the center of mass in the system.
This produces a gravitational tug on the staand causes it to wobble.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy
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What is the Doppler method?
Scientists can accurately measurethe wobble using spectroscopy.
They measure the light emission asthe star moves toward and awayfrom the Earth, and can determinethe velocities in both directions.
Information Reference:http://www.howstuffworks.com/planet-hunting2.htm
Picture Reference:http://www.astronomynotes.com/light/s10.htm
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Problems & Limitations
Doppler relies on line of sight for trueaccuracy.
If planetary orbits are tilted away fromthe observer, false readings or no
reading may be detected.
Only minimum mass of a planet can bedetermined.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy
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Results
The majority of newly discoveredplanets have been by DopplerSpectroscopy.
Primarily Hot Jupiters which havehigh mass and are close to their hostplanet.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Discovery_Methods_Bar.png
Blue indicates planets discovered via DopplerMethod.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Discovery_Methods_Bar.pnghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Discovery_Methods_Bar.png -
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Transit Method & Results
Akeiah Dillon
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What is the Transit Method?A method used to discover Exoplanets
Based on the observation of a star's small drop inbrightness, that occurs when the orbit (dashed line)of one of the star's planets passes ('transits') in frontof the star.
A transit has to occur once for every orbitalrevolution of the planet around the star.
This repeated occurrence of transits is the majordiagnostic tool to determine if an observed transit is
really from a planet - it has to appear once in eachof the planet's 'year.
Info Reference:http://www.iac.es/proyecto/tep/transitmet.html
Picture Reference: www.iaa.es/corot/transitE.html
http://www.iac.es/proyecto/tep/transitmet.htmlhttp://www.iaa.es/corot/transitE.htmlhttp://www.iaa.es/corot/transitE.htmlhttp://www.iac.es/proyecto/tep/transitmet.html -
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Exoplanets & Transit Occurrence
An Exoplanet is a planet whichorbits a star other than our Sunand therefore belongs to aplanetary system other than thesolar system.
A transit occurs when a planetpasses in front of its star asviewed by an observer
Picture Reference: www.stsci.edu/.../2009/thisweek208.htmlInfo Reference:http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-transit-graph.html
http://www.exoplanet.org
http://www.stsci.edu/~inr/thisweek1/2009/thisweek208.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-transit-graph.htmlhttp://www.exoplanet.org/http://www.exoplanet.org/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-transit-graph.htmlhttp://www.stsci.edu/~inr/thisweek1/2009/thisweek208.html -
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Advantage of Transit Method
The size of the planet can be determined from the light curve
This method makes it possible to study the atmosphere of thetransiting planet
The secondary eclipse (when the planet is blocked by its star)allows direct measurement of the planet's radiation
Info Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_method -
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Disadvantage of Transit Method
The size of the planet can be determined from thelight curve
This method makes it possible to study theatmosphere of the transiting planet
The secondary eclipse (when the planet is blockedby its star) allows direct measurement of theplanet's radiation
Info Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_method -
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Transit Findings & the KeplerMission
During the first 43 days of the missionover 750 exoplanet candidates werefound
This number of potential exoplanets isgreater than planets discovered duringthe last 15 years
The missions first five Exoplanets wereannounced on January 4, 2010 and arenamed Kepler 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b and 8b
The Kepler 5 are much larger than Earthand known as "hot Jupiters" because ofhigh masses and extreme temperatures
Picture Reference:http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/
Info Referenceshttp://www.universetoday.com/2010/06/15/new-worlds-to-explore-kepler-spacecraft-finds-750-exoplanet-candidates/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/http://www.universetoday.com/2010/06/15/new-worlds-to-explore-kepler-spacecraft-finds-750-exoplanet-candidates/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/http://www.universetoday.com/2010/06/15/new-worlds-to-explore-kepler-spacecraft-finds-750-exoplanet-candidates/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/
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