gemini+group+project final1

8/9/2019 Gemini+Group+Project Final1

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Search for Earth-like Planets

Team Gemini

James Deeney, Akeiah Dillon, Jagun Terry, Karmen Williams


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Reasons to Search for Earth-like

Planets

Jagun Terry


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The Search for Life

There may be 100 billion Earth-likeplanets in the Milky Way.

If any of the Earth-like worlds haveliquid water, they are likely to be home

to some type of life.

Life on these planets would most likelybe primitive life, like bacteria ormulticellular creatures

If aliens have just switched on theirtransmitter to communicate it couldtake hundreds of centuries to receivea message.

Info Reference:http://planeetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_life.cfmPicture Reference:https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0531/5b0f285a
http://planeetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_life.cfmhttp://planeetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_life.cfm


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Reasons & Benefits to Search for

Earth-like PlanetsCOROT, a French and Europeanmission along with the Kepler missionwill unveil evidence of Earth-likeplanets

Allow astronomers to detect planets

and count them to gain moreinformation about Earth-like planets

Will be a huge step in understandingthe formation of these planets.

Uncover other solid planets unlikegas planets of Jupiter and Saturn.

Explain the Earth's history from 3billion years ago

Info Reference: www.nasa.govPicture Reference:http://www.physorg.com/news182107288

.html
http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.nasa.gov/


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Rare Earth & Fermi Paradox

HypothesisThe Rare Earth Hypothesis states theEarth's is the result of fortuitouscircumstances that cannot easily befound or duplicated.

The Fermi Paradox, is thecontradiction between high estimatesof the probability of the existence ofextraterrestrial civilizations and lack ofevidence.

Info Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis &http://scienceblogs.com/highltyallochthonous/2009/03/kepler_and_the_rare_earth_hypo.phpPicture Reference:forgetomori.com/.../ galactic-habitable-zone1.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesishttp://scienceblogs.com/highltyhttp://scienceblogs.com/highltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis


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Copernican Principle

The Ptolemaic system placed theEarth at the center of the solar system

Polish mathematician/astronomerNicolas Copernicus challenged the

Ptolemaic system.

The Copernican Principle is statementin physics that there should be nospecial observers.

Copernicus demonstrated that the Sunwas at the center of the solar systemand that the Earth orbits around it.

Info Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?Copernicus &http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican

_principlePicture Reference:ircamera.as.arizona.edu/.../copernicus3.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?Copernicus


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History of the Search for Earth-

like PlanetsWorld's view of the Universe canbe traced to ancient observers inChina, India, Greece, and Egypt.

The Qur'an, Talmud and manyHindu texts imagined a universefull of beings.

Ancient Greece, also speculated

that other solar systems mightexist.

http://dogmatics.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/raphael-plato-aristotle.jpg


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ITechniques to Locate Earth-like

Planets

Karmen Williams


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Current Information of Earth-like

PlanetsThere are 403 extrasolar planets that

have been discovered.

Most are gaseous similar to Jupiter

Some "super-Earths" are thought tobe large terrestrial, or rocky, worlds.

Info & Picture Reference:http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=30146


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Detecting Extrasolar PlanetsExtrasolar planets are difficult to

locate for 3 reasons:

Distance from Earth

Appear very faint

Parent stars glare overwhelm

extrasolar planets

Info Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_methodPicture Reference:http://www.sciencedaily.com/gallery/space_time/extrasolar_planets/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_method


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Successful Methods of Detection

Info Reference:http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=30146Picture

Reference:thekonablog.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/4673/

COROT

A space mission with the dual aims of finding extrasolar planets aperforming asteroseismology

Launched December 2006.

Kepler MissionUses a NASA space telescope to discover Earth-like planets orbit

other stars.Has a mission lifetime of at least 3.5 years

Uses a photometer developed to monitor the brightness of over

100,000 stars and launched in March 2009.

Hubble Space TelescopeWas carried into orbit in April 1990.

One of the largest and most versatile

Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescopeKnown simply as MOST is a Canada's first and only space telescoHas confirmed a few planets.
http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=30146http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=30146


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Doppler Method & Results

James Deeney


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Doppler Spectroscopy

Doppler Spectroscopy orRadical velocity measurementallows scientists to measurethe orbital wobble of a star

Determines the minimummass of any orbiting planet.

http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_planets.cfm
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_planets.cfmhttp://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/finding_planets.cfm


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Orbits of planet and stars

As planets orbit their stars, they actuallyorbit the center of mass in the system.

This produces a gravitational tug on the staand causes it to wobble.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy


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What is the Doppler method?

Scientists can accurately measurethe wobble using spectroscopy.

They measure the light emission asthe star moves toward and awayfrom the Earth, and can determinethe velocities in both directions.

Information Reference:http://www.howstuffworks.com/planet-hunting2.htm

Picture Reference:http://www.astronomynotes.com/light/s10.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/planet-hunting2.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/planet-hunting2.htm


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Problems & Limitations

Doppler relies on line of sight for trueaccuracy.

If planetary orbits are tilted away fromthe observer, false readings or no

reading may be detected.

Only minimum mass of a planet can bedetermined.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy


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Results

The majority of newly discoveredplanets have been by DopplerSpectroscopy.

Primarily Hot Jupiters which havehigh mass and are close to their hostplanet.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Discovery_Methods_Bar.png

Blue indicates planets discovered via DopplerMethod.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Discovery_Methods_Bar.pnghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Discovery_Methods_Bar.png


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Transit Method & Results

Akeiah Dillon


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What is the Transit Method?A method used to discover Exoplanets

Based on the observation of a star's small drop inbrightness, that occurs when the orbit (dashed line)of one of the star's planets passes ('transits') in frontof the star.

A transit has to occur once for every orbitalrevolution of the planet around the star.

This repeated occurrence of transits is the majordiagnostic tool to determine if an observed transit is

really from a planet - it has to appear once in eachof the planet's 'year.

Info Reference:http://www.iac.es/proyecto/tep/transitmet.html

Picture Reference: www.iaa.es/corot/transitE.html
http://www.iac.es/proyecto/tep/transitmet.htmlhttp://www.iaa.es/corot/transitE.htmlhttp://www.iaa.es/corot/transitE.htmlhttp://www.iac.es/proyecto/tep/transitmet.html


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Exoplanets & Transit Occurrence

An Exoplanet is a planet whichorbits a star other than our Sunand therefore belongs to aplanetary system other than thesolar system.

A transit occurs when a planetpasses in front of its star asviewed by an observer

Picture Reference: www.stsci.edu/.../2009/thisweek208.htmlInfo Reference:http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-transit-graph.html

http://www.exoplanet.org
http://www.stsci.edu/~inr/thisweek1/2009/thisweek208.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-transit-graph.htmlhttp://www.exoplanet.org/http://www.exoplanet.org/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-transit-graph.htmlhttp://www.stsci.edu/~inr/thisweek1/2009/thisweek208.html


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Advantage of Transit Method

The size of the planet can be determined from the light curve

This method makes it possible to study the atmosphere of thetransiting planet

The secondary eclipse (when the planet is blocked by its star)allows direct measurement of the planet's radiation

Info Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_method


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Disadvantage of Transit Method

The size of the planet can be determined from thelight curve

This method makes it possible to study theatmosphere of the transiting planet

The secondary eclipse (when the planet is blockedby its star) allows direct measurement of theplanet's radiation

Info Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets%22%20/l%20%22ransit_method


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Transit Findings & the KeplerMission

During the first 43 days of the missionover 750 exoplanet candidates werefound

This number of potential exoplanets isgreater than planets discovered duringthe last 15 years

The missions first five Exoplanets wereannounced on January 4, 2010 and arenamed Kepler 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b and 8b

The Kepler 5 are much larger than Earthand known as "hot Jupiters" because ofhigh masses and extreme temperatures

Picture Reference:http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/

Info Referenceshttp://www.universetoday.com/2010/06/15/new-worlds-to-explore-kepler-spacecraft-finds-750-exoplanet-candidates/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/http://www.universetoday.com/2010/06/15/new-worlds-to-explore-kepler-spacecraft-finds-750-exoplanet-candidates/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/http://www.universetoday.com/2010/06/15/new-worlds-to-explore-kepler-spacecraft-finds-750-exoplanet-candidates/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/04jan_fiveplanets/

gemini+group+project final1

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