h≥i-c-iƒ · h≥i-c-iƒ 39 3 h≥i-c-iƒ bkvt{x-en-b, hst° ata-cn-°, sxt°-a-ta-cn° xps-ßnb...
Post on 20-May-2020
2 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
h≥
I-c-I
ƒ
39
3
h≥I-c-Iƒh≥I-c-Iƒh≥I-c-Iƒh≥I-c-Iƒh≥I-c-Iƒ
BkvtX-en-b, hSt° Ata-cn-°, sXt°-
A-ta-cn° XpS-ßnb h≥I-c-IfpsS `q]-IrXn,
Imem-h-ÿ, hn`-h-߃, a\p-jy-PohnXsØ
kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ XpS-ßn-b-hsb
Ipdn®v ap≥]v \n߃ ]Tn-®Xv Hm¿°p-at√m?
$ C\n ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS≠ h≥I-c-Iƒ GsXm-
s°-bmWv?
$ G‰hpw hen-∏-ap≈ h≥Ic GXmWv?
Gjy
temIsØ BsI Ic-hn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS aq∂n¬
Hcp mKw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ h≥I-c-bmWv Gjy.
3
NnXw 3.1˛temI-`q-]Sw
kvYm\w
A£mwiw tcJmwiw
Gjy 10°11′ sX°v 26°2′ Ing°v -
81°12′ hS°v 169°40′ ]Sn™mdv
temI-`q]Sw \nco-£n®v Gjy h≥I-c-
bn -eqsS IS-∂p -t]m-Ip∂ ][m\
A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ GsX-√m-sa∂v Is≠ØpI.
A‰ve-kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Xmsg -sIm-Sp-Øn-
cn-°p∂hbv°v DØ-c-߃ Is≠Øn Fgp-XpI.
$ Gjym h≥I-csb B^n-°-bn¬ \n∂v
th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ I\m¬
$ Gjy-bnse G‰hpw hen-∏-ta-dnb cmPyw
Gjy
BkvtS-enb
bqtdm∏v
B n°
A‰vem‚nIvkapZwhSt°
Ata-cn°
sXt°Ata-cn°
]k- nIvkapZw
C¥y≥kapZw
¢mk
v X ˛ -k
m-aq-l
y-imk
vXw
II
40
3$ Gjysb Np‰n°nS-°p∂ kap-Z-߃
$ C¥y-bp-ambn AXn¿Øn ]¶v hbv°p∂
Gjy≥ cmPy-߃
$ hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \n∂v Gjysb
th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ IS-en-Sp°v
`q]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃
Gjysb Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ `q]-IrXn hn`m-K-ß-
fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
$ hS-°≥ Xmgv\ne ]tZ-i-߃
$ a[y-]¿∆X tiWn-Iƒ
$ sX°≥ ]mNo\ ]oT-`qan
hS-°≥ Xmgv\ne ]tZ-i-߃
(Northern low lands)
B¿´nIv kap-Z-Øns‚ sX°v ssk_o-cnb-
bpsS `qcn`m-Khpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ImW-s∏-Sp∂
`qhn`m-K-am-Wn-Xv. Xmgv∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fm-sW-
¶nepw Ch ka-X-e-ß-f-√. ]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-fpw ]oT-
`q-an-Ifpw Chn-sS-bp-≠v. hS-°≥ Xmgv\ne ]tZ-
i-ß-fpsS ]Sn-™m-dv ÿnXn sNøp∂ bqdm¬
ae-\n -c -Iƒ bqtdm -∏n¬ \n∂v Gjysb
th¿Xncn-°p∂p.
A‰vekns‚ klm-b-tØmsS bqdm¬
ae-\n-c-I-fpsS ÿm\w Is≠-Øp-I.
a[y ]¿∆X tiWn-Iƒ
(The central mountain chains)
hS-°≥ Xmgv\ne ]tZ-i-߃°v sX°mbn
ÿnXn sNøp∂ `qhn`mKamWnXv. GjybpsS
GXm≠v a[y-`m-KØv ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]mao¿
]¿∆-Xs°´n¬ \n∂mWv Gjy-bnse CX-c-
]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v ]¿∆X-\nc-Iƒ hn\y-kn-°-
s∏-Sp -∂-Xv . ]mao¿ sI´v "temI-Øns‚
ta¬°qc' F∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂p.
NnXw˛3.2
h≥
I-c-I
ƒ
41
3]mao¿ ]¿∆-X-s°-´n¬ \n∂v ]Sn-™m-dv `mK-
tØ-°p≈ c≠v ]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-fmWv lnµp-°p-
jpw kpsse-am-\pw. ]mao¿ ]¿∆-X-s°-´n¬
\n∂v \mep ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ Ing-t°m´v \o≠p
InS-°p-∂p-≠v. CXn-te-‰hpw ][m-\-s∏- Xv lnam-
e-b ]¿∆-X-\n -c -I-fmWv. lnam-e-b-Øn\v
hS-°mbn ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-IfmWv
Iq≥eq¨, AƒXn≥ F∂nh. lnam-e-b-Øns‚
Ingt° A‰-Øp-\n∂pw BZyw sX°v ]Sn-™m-
tdm´pw ]ns∂ sXt°m´pw \o≠pt]mIp∂ Hcp
henb ]¿∆-X-\n -c -bm-Wv Ac-°≥tbma.
temIsØ G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb Fh-dÃv
Dƒs∏sS [mcmfw sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ ChnsSbp≠v.
a[y-]¿∆-X-ti-Wn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂
][m\ sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS
Dbcw, Ah ÿnXn sNøp∂ cmPy-
߃ F∂nh A‰ve-kns‚ klm-b-
tØmsS Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏SpØpI.
sX°≥ ]mNo\ ]oT- q-an-Iƒ
(Old Plateaus of the South)
Atd-_y, sU°m≥, C≥tUm-ssN\ F∂o
aq∂p ][m\ ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ Cu q]-IrXn hn`m-
K -Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -∂p. Cu ]tZ -i -߃
kmam\yw ]g-°ap≈-hbpw ISp-∏-ta-dnbXp-amb
ine-I-fm¬ cq]w sIm≠-h-bpam-Wv. Npcp°w
Nne \Zn-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw an°-hmdpw hc≠
]tZi-amb Cu `qhn-`mKw sN¶-S-en -\pw
ssSKokv \Zo-X-S-Øn\panS-bv°mbn ]Sn™m-
dp-\n∂pw Ing-t°m v Ncn™v ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.
A‰ve -kns‚ klm-b -tØmsS
sX°≥ ]mNo\ ]oT-`qan ]tZ-
isØ acp -`q -an -Iƒ, cmPy -߃
F∂nh Is≠-Øp-I.
henb \Zo-X-S-߃
(The Great River Valleys)
^e-]p-jvSn-bp≈ F°-e-Sn™ Xmgvv\ne ]tZ-
i-ß-fm-Wn-h. ssSKo-kv-˛-bq-^-´okv \Zo-X-S-
߃, kn‘p-\-Zo-XSw, KwKm-˛-_-“-]pXm \Zo-
X-S-߃, ta\mw-X-Sw, sFcm-hXn XSw, sa°mMv
XSw, bmMvko-X-Sw, slmbmMvtlmXSw F∂o
F´p \Zo-X-S--߃ tN¿∂ `qhn-`m-K-am-Wn-Xv.
hfsc ^e-`q -bn -jvS -amb Cu ]tZiw
temIsØ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ P\-߃ Xnßn-
]m¿°p∂ taJ-e-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.
A‰ve -kns‚ klm-b -tØmsS
Gjym h≥I-c-bnse ][m\ \Zn-Iƒ,
Ah IS∂p-t]m-Ip∂ cmPy-߃
F∂nh Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Zzo]-k-aq-l-߃ (The Island Groups)
h≥I-c-`m-K-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]¿∆-X-
\n -c -I-fpsS XpS¿®-bmbn kap - Z -ß-fn¬
ImWp∂ ]¿∆-X-ß-fpsS Db¿∂ mK-ß-fmWv
`qcn-`mKw Zzo]p-Ifpw. Nne Zzo]-k-aq-l-ß-fn¬
[mcmfw A·n-]¿∆-X-߃ ImWs∏-Sp-∂p.
P∏m≥, ^nen -ss∏≥kv, C≥tUm-t\jy,
Iqssd¬ Zzo]p-Iƒ, t^m¿tamk XpS-ßn-b-h-
bmWv ][m\ Zzo] kaq-l-߃.
Imem-h-ÿ-mta-J-e-Ifpw
ss\k¿§nI kky-Pmeßfpw
Gjy-bpsS Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂
][m\ LS-I-߃ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
$ `qJ-fi-Øns‚ ÿm\w
$ hnkvXrXn
$ kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂p≈ Dbcw
$ kap-Z-km-ao]yw
$ ]¿∆-X-ßfpsS ÿm\w
$ a¨kqWns‚ KXn
Gjy-bpsS Imem-hÿm taJ-e-Iƒ,
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, Ah A\p-`-h-s∏-
Sp∂ ]tZ-i-߃, kky-Pm-e-߃
F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]´n-I-bn¬
\n∂v a\- n-em-°p-a-t√m.
Gjy: hn`-h-ßfpw P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-Whpw
h\-hn-`-h-߃
Gjy h≥I-c-bnse qa-[y-tcJm ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬
hen -∏ -ta -dn -bXpw Dbcw IqSn -b -Xp -amb
hr£-߃ CS-Xq¿∂p hf-cp-∂p. e`n-°p∂ ag-
bpsS G‰-°p-d-®n-en-\-\p-k-cn®v kky-Pm-e-ß-
¢mk
v X ˛ -k
m-aq-l
y-imk
vXw
II
42
3fnepw am‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p. a¨kq-Wns‚ kzm[o\ap≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \nXy-l-cn-X, A¿≤ \nXy-
l-cnX h\-߃ hf-cp-tºmƒ acp-`q-an-I-fn¬ I≈n-apƒs®-Sn-Ifpw a‰p-amWv hf-cp-∂-Xv. ]´nI 3.1
\nco-£n®v Gjy-bnse hnhn[ kky-Pm-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
Irjn
]¿∆-X-߃, ]oT- q-an-Iƒ, acp- q-an-Iƒ, \n_nU
h\-߃ F∂n-hsbms°-bp≈ Cu `qJ-fi-
Øns‚ ]e ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Pe-Zu¿e-`yw
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. Gjy-bnse `qcn-`mKw P\-
ßfpw Irjnsb Bi-bn-®mWv Pohn-°p-∂-Xv.
temIØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ s\√p¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv Gjy h≥I-c-bnse ssN\-bn-em-Wv.
tKmX-ºv, ]bdp-h¿§ßƒ, FÆ-°p-cp-°ƒ,
]cp-Øn, NWw, d∫¿, tXbn-e, Im∏n XpS-ßnb
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Im¿jnI Dev]∂-߃ Gjy-
bnse hnhn[ ]tZ -i -ß-fn -embn Irjn
sNøp∂p.
Gjy : Imem-hÿ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, ss\k¿§nI kky-Pm-e-߃
taJ-e-Iƒ Imem-hÿ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ kky-Pm-e-߃
]tZ-i-߃
`qa≤ytc-Jm- $ h¿jw apgp-h≥ Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne ]q¿th¥y≥ Zzo]p-Iƒ d∫¿, almKWn,
Imem-hÿ $ CSnan∂-tem-Sp-IqSnb kwhl\hrjvSn ate-jy, C≥tUm-t\jy Cu´n
a¨kq¨ $ XWpØv hc≠ ssiXy-Imew C¥y, aym≥am¿, tX°v, Nµ\w,
Imem-hÿ sX°≥ ssN\ ]n∏¬, apf$ NqSpw agbpw CS-hn´v A\p-`-h-s∏Sp∂
th\¬°mew
acp-`q- $ Ipd-™-h¿j]m-Xw, iotXm-jvW-߃ at[yjy, Atd-_y, ]p¬s®-Sn-Iƒ,
Im-em-hÿ Gdn-bp≈ hc-≠-Im-em-hÿ C¥y-bnse Xm¿a-cp-`qan I≈n-apƒ
s®-Sn-Iƒ
anX-io-tXm $ anX-amb ag, Db¿∂ NqSv, XWp∏v at[y-jy≥ acp-`q-an, HmIv, I¿∏qcw
jvW]p¬ F∂nh A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p Ch-bpsS hS-°v, hS°v]tZ-i-߃ ]Sn-™m-d≥ taJe
anX-ioX $ XWp∏v IqSnbXpw h¿j-]mXw Gjy-bpsS hS°v ]p¬s®-Sn-Iƒ
Imem-hÿ Ipd™Xpamb ssiXy-Imew
Xpµ-am-XrI $ XWp∏v IqSn-bpw, h¿jw apgp-h≥ Gjy-bpsS G‰hpw ]mb¬
bnep≈ a™v aqSnb ]tZiw hS°v `mK-w h¿§-߃Imem-hÿ
saUn-‰- $ anX-amb XWp-∏v, kmam\yw ag-tbmSp Ck-tb¬, Xp¿°n, ap¥n-cn, Hen-hv,td\nb≥ IqSnb ssiXy-Imew tPm¿±m≥, kndnb, Hmd-©v XpS-ßnb
Imem-hÿ $ NqSp-Iq-Snb hc≠ th\¬°mew ]Sn-™m-d≥ Gjy ]g-h¿§ßƒ
[mXp-hn-`-h-߃
[mcmfw [mXp-°-fpsS IehdbmWv Gjy.
C°m-c-W-Øm¬ J\\w Gjy-bn¬ Hcp
sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. temIØv J\\w
sNøp∂ A`-Øns‚ GI-tZiw 90% Gjy-
bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. CXn-\p-]p-dsa tamW-ssk-‰v,
shfp-Øobw (Sn≥), SMvè, Ccp-º-bn-cv, amwK-
\o-kv, t_mIvssk‰v, kz¿Æw, sh≈n XpSßnb
[mXp-°fpw J\\w sNøp-∂p. I¬°-cn,
s]tSm-fnbw XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS \nt£-]-ßfpw
Gjy-bn¬ h≥tXmXn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂p.
]´n-I˛3.1
h≥
I-c-I
ƒ
43
3P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-cWw
G‰hpw henb qJ-fi-amb Gjy Xs∂-bmWv
P\-kw-Jy G‰hpw IqSnb h≥Icbpw. temI
P\-kw-Jy-bpsS GI-tZiw 60%hpw hkn-°p-
∂Xv Gjy-bn-em-Wv. P\-kwJym hnX-c-W-
Ønepw Ht´sd sshhn-[y-ßfp≈ h≥I-c-
bmWnXv . KwKm -\ -Zo -X -Sw, bmMvko -˛ -kn -
°nbmMvXSw, C≥tUm-t\-jy-bnse Pmhm-Zzo-
]v, knwK-∏q¿, P∏m≥ XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-߃
P\-km-µX IqSnb taJ-e-I-fm-Wv. Xp¿°n-bpsS
Xoc-]-tZ-i-߃, sX°p--In-g-°-t\jy, Nne
Atd-_y≥ cmPy-߃ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ P\-
kwJy s]mXpsh Ipd-hm-Wv. F∂m¬ at[y-
jy-bnse acp- q-an-Iƒ, sX°p- ]-Sn-™m-d-t\-jy,
hS-°≥ djy XpS-ßn-bh P\-hmkw Xosc-°pd-
hmb ]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv.
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS Hcp qJfiw
sshhn-[yam¿∂ `qan-imkvX khn-ti-j-X-I-
fm¬ it≤-b-amb Hcp `qJ-fi-amWv Gjy.
Xmsg-∏-dbp∂ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠ØpI.
$ temIsØ G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSpapSn
$ temI-Ønse G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb
]tZ-i-Øp≈ XSmIw
$ kap-Z-\n-c∏nt\-°mƒ Xmgv∂ ]tZiw
$ temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ag e`n-°p∂
]tZiw
IqSp-X¬ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn
"Gjy sshhn -[y -ß-fpsS Hcp
`qJfiw' F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ Hcp
eLp hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°pI.
bqtdm∏v
Ko°v IY-bnse t^mWnIvkv cmP-Ip-am-cs‚
aI-fpsS t]cmb "bqtdm]' F∂ \ma-Øn¬
\n∂mWv bqtdm∏v F∂ t]cv Cu `qJ-fi-
Øn\v e`n-®-Xv. Fs¥m-s°-bmhpw Cu hnti-
j-W-Øn\p ]n∂nep≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ?
$ henbtXmXnep≈ hmWnPyw
$ Db¿∂ P\kmµX
$ DjvWacp`qanIfpsS A`mhw
$
ÿm\w
]q¿Æambpw DØcm¿≤tKmfØn¬ ÿnXn-
sN-øp∂ Hcp h≥IcbmWv bqtdm∏v .
A£mwiw hS°v 034 51′ ˛Dw 081 47 ′ tcJmwiw024 33′ ]Sn™mdpw 069 03′ Ing°pambn´mWv Cu
`qJfiØns‚ ÿm\w.
`q]-S-Øn¬ bqtdm-∏ns‚ ÿm\-
\n¿Æbw \SØn A£mwi˛tcJmw-
i-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
aq∂p hißfpw kapZØm¬ Np‰s∏´
\nebnemWv bqtdm∏v. h≥IcbpsS BsI
`qhnkvXrXn 10498000 N.In.ao . BWv.
bqtdm∏ns\bpw Gjysbbpw Iq´nt®¿Øv
s]mXpsh "bptdjy' F∂ t]cn¬
Adnbs∏Smdp≠v
Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ tNmZy-
߃°v A‰vekns‚ klmb
tØmsS DØcw Is≠ØpI:
$ bqtdm∏ns‚ Ing°p`mKØmbn ÿnXn
sNøp∂ ]¿∆X\nctbXmWv?
$ bqtdm∏ns‚ ]Sn™mdp`mKØmbn ÿnXn-
sNøp∂ kapZw GXv?
$ kvIm≥Unt\hnb≥ cmPy߃ F∂dnb-
s∏Sp∂ A©v cmPy߃ GsXms°-bmWv?
`q]IrXn
[mcmfw ]¿∆Xßfpw hnimeamb ka
Xeßfpap≈ Hcp `qJfiamWv bqtdm∏v.
bqtdm∏ns‚ ]IpXnbn¬ IqSpX¬ `mKhpw
kapZ\nc∏n¬ \n∂v icmicn 200 ao‰¿
DbcØnemWv ÿnXn sNøp∂Xv.
bqtdm∏ns\ Xmsg∏dbp∂ ]IrXn
hn`mKßfmbn XcwXncn®ncn°p∂p.
¢mk
v X ˛ -k
m-aq-l
y-imk
vXw
II
44
3
NnXw 3.3: bqtdm-∏v-˛-`q-]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃
$ hS°v ]Sn™md≥ ]¿∆XtaJe
(North Western mountain region)
$ DØc bqtdm-∏y≥ ka-X-e-߃
(The North European Plains)
$ a[y- D∂X XS-߃
(The Central Uplands)
$ B¬ss∏≥ knÃw
(The Alphine System)
hS°v ]Sn™md≥ ]¿∆XtaJe
^n≥em‚ v apX¬ kzoU≥, t\m¿sh, _n´Wpw
sF¿em‚pw tN¿∂ _n´ojv sF¬kv (BritishIsles), sFkvem‚ v hsc Dƒs∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-bm-
Wn-Xv. Ime-ß-fm-bp≈ A]-£b ]In-b-I-fp-
sSbpw A]-c-Z\ ]In-b-bp-sSbpw e-am-bmWv
Cu ]tZ-i-Øns‚ `q]-IrXn C∂p ImWp∂
Xc-Øn-em-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p-≈-Xv. bqtdm∏nse
G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂ ]¿∆X߃ Cu taJ-
e-bnemWv. [mXp-°-fm¬ kºp-jvS-amb hS°v
]Sn-™m-d≥ ]¿∆X-ta-J-e-bn¬ s]tSm-fnbw,
I¬°cn \nt£-]-ßfpw ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn¬
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
DØc bqtdm-]y≥ ka-X-e-߃
bqtdm-∏ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw `mKw Dƒs∏-Sp∂
Hcp hnime ka-X-e-am-Wn-Xv. ]Sn -™mdv
A‰vem‚nIv Xocw apX¬ Ing°v bpdm¬ ]¿∆-
X-߃ hsc hym]n®v InS-°p-∂p. \Zn-Iƒ
hln®p- sIm≠phcp∂ Ah-km-Z-ß-fm¬
\n¿Ωn-X-amWv Cu ka-X-e-ta-J-e. tlmf-≠v,
s_¬Pn-bw, sU∑m¿°v, ]Sn-™m-d≥ ^m≥kv,
hS-°≥ P¿Ω-\n, t]mf≠v XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv
hS-°≥ bqtdm-]y≥ ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂
][m\ cmPy-߃.
Cu taJebneqsS HgpIp∂ ][m\
\ZnIƒ A‰vekns‚ klmbtØmsS
Is≠ØpI.
h≥
I-c-I
ƒ
45
3a[y- D∂X XS-߃
DØc bqtdm-]y≥ ka-X-e-߃°pw B¬]vkv
]¿∆X-\n-c-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn-embn ]¿∆-X-߃,
Ip∂p-Iƒ, ka-X-e-߃ F∂nh Dƒs∏´ Hcp
`q]-IrXn hn`m-K-am-Wn-Xv. Cu ]tZ-iØv ImW-
s∏-Sp∂ ]¿∆-X-߃ kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂v
icm-icn 1600 ao‰¿ hsc Db-c-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.
$ h≥Ic
(The Continental Type)
$ saUn‰td\nb≥
(Mediterranean Type)
$ ssSK
(Taiga Type)
$ Xpµ
(Tundra Type)
]Sn™md≥ bqtdm]y≥
Imem-hÿ
bqtdm∏ns‚ ]Sn™md≥ Xoc]tZi
ßfnse ImemhÿbmWnXv. sF¿e‚ v,
_n´≥, sU≥-am¿°v, s\X¿em‚ v, s_¬Pnbw,
hSt° kvs]bn≥ XpSßnb cmPyßfmWv Cu
taJebn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂Xv.
Cu taJ-e-bnse Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬
kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂ LS-I-ß-
fmWv kap-Z-Pe ]hm-l-ßfpw
BtKm-f-hm-X--ß-fpw. Ch-tb-sX-√m-
sa∂v Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-
°pI.
h≥Ic Imem-hÿ
a[yIng°≥ bqtdm∏n¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂
ImemhÿbmWnXv. IS¬ XocØp \n∂v
AIse ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]tZißfmb-Xn-
\m¬ ChnsS ssiXy-Øn\v XohX IqSp-X-
emWv. th\¬°meØv Ipd™tXmXn¬ ag
e`n°p∂p.
saUn‰td\nb≥ Imem-hÿ
sX°≥ bqtdm∏n¬ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-en\p
Np‰pambn A\p -`hs∏Sp∂ Imemhÿ
bmWnXv. t]m¿®pK¬, kvs]bn≥, sX°≥
^m≥kv, C‰en, Kokv XpSßnbhbmWv
saUn‰td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂
cmPy߃. anXamb Imemhÿ BbXn\m¬
]gh¿§ßfpsS hf¿®bv°v CXv hfsc
A\ptbmPyamWv. Henhv, Hmd©v, \mcß
XpSßnbh Cu ]tZiØv [mcmfambn
hfcp∂p.
bpdm¬ ]¿∆X-\n-c-Iƒ, P¿Ω-\n-bnse ªm°v
t^mdÃv F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv a[y-`m-
KsØ Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-߃.
B¬ss∏≥ knÃw
]Sn-™mdv A‰vem‚nIv kapZw apX¬ Ing°v
Imkv]n-b≥ kapZw hsc hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂
]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ `qhn-`m-K-amWv
B¬ss∏≥ knÃw. kam-¥-c-amb aS°p
]¿∆X- \n-c-Iƒ Cu `qhn-`m-K-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-
X-bmWv.
Imemhÿ
bqtdm∏ns‚ Imemhÿsb kzm[o\n°p∂
][m\s∏´ LSI߃ Xmsg∏dbp∂hbmWv:
$ `q]IrXn
$ kapZkmao]yw
$ BtKmfhmX߃
$ kapZPe ]hml߃
bqtdm∏ns\ Xmsg∏dbp∂ A©v Imemhÿm-
hn`mKßfmbn XcwXncn®ncn°p∂p.
$ ]Sn™md≥ bqtdm]y≥
(West European Type)
¢mk
v X ˛ -k
m-aq-l
y-imk
vXw
II
46
3ssSK
hS°≥ bqtdm∏n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ssSK
A£mwiw 500 hS°v \n∂mwcw`n®v B¿´n°v
hrØw hsc hym]n®p InS°p∂p. t\m¿sh,
kzoU≥, ^n≥em‚ v XpSßnb cmPy߃ Cu
taJebn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂hbmWv. ss]≥, ^n¿
XpSßnb hr£ßƒ hf-cp∂ Cu taJesb
XSn Bhiy߃°mbn bqtdm∏v hym]-I-ambn
D]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Xpµ
bqtdm∏ns‚ G‰hpw hS°p `mKØmbn ImW-
s∏-Sp∂ Imemhÿm hn`mKamWnXv. h¿jw
apgph≥ a™v aqSs∏´ taJebmWnXv.
AXnssiXyambXn\m¬ XWp∏ns\ AXn-
Po-hn-°p∂ Nne kkyPme߃ amXamWv
Cu ImemhÿmtaJebn¬ hfcp∂Xv.
hn`h߃
Irjn
samØw `qhnkvXrXnbpsS aq∂nsemcp`mKw
amXamWv Irjn°pth≠n D]tbmKn°p-∂Xv.
bqtdm]y≥ P\XbpsS sNdnsbmcp hn`mKw
t\cn´pw A√msXbpw hnhn[ Im¿jnI
]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏´ncn°p∂hcmWv.
sshhn[yam¿∂ £yhnfIfpw ]gh¿§ßfpw
hnhn[bn\w ]pjv]ßfpw Irjn sNøp∂p.
tKmXºv, _m¿fn, Hm´vkv, Icnºv XpSßn
[mcmfw hnf-Iƒ ChnsS Irjn sNøp-∂p.
I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ bqtdm-∏ns‚ hnhn[ mK-
ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS apJy sXmgn -ep -I -
fnsem∂mWv.
a’y-_-‘\w
a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\v hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb
`qanimkvX khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D≈ h≥I-c-
bmWv bqtdm-∏v. Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h ][m\ khn-
ti-j-X-Ifn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv:
$ [mcmfw Dƒ°-S-ep-Iƒ
$ kap-Z-P-e-]-hm-l-ß-fpsS IqSn-t®-c¬
$ πh-I-ßfpsS km∂n[yw
Ch-sb√mw a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\v klm-bn-
°p∂p. temIØv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ a’y-
Øns‚ Im¬`m-Khpw bqtdm∏n¬ \n∂m-Wv.
B[p-\nI b¥-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-
®mWv a’y-_-‘\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv. bqtdm-∏nse
G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ a’y-_-‘\ tIµ-߃
tUmK¿_m¶v, t\m¿sh, kzoU≥, sU≥am¿°v,
^m≥kv, _n´¨, P¿Ω-\n, s\X¿em‚ v
XpSßnb ]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv.
[mXp-hn- h-߃
[mXp-°-fpsSbpw Du¿÷-hn-`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tiJ-c-ß-fp≈ Hcp `qJ-fi-
amWv bqtdm-∏v. ][m-\-s∏´ [mXp-°ƒ Ccp-º-
bn-cv, kn¶v, Idp-Øo-bw, πm‰n-\w, sNºv,
t_mIvssk‰v XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. ]mc-ºcy
Du¿÷-hn-`-h-ß-fmb I¬°-cn, s]tSm-fn-bw,
]Ir-Xn-hm-XIw F∂nh IqSmsX BWh
Du¿÷hpw Pe-ssh-ZypXnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂p≠v. ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z-\-Ønepw
bqtdm∏v ap≥]-¥n-bn-em-Wv.
hyh-km-b-߃
[mcmfw hyh-kmbime-Iƒ D≈ h≥I-c-bmWv
bqtdm-∏v. Ccp-ºv-˛-D-cp°v hyh-km-bw, Iºnfn
hyh-km-bw, kmt¶-XnI hyh-km-b-ß-fm-b -
Hmt´msamss_¬, I∏-¬ \n¿Ωm-Ww, cmk-hy-
h-kmbime-Iƒ, t]∏¿ \n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßn-
b-hbpw bqtdm-∏n¬ hym]-I-am-bp-≠v. temIØv
Xs∂ Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-b-Øn¬ A©mw-
ÿm-\ap≈ P¿Ω-\n-bnse dql¿ t_kn≥
(Ruhr Basin) Cu `qJ-fi-ØnemWv
ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv.
P\-Po-hnXw
P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ aq∂mw ÿm\-ap≈ bqtdm-∏n\v
P\-km-µ-X-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\-ap-≠v. ssd≥
Xmgvhc, s\X¿em‚ v, s_¬Pn-bw, _n´≥
XpSßn -b -h -bmWv P\-km - µ -X -Iq -S nb
]tZi߃. t\m¿sh, kzoU≥ XpS-ßn-bh
P\-km-µX hf-sc -Ip-d™ cmPy-ß-fm-Wv.
h≥
I-c-I
ƒ
47
3B^n°
""ss\¬ Hcp alm-Im-hy-amWv.
krjvSn-Imew sXm´ntßm´p≈ FXtbm ]cn-
h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-߃ \mem-bncw \mgnI-
tbmfw \ofw hcp∂ ss\¬°-c-bpsS D`b
]m¿iz-ß-fnepw Nqfn-∏nSn®p InS-°p-∂p-≠v. AXn
]pcm-X\ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS AZv`p-Xm-h-in-jvS-
ß-fpw B[p-\nI ]cn-jv°m-c-Øns‚ t\ -ßfpw
]IrXn kº¬ ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fpw a\pjy
]b-Xv\-Øns‚ ]cn-W-X -e-ßfpw B aÆn¬
CSIe¿∂p hnekp∂p.
kqcycivan kv]¿i-taev°mØ tLmc-h-\m-¥-
c-ßfpw Np´p-s]m-≈p∂ acp-∏-c-∏p-Ifpw ]p¬Øp-
cp-Øp-Ifpw ]pXp-\-K-c-ßfpw amdn-amdn ]pW¿∂p-
sIm-≠mWv B alm-\Zn HSp-hn¬ a[y-[cWym-
gnsb icWw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xv. hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb
\c-h¿§-ßsf-bpw P¥p-tem-I-sØbpw CX
hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂
as‰mcp \Zo-Xm-gvhmcw `qan-bn-en-√... ss\¬
°-c-bn¬ \n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ \c® ]p¬
ssa-Xm-\-߃°-∏pdw sNº≥ Ip∂p-Iƒ°n-S-
bnse kqcym-kvX-abw ad-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp
ImgvN-bm-Wv.''
Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSns‚ ""ss\¬ Ubdn'' F∂
bmXm-hn-hcW Ipdn-∏n¬ ss\¬ \Zn-bpsS
kuµ-cysØ h¿Æn-°p∂ `mK-amWv apIfn¬
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
"CuPn-]v‰ns‚ Poh-c‡w' F∂ hnti-jn-∏n-
°p∂ temIsØ G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb \Zn-
bmb ss\¬ \Zn (6738 In.ao.) Hgp-Ip∂ B^n-
°≥ qJ-fi-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-ƒ Fs¥m-
s°-bm-sW∂v t\m°mw.
hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ temI-`q-J-fi-ß-fn¬ c≠mw
ÿm\w B^n-°-bv°m-Wv. an°-hmdpw F√m
hi-ßfpw kap-Z-ß-fm-epw IS-ep-I-fmepw Np‰-
s∏´ qJ-fi-amWv B^n-°. aU-Km-kvI¿ Zzo]v
Dƒs∏sS 53˛Hmfw cmPy-߃ tN¿∂v G‰hpw
IqSp-X¬ cmPy-ßfp≈ qJ-fi-amWv B^n°.
Ign™ \q‰m -≠p -hsc B^n -°-bpsS
Dƒ]tZi-߃ ]pdwtemIØv A⁄m-Xambn-
cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Cu `qJ-fisØ
"Ccp≠ `qJfiw' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adnb-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
ÿm\w
c≠v A¿≤-tKm-f -ß-fn -ep -ambn hym]n®p
InS-°p∂ qJ-fi-am-Wv B^n°. A£mwiw
034 52′ sX°v apX¬ 037 31′ hS-°p-h-scbpw
tcJmwiw 025 11′ ]Sn -™m-dp -ap -X¬ 051 24′
Ing-°p-h-sc-bp-amWv B^n-°-bpsS ÿm\w.
`qa-≤y-tcJ Du `qJ-fisØ c≠v Xpey `mK-
ß-fmbn `mKn-°p-∂p. B^n-°-≥ `qJ-fi-
Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw 30335000 N.In.ao. BWv.
temI-`q-]-S-Øn-s‚bpw A‰ve-kn-
s‚bpw klmb-tØmsS Xmsg
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v
DØcw Is≠-Øp-I.
$ B^n-°-sb bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂v th¿s]-Sp-
Øp∂ IS-en-Sp°v GXmWv?
$ B^n°≥ `qJ-fi-ØneqsS IS∂p
t]mIp∂ ][m-\-s∏´ A£mwitcJ-Iƒ
GsXm-s°-b-mWv?
$ B^n-°-bpsS ]Sn-™mdv `mK-Øp≈
kapZw GXv?
$ B^n-°-bnse G‰hpw henb XSmIw
GXmWv?
$ B^n-°-bpsS hS-°p-`m-K-Ømbn ImW-
s∏Sp∂ acp-`qan GXmWv?
$ B^n-°≥ qJ-fisØ Gjy≥ qJ-fi-
Øn¬ \n∂v th¿s]-Sp-Øp∂ I\m¬ GXv?
`q]-IrXn
B^n-°-bp-sS `q]-IrXn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂
]Imcw Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p:
$ ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ (Plateaus)
$ ]¿∆-X-߃ (Mountains)
¢mk
v X ˛ -k
m-aq-l
y-imk
vXw
II
48
3
NnXw 3.4˛B^n-°-˛-`q-]-IrXn
$ acp-`q-an-Iƒ (Deserts)
$ `wi Xmgvhc-Iƒ (Rift Valleys)
]oT-`q-an-Iƒ
s]mXpsh ISpw-in-e-I-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-amb ]oT-
`q-an-I-fpw CSp-ßnb Xoc ka-X-e-ß-fpw tN¿∂-
Xm-Wv B^n°. icm-icn Dbcw kapZ-\n-c-
∏n¬ \n∂v 600 ao‰-dn\p apI-fn-em-Wv. sX°p
\n∂v hS-t°m´v t]mIp-t¥mdpw ]oT-`q-an-I-fpsS
Dbcw Ipd-bp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.
A‰ve-kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS B^n-
°-bnse ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ Is≠Øn
]´nI-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
]¿∆-X-߃
B^n -°≥ `qJ-fi-Øn¬ ]¿∆-X-ß-ƒ
Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv. ]oT-`q-an-I-fnepw acp-`q-
an-I-fn-ep-ambn Nne ][m\ ]¿∆-X-߃ ImW-
s∏Sp∂p. au≠v Infna≥Pmtcm-bmWv B^n-
°-bnse G‰hpw henb sImSp-ap-Sn. Ing°≥
h≥
I-c-I
ƒ
49
3A‰ve -kns‚ klm-b -tØmsS
tImwtKm-\Zn Hgp-Ip∂ cmPy-߃
Is≠-Øp-I.
Imemhÿbpw ss\k¿§nI
kky-Pm-e-ßfpw
B^n-°-bpsS hSt° A‰hpw sXt° A‰hpw
Hgn-sI-bp≈ an° -]-tZ-i-ßfnepw DjvW-
Im-em-h-ÿ-bmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. B^n-
°≥ h≥I-c-bn¬ DØ-cm¿[-tKm-f-Øn¬ ÿnXn
sNøp∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ ssiXy-Imew A\p-`-h-
s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Z£n-Wm¿[tKm-f-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ an°-h-bnepw DjvW Imem-
h-ÿ-bm-Wv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
B^n°sb Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ ][m\
Imem-h-ÿm-ta-J-e-I-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
`qa-≤y-tcJm Imem-hÿ
(Equatorial Climate)
`qa≤ytc-Jbv°v Ccp-h-i-hp-ap≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬
A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ Imem-hÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu ]tZ-
iØv h¿jw- ap-gp-h≥ B¿Z-DjvW Imemh--
ÿ-bmWv A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. alm-K-Wn, Cu´n,
F_Wn XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv Cu taJ-e-bnse
][m\-s∏´ hr£-߃.
kmh∂m Imem-hÿ
(Savanna Climate)
DjvWtaJem ]p¬taSp-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬
Adnb-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Imem-hÿmtaJ-e-bn¬
DjvW-Im-eØv B¿Z DjvW-hpw ssiXy-Im-
eØv XWpØ hc≠ Imem-h-ÿ-bp-amWv A\p-
`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. s]m°w IqSnb ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ
B^n-°-bnse Sm≥km-\n-bm-bn-emWv CXv
ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. CXn-\p-]p-dsa A‰ve-kv,
sI\n-b, dqh≥tkmcn XpS-ßn-b-hbmWv a‰v
]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ. ss\¬ \Zn-bpsS D¤-h-
ÿm\w IqSn-bmWv dqh≥tkm-cn.
acp- q-an-Iƒ
B^n-°-bpsS hS-°pw sX°pw `mKß-fn¬
BWv acp-`q-an-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. B^n-°-
bpsS aq∂n-sem-cp-`mKhpw acp-`q -an -I-fm¬
aqSs∏´n-cn-°p-∂p.
B^n-°-bnse ][m-\ -a-cp- q-an-I-fpw
Ah Dƒs∏-Sp∂ cmPy-ßfpw A‰ve-
kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Is≠Øn
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
`wi Xmgvhc-Iƒ
B^n-°-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp ][m\
`qhn-`m-K-amWv `wi-Xm-gvh-c-Iƒ. c≠v `wi-
taJe-Iƒ°nSbnep≈ Hcp `q`mKw CSn™p
Xmgv∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn cq]w-sIm-≈p∂
Xmg vhcbmWv `wi-Xmg vhc. alm - `wi
XmgvhcbmWv (Great Rift Valley) B^n-°-bnse
G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp `wi-Xmgvhc.
\Zn-Iƒ
temIsØ G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb \Zn-bmb
ss\¬ B^n-°-bnse DjvW ag-°m-Sp-I-
fn¬ \n∂mWv D¤-hn-°p-∂Xv. ss\ens\
IqSmsX B^n-°-bpsS a[y- m-KØp IqSn Hgp-
Ip∂ [mcmfw t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fp≈ \Zn-bm-Wv
tImwtKm.
¢mk
v X ˛ -k
m-aq-l
y-imk
vXw
II
50
3ASßnb Cu ]tZ-i-Ønse ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ
"sh¬Uvkv' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
acp- qan Imem-hÿ (Desert Climate)
e`n-°p∂ ag-sb-°mƒ _mjv]o-I-cWw IqSnb
]tZ-i-Øm-Wv Cu Imem-hÿ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. c≠v A¿≤-tKm-f-ß-fn-sebpw D®-a¿±-
taJe-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-S-\ofw
h¿jw apgp-h≥ hc≠ Imem-h-ÿ-bm-Wv.
a[y-A-£mw-iob ka-io-tXmjvW
]p¬]-tZi Imem-hÿ (MidaltitudeTemperate Grassland Climate)
th\-epw ssiXy-hpw amdn-amdn A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂
Cu taJ-e -bn¬ ag -bpsS Afhv
Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv. sXt° B^n-°≥
]oT-`qan-bpsS sX°pIng-°p-`m-K-Ømbn A\p-
`-h-s∏Sp∂ Imem-h-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv.
saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿ
(Mediterranean Climate)
ssiXy-Im-eØv h¿j-]m-Xhpw th\¬°m-
eØv hcƒ®bpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Imem-
hÿ B^n-°-bpsS hS-°pw sX°p-˛-]-Sn-
™mdp-`m-K-Øp-am-bn-´mWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Henhv, aƒ_-dn, tIm¿Iv XpS-ßnb hr£-߃
ChnsS [mcm-f-ambn hf-cp-∂p.
]¿∆X Imem-hÿ
(Mountain or Highland Climate)
B^n-°≥ qJ-fi-Øns‚ Ing-°≥ mK-߃,
FtXym]y XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnse ]¿∆-X-
] -tZ -i -ß-fn -emWv Cu Imem -hÿ
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
ssN\ ssS∏v Imem-hÿ
(China Type Climate)
B^n-°-bpsS sX°v Ing-°≥ `mK-ß-fn-se
Imem-h-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. DjvW-Imew hfsc NqSpw
BZ-X-tbm-Spw - Iq -SnbXpw ssiXy-Imew
hc≠Xpam-Wv.
hn`-h-߃
h\-߃
B^n-°≥ `qJ-fi-Øns‚ \men-sem∂p-
`mKhpw CS-Xq¿∂ h\-ß-fm-Wv. [mcmfw hr£-
ßfpw hnhn-[-bn\w h\y-ar-K-ßfpw ImW-
s∏Sp∂ sImSpw h\-߃ B^n-°-bpsS
]tXy-I-X-bmWv.
Irjn
B^n-°-bpsS an° ]tZ-i-ß-fpw acp- q-an-Ifpw
CS-Xq¿∂ h\-ta-J-e-I-fp-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Irjn°v
A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]tZ-i-߃ hfsc Ipd-hmWv.
F¶nepw e`y-amb ]tZ-i-߃ Irjn-°mbn
]c-am-h[n D]-tbmKn°p∂p≠v. ]g-b-Ime Irjn-
co-Xn-IfmWv IqSp-X-embpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
sXt° B^n°, CuPn-]v‰nse ss\¬\-Zo-
XSw, Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-ƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ B[p-
\nI b¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Irjn sNøp-∂p.
s\√v, tKmX-ºv, ]cp-Øn, Im∏n, tXbne
XpSßnb [mcmfw hnf-Iƒ B^n-°-bn¬
Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿ
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]g-h¿§-ß-fmb
ss]\m-∏nƒ, \mc-ß, Hmd-©v, ap¥n-cn, Henhv
XpS-ßnbh [mcmf-ambn Irjn sNøp∂p.
[mXp-°ƒ
hnhn-[-bn\w [mXp-°-fm¬ kºp-jvS-amWv
B^n-°. B^n-°-bn¬ J\\w sNøp∂
[mXp -°-fn¬ sNºv, kz¿Æw, πm‰n -\w,
Ccp-ºbncv, Idp-Øo-bw, amwK-\okv F∂n-h-
bmWv ][m-\-s∏´h. temIØv samØw Dev]m-
Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ bptd-\n-bw, sNºv F∂nh-bpsS
GI-tZiw 25 iX-am-\-tØmfw B^n-°-bnse
kmw_n-b, knw_m_vsh, ssk¿ XpS-ßnb
cmPy-ßfn¬ \n∂m-Wv e`n-°p-∂Xv. temIØv
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hPw J\\w sNøp∂
`qJfiw B^n-°-bm-Wv. B^n-°-bnse
Inº¿en ]tZ-i-amWv hPJ\\-Øn¬ H∂mw
ÿm\Øv \n¬°p-∂Xv.
P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-cWw
temI-Øns‚ samØw qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS A©n-
sem-cp-`mKw B^n-°-bn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-sX-
¶nepw P\-kwJy Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv. temI-
P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Ønsemcp-`mKw P\-߃
Pohn-°p-∂-Xv B^n-°-bn-em-Wv. B^n-°-bpsS
an° `mK-ßfpw acp-`q-an-Itfm CS-Xq¿∂ ImSp-
Itfm Bb-Xn -\m¬ ChnsS P\-kwJy
IpdhmWv. Xoc-]-tZ-i-߃, \Zo-X-S-߃,
J\\ ]tZ-i-߃, Ingt° B^n-°-bpsS
h≥
I-c-I
ƒ
51
3Db¿∂ `mK-߃ XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-ßfnemWv
P\-kwJy IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
A‚m¿´n°
ÿnc-amb P\-hmkw C√mØ GI `qJ-fi-
amWv shfpØ `qJ-fi-sa∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-
s∏-Sp∂ A‚m¿´n-°. hep-∏-Øn¬ A©mw
ÿm-\-ap≈ A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS hnkvXo¿Æw
GI-tZiw 14000000 N.In.ao. BWv. ÿnc-ambn
P\-hmkw C√mØ Cu h≥I-c-bnse G‰hpw
Db¿∂ sImSp-apSn hn≥k¨ am n^v BWv.
`uXnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS Gdnb `mK-hpw kap-Z-\n-c-
∏n¬ \n∂pw icm-icn 2100˛2400 ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn-
emWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. A‚m¿´n-°sb
]q¿∆ A‚m¿´n-°, ]›na A‚m¿´n° F∂n-
ßs\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-bn¬
]q¿∆ A‚m¿´n° Hcp lnamhrX ]oT-`qan-
]tZi-amWv. F∂m¬ Xmc-X-tay\ hep∏w
Ipd™ a™p-aq-Snb ]›na A‚m¿´n°
At\I-iXw Zzo]p-I-fmbn hn≠p-Io-dnb \nebn-
emWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]›na˛]q¿∆ A‚m¿´n-
°≥ ]tZ-i-߃ GI-tZiw 2000 ao‰¿
L\Øn¬ lna-]m-fn-I-fm¬ aqS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
lnamhr -X -sa -¶nepw A‚m¿´n -°-bnse
kvtImjymZzo]kaq -l-Øn¬ kPoh
A·n-]¿∆-X-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Imem-hÿ
hfsc khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≈ Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv
A‚m¿´n-°-bv°p-≈-Xv. AXnioXlna-]m-X-ß-
fmb ªnÃm¿Upw a™p-Iq-\-Iƒ CS-Xq¿∂v
ASp-°-s∏´ \ne-bn-ep≈ shfpØ acp- q-an-Ifpw
(white desert) FSpØp ]d-tb-≠ ]tXy-I-X-I-
fm-Wv. ssiXy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS
Xm]-\ne 850 hscbmIm-dp-≠v. CXv temIsØ
G‰hpw XWp-∏p≈ `qJfiw F∂ ]Zhn
A‚m¿´n-°bv°v t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp. djy≥ \nco-
£W \ne-bamb thmtÃm-°n¬ 1983 Pqsse
21˛\v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ˛89.20c BWv `qap-JØv
\n¿Æ-bn -°-s∏-´n -´p≈ G‰hpw XmW
Dujvamhmbn C∂pw XpS-cp-∂Xv. hnhn[ cmPy-
ß-fp-tS-Xmbn ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep≈ \nco-£W
\ne-b-ß-fn¬ amX-amWv F√m EXp-°-fnepw
XpS¿®-bmbn Xm]-\ne tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
Zo¿L-Imew \o≠p\n¬°p∂ ]Iepw cmXn-
bp-amWv A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ A\p- -h-s∏Smdp-≈Xv.
A‚m¿´n-I-bpsS icm-icn Xm]-\ne ˛490cBWv.
$ A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ ]I-ens‚ ssZ¿Lyw
IqSpX¬ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ Ime-L´w Ft∏m-
gm-Wv? F¥p-sIm≠v?
$ cmXn-bpsS ssZ¿Lyw IqSp-X¬ A\p-`-h-
s∏-Sp∂ Ime-L´w Ft∏m-gm-Wv? F¥p-
sIm≠v?
Poh-Pm-e-߃
AXn-ssi-XysØ AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂
GXm\pw C\w kky-߃ amX-amWv A‚m¿´n-
°-bn-ep-≈-Xv. \o≠-cm-Xn-Ifpw Zo¿Lhpw
ITn-\-hp-amb ssiXy-Im-ehpw ]Imikwt«-
j-W-Øn\p XS w krjvSn-°p-∂p. A‚m¿´n-
°-bnse aÆv hf-°q-dp-≈-X√. F∂m¬ Xosc
Dujc-hp-a-√. ]® -\n-d-Øn-ep≈ ]mb-ep-Iƒ,
B¬K-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂p. Ccp-∂q-dn-e-[nIw h¿§-Øn¬s∏´
]mb-ep-I-fpw Fgp--∂q-dne-[nIw h¿§-Øn¬s∏´
B¬K-Ifpw Is≠-Øn-bn -´p -≠v. sshhn -
[yam¿∂ kap-Z-Po-hn-Ifpw A]q¿∆-bn\w ]£n-
Ifpw A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. A‚m¿´n-
°-bnepw ]cn-k-c Zzo]p-I-fnepw kar-≤-am-bp≈
]£n-bn-\-߃ s]≥Kzn≥, s]sS¬, kvIyqh
F∂nh-bm-Wv. ]£n-h¿§ßfpsS ][m\
Blmcw kap-Z-Po-hn-I-fm-Wv. kap-Z-Po-hn-I-fpsS
]mY-an-I-mlm-c-amb kky-]vf-h-I-ß-fpsS kar-
≤-amb Ieh-d-bm-Wv A‚m¿´n° kap-Zw.
C°m-c -W-Øm¬ Xnanw -Ke߃, ko¬,
¢mk
v X ˛ -k
m-aq-l
y-imk
vXw
II
52
3a’y-߃, IS¬∏-d-h-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse an°-
bn-\-ßfpw Cu kap-Z-Øn-ep-≠v. hnhn-[-bn-\-
Øn¬s∏´ [mcmfw XnanwK-e-߃ A‚m¿´n-
°-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
hn`-h-߃
A‚m¿´n-°-bn-te°v a\pjyi≤-tI-µo-I-cn-
°phm≥ Imc-Ww Ahn-sS-bp≈ kº-∂-amb
kap-Z-hn- -h-ß-fm-Wv. XpI¬ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
ko¬ F∂ kap-Z-Po-hn-sbbpw FÆ-bv°p-
th≠n Xnanw-K-e-ßsfbpw th´bmSnbncp-∂p.
F∂m¬ kao-]-Im-e-Øv BkvtX-en-bbv°p
sX°p≈ apgp-h≥ IS-ep-I-fnepw Xnanw-Ke th´
\ntcm-[n-®p. Ign™ ap∏-Xn-tesd ZiIßfmbn
A‚m¿´n-°bv°p Np‰pap≈ IS-ep-I-fn¬ a’y-
_-‘\w ]ptcm-KXn ]m]n®phcp-∂p. kap-Z-
hn-`-h-߃°p ]pdta [mXp-°-fpsS tiJ-chpw
A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ Is≠-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Ccp-º-bncv,
tIman-bw, sNºv, kz¿Æw, \n°¬ XpS-ßn-b-
hbpw I¬°-cn -bpsS \nt£-]hpw
ImW-s∏Sp∂p.
a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
A‚m¿´n°-bn¬ a‰p h≥I-c-bn-te-Xp-t]mse
ÿnc-ambn a\p-jy-hmkw C√. Kth-j-Wm-h-
iy-߃°mbn hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fpsS ÿncw
tIµ-߃ A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p≠v.
1950 apX¬ th\¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ hnt\m-Z-
k©mcn-Ifpw ]tXyI cq]-I¬∏\ sNbvX
I∏-ep-I-fn¬ A‚m¿´n° kµ¿in-°p-∂p. kml-
kn-I-cmb ssham-\n-Icpw Chn-sS-sb-Øm-dp-≠v.
Xpd-ap -J-ß-fp -sSbpw ]m¿∏n-S -ß-fp -sSbpw
A`mhw hnt\m-Z -k-©mc hnI-k-\-Øn¬
hneßpXSn-bm-Ip-∂p.
C¥y-bpsS ]cy-th-j-W-߃
1979 apX-emWv C¥y A‚m¿´n° ]cy-th-j-W-
Øns‚ `mKamIp-∂-Xv. Kth-jW ]T-\-
߃°mbn Z£n-W-Kw-tKm-Xn, ssaXn F∂o
c≠v Kth-jW tIµ-߃ C¥y A‚m¿´n-°-
bn¬ ÿm]n®p Ign-™p. Kth-j-I-cpsS Bib-
hn -\n -ab kuI-cym¿∞w 1988˛¬ C¥ym-
Kh¨sa‚ v C¥ybv°p ]pd-Øp≈ BZysØ
X]m-em -^okv A‚m¿´n -°-bn¬ Xpd∂p
]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®p. tKmh t]mì Unhn-
j-s‚ Iogn-em-Wn-Xv. A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS `qan-
imkvXw, Poh-im-kvXw, Imem-h-ÿm-imkvXw
XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n taJ-e-Isf tIµo-I-cn®v
Kth-jW ]h¿Ø-\-߃ C¥y-bpsS Kth-
jW tIµ-ß-fn¬ \S-°p-∂p.
h≥
I-c-I
ƒ
53
3 XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃
1. Gjy, bqtdm∏v, B^n-°, A‚m¿´n° F∂o h≥I-c-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp
]Xn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-SpØmhp-∂h:
$ h≥I-c-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ cmPy-߃ $ Ah-bpsS Xe-ÿm\w
$ \mWbw $ `mj
$ Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ $ hyh-kmbw
$ [mXp-hn-`-h-߃ $ hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw
2. "sshhn-[y-am¿∂ `qJfiw' F∂ io¿jIw Gjy≥ `qJ-fi-Øn\v FX-tØmfw
A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
3. bqtdm-∏ns‚ imkvX-km-t¶-XnI hymh-km-bnI hf¿®-bn¬ `q]-Ir-Xn-bpsS
kzm[o\sØ°p-dn®v Hcp hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I.
4. B^n-°≥ h≥I-c-bpsS hnI-k-\hpw Ahn-SsØ `qan-imkvX khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw
XΩn-ep≈ ]ckv]c _‘sØ°pdn®v Hcp hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØn \nß-fpsS
Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØpI.
5. "shfpØ `qJfiw' F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ A‚m¿´n-°≥ `qJfiw, Ahn-SsØ
Imem-h-ÿm-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, C¥y-bpsS A‚m¿´n-°≥ ]cn-th-j-W-߃ XpS-ßnb
hkvXp-X-Iƒ, _‘-s∏´ NnX-߃ F∂nh tiJ-cn®v Hcp hnh-cWw Xøm-dm°n
¢mkn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.
6. B^n-°sb At]-£n®v bqtdm-∏n¬ a’y-_-‘\ km[yX hf-sc-°q-Sp-X-emWv
F¥mbncn°pw ImcWw?
7. A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS A£mw-iob ÿm\w Ahn-SsØ Imem-h-ÿ-bnepw Poh-Pm-e-
ß-fnepw F¥p kzm[o-\-amWv D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv˛hni-Z-am-°pI?
top related