helping students persist - history of advising & counseling in higher ed
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Helping Students Persist
History of Advisement & Counseling
Benefits, misconceptions, and differences…
Prepared for NAU CC620 (Feb. 2006) Liz Dorland - Mesa Community College (now WUSTL)
History of Academic Advising
• Early American (British) model: instruction by paternalistic clergy to be clergy
• American Revolution: Evolution to "students as free thinking gentlemen"
• Confined to law, theology or medicine• 1800s: Expanded to journalism, chemistry, art,
music, business, and engineering• 1st "Faculty Advisors": Johns Hopkins in 1877
NACADA: History of Academic Advising
• Progressive Education Movement (1920s)
• focus on self-direction of student• emphasis on role of educators as
"mentors"
www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/History-of-academic-advising.aspx
NACADA: National Academic Advising Association
Statement of Core Values: Provides a framework to guide professional practice and reminds advisors of their responsibilities to students, colleagues, institutions, society, and themselves.
www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Core-values-of-academic-advising.aspx
And then there was Counseling...
The Early Days of Vocational Guidance
Origins of the Debate: The Politics of Ability Testing
Diverse Views on the Value and Meaning of IQ and Other
Tests
Psychology, Society, and Ability Testing (1859-
2002):
Transformative alternatives to Mental
Darwinism and Interactionism
Paul F. Ballantyne 2002©(an online book in 9
chapters)
www.igs.net/~pballan/
Frank Parsons: "Choosing a Vocation"
(1909)
Three Imperatives for personal development
• clear understanding of yourself, aptitudes, abilities, interests, resources, limitations, and other qualities
• knowledge of the requirements and conditions of different professions
• opportunities and advantages of each field
archive.org/details/choosingavocati00parsgoog
World War I: Industrial Psychology
Recruit testing: Occupations in U.S. Army based on skills and intelligence
www.igs.net/~pballan/C3P1.htm
And meanwhile, on the Advising front...
Things were getting progressive.
And Industrial Psychology marched along.
Does this sound familiar?“It is a common topic to repeat that our
teaching, on the whole or very nearly, needs to be changed...
“Workers accuse it of being too much abstract, not taking the real life into consideration…”
Early Applied Psychology: Carpintero & Herrero, 2002: www.deepdyve.com/lp/psycarticles-reg/early-applied-psychology-BUhoHPhOFT
Quoting Fontègne: Manualisme et Éducation, 1923
The Additive Educational Ladder
(1920s)Meanwhile...• Universities:
adopt study of psychometrics in personnel placement
• Vocational guidance centers: use occupational aptitude assessments
The Hawthorne Effect (192x-193x): www.igs.net/~pballan/HAWTH.htm
…the tendency under conditions of observation for worker productivity to steadily increase...
Ballantyne, P.F. (2000) Hawthorne Research. Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
The Goose Step: A Study of American Education
• Upton Sinclair (1922)• "Interlocking Dictatorships"• Censoring novel or critical
thought• 'American college system
covertly run by and for a "bandit crew" of capitalist cronies’
• www.igs.net/~pballan/C4P1.htm
Who is this man?
“... People with great passions, people who accomplish great deeds, people who possess strong feelings, even people with great minds and a strong personality, rarely come out of good little boys and girls.”
from Educational Psychology(a practical manual for teachers)Lev Vygotsky (1926)
marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/vygotsky/
Beginning the Modern Era
American Council on Education
Student Personnel Point of View (1949)
www.acpa.nche.edu/student-personnel-point-view-1949
American Council on Education
"Student Personnel Point of View" (1949)
www.acpa.nche.edu/student-personnel-point-view-1949
"The central purpose of higher education is the preservation, transmittal and enrichment of culture by means of instruction, scholarly work, and scientific research." Student Personnel Point of View
• Education for a fuller realization of democracy in every phase of living
• Education directly and explicitly for international understanding and cooperation
• Education for the application of creative imagination and trained intelligence to the solution of social problems and to the administration of public affairs
Post-World War II Student Population Explosion
• 1950s: Gis and the GI Bill• 1960s: growth of the community
college movement• Increase in 1st generation and lower
income students, some underprepared• 1970s: Carnegie Commission on
Higher Education recommends enhanced emphasis on advising
• Developmental Advising: concept spreads
Origins of Developmental Advising: Crookston and
O'BanionIcons of the Student Services
Movement
Burns B. Crookston
• “A Developmental View of Academic Advising as Teaching" (1972)
• Journal of College Student Personnel(now J of Coll. Student Development)
• Advising as teaching• Differences from prescriptive advising• Student takes responsibility
Crookston: Advising is...
"...concerned not only with a specific personal or vocational decision but also with facilitating the student’s rational processes, environmental and interpersonal interactions, behavioral awareness, and problem-solving, decision-making, and evaluation skills."
Terry O'Banion: Dimensions of the Process of Academic
Advising"An Academic Advising Model"Community and Junior College Journal (1972)
Republished (1994) in NACADA Journal along with Crookston’s article
(1) exploration of life goals(2) exploration of vocational
goals(3) program choice(4) course choice(5) scheduling classes
Update from O'Banion (1999?)
...identify the skills, knowledge, and attitudes required of academic advisors for completing the five steps in the advising process...
Who first used those three terms? They're everywhere!!
Developmental Advising: Continuing Evolution
Grounded in theory: • cognitive developmental theory• psychosocial theory• person-environment interaction
theory
• But…the debate continues…
Is Theory Necessary?
Comments in “The Mentor” Advising Forum:
• “Scientific notions of a paradigm or theory do not work with academic advising.”
• “We’ve been advising students for decades without such theories.”
• “We have theories of advising whether we want them or not.”
• “Without an understanding of why and how we need to advise, how can we be effective advisors?”
The Hegemony of Developmental Advising?
dus.psu.edu/mentor/old/articles/991122ml.htm
• Marc Lowenstein (1999) in The Mentor
• “An Alternative to the Developmental theory of Advising”
• Prescriptive Advising as a “Straw Man”
• Developmental Advising is a “theory about the CONTENT of advising”
• Opposite of “Prescriptive” is “Colloborative”
Theory vs Style
Does embracing “Colloborative Style” require acceptance of “Developmental Theory” of CONTENT?
Lowenstein: “No”
Alternative:“Academically Centered Advising”
Academic vs Developmental Paradigms
• Academic: focuses on student’s academic learning
• Developmental: focuses on student’s personal growth and development
• Both are collaborative approaches
The Liberal Arts Focus?
Lowenstein: • “Granting that advising can be
enhanced by some knowledge of student development is a far cry from saying that facilitating the student’s growth and development is the PURPOSE of advising.”
Modern Counseling Trends
Career CounselingAdvisment Counseling
ICAN: Advising Model for Central Piedmont
Community College (2006)
ICAN Model: Role of Advisor• helps students with program planning, course
selection and scheduling;• helps students plan strategies or approaches to
successful goal achievement;• helps students gain an understanding of the
complete requirements of a program;• helps students maintain satisfactory academic
progress;• refers students as needed to Counseling
Services for educational, personal or emotional difficulties;
• assists students in the development of functional educational action plans; and
• interprets placement tests results and recommends appropriate classes.
http://www.cpcc.edu/ican
ICAN: Role of Counselor• helps students clarify goals;• offers career exploration and college success
classes;• makes students aware of the wide range of
educational and career options available to them;
• assists students with program planning, course selections, and scheduling;
• helps students deal with issues that may be adversely affecting them in attaining their goals;
• connects students to the total resources of the College, and provides referrals for resources in the community;
• helps students understand the relationship of program requirements to transfer requirements;
• provides orientations to the College and general information.
www.cpcc.edu/ican
Reforming Education(presentation adapted for
#FutureEd)
• Who is part of the conversation?
Hyperlinks• http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/History-of-
academic-advising.aspx• http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Core-value
s-of-academic-advising.aspx• www.igs.net/~pballan/• archive.org/details/choosingavocati00parsgoog• www.igs.net/~pballan/C3P1.htm• www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/History-of-acade
mic-advising.aspx• www.deepdyve.com/lp/psycarticles-reg/early-applied-psychology-BUhoHPhOF
T• www.sudoc.abes.fr/xslt//DB=2.1/SET=2/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=2• www.igs.net/~pballan/HAWTH.htm• www.igs.net~Epballan/C4P1.htm• marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/vygotsky/• www.acpa.nche.edu/student-personnel-point-view-1949• dus.psu.edu/mentor/old/articles/991122ml.htm• archive.org/details/choosingavocati00parsgoog• www.cpcc.edu/ican
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