hist 19 the history of mexico · "los tequileros" • • • • the third day of...

Welcome to

History 06

History of the Americas II

Prof. Valadez

This week The transition from neocolonialism to nationalism in

Latin America

The Great Depression in the U.S.

– What are the causes of the Great Depression?

– How does the Great Depression affect Latin America

2

Last Week’s Topics

• What is Positivism?

• Why does Latin American adopt positivism?

• U.S. Foreign Policy In Latin America

• Early 20th Century Revolutions in Latin America

3

Nicaragua Liberals= foreign intervention

William Walker

Liberal

• Classic denunciation of the caudillo

• Rejection of traditional culture, gaucho

• Anti-Juan Manuel de Rosas

Economic Transformations

To South America

10

XM 6.2

13

Jose Marti

• 1853-1895, poet

• Cuban national figure

• Cuba fighting for independence since 1868

15

– A small group of late-nineteenth-century thinkers actively promoted American expansionism.

• Josiah Strong

• Alfred T. Mahan

16

• Maine, American battleship, destroyed in Havana

• Teller Amendment

17

Spanish-American War 1898

Map 17.4a The Spanish American War: The Pacific (left)

Map 17.4b The Spanish American War: The Caribbean (right) 18

Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill 19

Map 17.5 American Empire, 1898. 20

Roosevelt Corollary

21

•“I Took the Canal Zone” 1-20 mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOu8aqE5GN0

•6:12 mins •http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6c66PDGvB4&feature=relmfu

22

Dollar Diplomacy

• Taft emphasized economic investment and loans from American banks rather than direct military intervention.

23

• Moral Imperialism

– Wilson promised a new foreign policy that would respect Latin America’s independence.

24

Neocolonial Period 1880-1930

25

Neocolonial Model

26

Porfirato 1876-1910

27

No free press or elections

The Rurales

Political refugees flee to U.S.

Porfirio Diaz

in 1910

“Poor Mexico, so

far from God and so

Close to the United

States”

28

• 20th century Revolutions

• The transition from neocolonialism to nationalism

29

Mexican Revolution 1910

• Mexican Revolution

– The Overthrow of the Porfiriato

– Revolution to Civil War

– Constructive Phase

30

Mexico 1910 8,245 Haciendas

Luis Terrazas

• Owns 50 haciendas

• 7 million acres

Peon Majority of the people, 30 life expectancy Landless & indebt Tienda de Raya

31

Ricardo Flores Magón

Enrique Flores Magón

PLM 1906 Liberal Plan:

Abolition of the tienda de raya

Restoration of ejido lands

Land & Liberty

Tierra y Libertad

32

Francisco Madero 1873-1913

Apostle of Democracy

• 1910 Oct. 5 Plan San Luis Potosi

33

The Revolt at Ciudad Juarez, 1910

• 1911 Ciudad Juarez is taken by Pascual Orozco/Villa forces

• Treaty of Ciudad Juarez- Diaz resigns

34

35

“Madero has unleashed a tiger, now let us see if he can control it.”

Porfirio Diaz

36

Revolution Military Phase 1911-1920

37

Victoriano Huerta

38

Zapata

39

Pancho Villa

Meeting between Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

Presidential Palace, Mexico City 1914

40

Mexico Revolution video clip

• The Storm That Swept Mexico

• Part 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7tv6HjvUv4

• Villa & Zapata 10 mins • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQqLeNJ07c0&feature=relmfu

41

Venustiano Carranza

42

• Alvaro Obregon

1917 Constitution

• 1917 Constitution

– Article 3 education

– Article 27 land restoration

– Article 123 workers rights

– No vice president

– President no re-election

– No official religion

43

Aftermath of the Mexican Revolution • About 2 million deaths

• 1917 Constitution

– Increase in nationalism

44

Augusto Sandino • Nicaraguan

• Inspired by Mexican Revolution

• War against govt Somoza & U.S.

• Sandinismo, symbol of resistance in

• Latin America

45

• Uruguay President 1911-1915

• Greatest national reformer

• Batllismo

46

Argentina

• Hipolito Yrigoyen

• Man of the people

Peru

• Victor Manuel Haya de la Torre

• Influence by Mexican Revolution

• Indigenismo

47

Porfirato 1876-1910

48

49

Mexican Muralist Movements

• Jose Vasconcelos

– Artist served the Revolution

• Diego Rivera

• Jose Clemente Orozco

• David Alfaro Siqueiros

50

Mexican Muralists

• Diego Rivera

– Indian motifs

– Europeans vilified

• Frida Kahlo

– human suffering

2010

51

1935

History of

Mexico

National

Palace

Agrarian Leader

Zapata , 1931

La Civilizacion

Tarasca, 1950

52

1930s Man at the Crossroads

53

Self-portrait on the Borderline Between Mexico and the United States, 1932 The Two Fridas, 1939

54

Cortes and Malinche 1926 Jose Clemente Orozco

55

Hospicio Cabañas Guadalajara, Mexico

Orozco’s Prometheus 1930 Pomona College

56

David A. Siqueiros

• From the Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz to the Revolution—

57

Tropical America 1932 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4m8lhg6OBQg

58

United States A Decade of Prosperity 1920s

59

1925

• 1 car for 3 people

• L.A.: most motor-conscious

60

L.A.

• Edison

• Hollywood

• Weather

• After WWI Hollywood films

dominate Latin America

61

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KD_YRnuuKyY&feature=related

62

Progressive Era

63

1911 CA

Women Suffrage

• Women’s Freedom

Charleston Dance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJC21zzkwoE

64

1920 The Flapper http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDgJ79PetAQ

The “New Woman”

• The Sears Catalogue section for “flappers”!

65

Tipsy, a 1930 painting by the Japanese

artist Kobayakawa Kiyoshi 66

Bobbed Hair Blues: A Mexican-American Song Laments “Las Pelonas”

• Los tengo aborrecidos, • Y ahora las pelonas • Los usan de vestidos. • Las muchachas de San Antonio • Son flojas pa’l metate. • Quieren andar pelonas • Con sombreros de petate. • Se acabaron las pizcas, • Se acabó el algodón. • Ya andan las pelonas • De puro vacilón

• https://www.youtube.com/watc

h?v=F6Atdpd8CBw

• I detest, • And now the flappers • Use them for their dress. • The girls of San Antonio • Are lazy at the metate. • They want to walk out bobbed-

haired, • With straw hats on. • The harvesting is finished, • So is the cotton. • The flappers stroll out now • For a good time. Source: "Las Pelonas" in Manuel

Gamio, The Life Story of the Mexican Immigrant (New York: Dover, 1971), 308.

67

• Prohibition

• Eighteenth Amendment

68

1925 Torrance PD http://www.kcet.org/living/food/the-nosh/del-monte-townhouse-speakeasy-venice.html

69

1925 TJ

70

"Los Tequileros"

•

•

•

•

The third day of November, What an eventful day! The rangers from the other side, killed three from Guerrero.

They left from Guerrero with anis-flavored tequila, the direction they were taking was toward famed San Diego.

When they arrived at the Rio Grande, they stopped and thought: "We better bring Leandro, because there are only two of us."

They asked Leandro to go with them, but Leandro said he could not: "See, I am sick, and I don't want to go this way."

30 71

• The Great Depression

– What are the causes of the Great Depression?

– What was the government response?

– How effective was the government response?

72

• The Election of 1928

– Hoover v.s Smith .

– Smith’s Catholicism became the focus of the race. • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/benjamin-knoll/mitt-romney-mormon_b_4121217.html

A 1928 campaign poster for the Republican ticket

Of Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis

73

Three months before the stock market crash 74

– On October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) the stock market crashed.

75

Causes of the Depression

– Land speculation bubble in FL & CA

76

Causes of the Depression

– Unequal distribution of wealth & Agriculture recession – http://www.cbpp.org/research/top-1-percent-of-americans-reaped-two-thirds-of-income-gains-in-last-economic-expansion

77

Causes of the Depression

– Stagnated sales of consumer goods

Sales of new autos stagnated after 1926

78

Causes of the Depression

– Fall in the Stock market

79

BBC2 Documentary 1929 The Great

Crash 1929 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXNziew6C9A

• 1-25 mins

80

– The Depression transformed American life.

Unemployed men lined up at the New York

Municipal Lodging House in 1930

A Hooverville

81

– The 1930s also witnessed severe drought, creating the Dust Bowl.

82

1930s rise in xenophobia

Watsonville Riot

Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935

83

1930s Repatriation – Groups: local officials, business community, U.S. federal authorities in

the Labor Department, Mexican government

84

85

Mexico’s Chinese Repatriations 1930s

86

• The Worsening Economic Condition • Hawley-Smoot Tariff

87

• FDR and the Election of 1932

– “new deal”.

88

Canada

• 1929 Crash – reliance on U.S., 25-27% unemp

– Prairie provinces hit hard

• Wheat prices

• Provinces responsibility

• Richard Bennett – Prime minister 1930-1935

• Relief from private sector

– Shantytowns

1930 1st World Cup

90

The Great Depression 1929 – Documentary PBS

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccNilnpvbJg

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6qnlFavdF8

BBC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXNziew6C9A

91

Lazaro Cardenas 1934-1940 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1bOJu6V728&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GvZxHG6Y6Q

Castillo de Chapultepec Los Pinos

92

Lazaro Cardenas Administration

• Agrarian Reform – Restoration of Ejidos

• 1938 nationalizes the oil industry – Pemex (Petroleos Mexicanos)

93

The Rise of PRI Cardenas

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1bOJu6V728&feature=relmfu

• Villa to Cardenas

• 4:30 mins

94