insectiside etc 2016bw
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INTOXICATION OF INSECTICIDES,PLANT AND ANIMAL POISONING
Ngatidjan
Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine UGM
Lecturer for Faculty of Medicine UMY
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ACUTE INTOXICATIONS
Drugs OAD, insulin,
acetyl salicylic acid,
digoxin, theophyline, etc.
Food mushroom,
cyanide containing food,
canned / bottled food,
bacterial contaminated food :
- Clostridium perfingen,
- Salmonella, etc.
- shigella,
cause diarrhea
House-holds
pesticides (insecticides,
herbicides, rodenticides, etc.),
strong acid or base (NaOH,
H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, etc.) Plant - animals
snake bites,
insect bites – sting,
etc.
Others
Solvents (toluene, alcohol,
aldehyde, etc.)2Ngatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016
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INSECTICIDES,
PLANT AND ANIMAL POISONING
3Ngatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016
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PESTICIDES
Insecticides (zat –
obat pembasmi hama-serangga)
Herbicides (zat – obat pembasmi tanaman pengganggu)
Fungicides (zat –
obat pembasmi hama-jamur)
Rodenticides (zat – obat pembasmi hama-tikus)
Larvacides (zat –
obat pembasmi hama-larva)
Etc.
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Ngatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016 5
INSECTICIDES
Organophosphate (diazinon, dichlorvos, malathion, parathion,
and azinphosmethyl)
Carbamate (aldicarb, carbaryl carbofuran, and propoxur)
Organochlorine (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and lindane)
Alkaloida (nicotine, and pyrethroids : allethrin, cypermethrin,
deltamethrin, resmethrin, and phenothrin)
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Ngatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016 6
– TEP (tetraetylpyrophosphate), 1,1 2,4
– Mevinphos 6,1 4,7
– Azinphosmethyl 13 220
– Parathion 13 21
– Chlorphenvinphos 15 31
–Dichlorvos 80 107
– Diazinon 108 200
ORGANOPHOSPHATELD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat
orally perdermally
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– Dimethoate, 215 260
– Trichlorvon 630 > 2.000
–Chlorothion 880 > 1.500
– Malathion 1375 > 4.000
–Ronnel 1250 > 5.000
– Abate 8.000 4.000
ORGANOPHOSPHATELD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat
orally perdermally
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Ngatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016 8
–Propoxur 83 > 2.400
– Carbaryl 850 > 4.000
– Mobam 150 > 2.000
–Temik 0,8 3,0
– Zectran 37 > 1.500
CARBAMATES LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat
orally perdermally
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ORGANOPHOSPHATES and CARBAMATES
Organophosphates and Carbamates
Inhibits cholinesterase
Acetylcholine accumulation (in synaptic clefts)
Sympathetic nerve, autonomic ganglia, motor end plate, etc.
Cholinergic receptor stimulation (r-M and r-N)
Symptoms of acute intoxication
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Sign & symptom of acute intoxication
• Exocrine glands r-M (increase salivation, lacrimation, perspiration)
• Eyes r-M (miosis, blurred vision)
• GI tract r-M (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramp)
• Respiratory tract r-M (bronchial, hypersecretion, brochoconstriction),
• Bladder r-M (urinary frequency),
• Cardiovasc system r-M (bradycardia, hypotension),
•Cardiovasc system r-N (tachycardia, transient hypertension),
• Skeletal muscle r-N (muscle fasciculation, twitching, weakness, etc),
• CNS r-M and r-N (dizziness, lethargy, fatigue, headache, confusion, coma, etc).
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Symptoms of acute intoxication
• 30 –
60 minutes (after the insecticide enter into the body)
• Maximal symptoms (2 – 8 hours after the insecticide enter into the body)
• Headache, chest discomfort, tremor palpepra and tongue, blurred vision
• Nausea, hypersecretion saliva and lacrima,
• Vomiting, sweaty, fasciculation,
• Diarrhea, miosis, dyspnea, convulsion, cardiac arrest.
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Therapy
Mild intoxication
• Atropine 1 –
2 mg intravenous
• Pralidoxim 2 mg intravenous
• Emesis, gastric lavage and forced diuretics are not
effective
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Therapy (in moderate to severe case)
Airway facilitation from mucous material,
Atropine injection intravenous 2 mg
repeat every 15 minutes until reverse of the symptoms,
pallor of the face become redness,
hypersalivation dry mouth,
bradycardia slight tachycardia (critical),
sweaty dry skin,
Cholinesterase reactivator oximes (pralidoxim etc.)
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Ngatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016 15
- DDT (Diphendiphenyltrichlorethana) 217 2510
- Aldrien 25 98
- Dieldrin 18 18
- Heptachlor 100 195
- Chlordane 335 840
- Lindan 80 1.000
- Methoxychlor 5.000 7.000
ORGANOCHLORINE LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat
orally perdermally
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Organochlorine
active transport
(Na+ and K+ axon)sensory and motor nerve
paraesthesia of tongue, lips and face
excitable, irritable, dizziness, disturbances on balancingtremor, convulsion
tissue oxygenation
death
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Therapy of acute organochlorine acute intoxication
1. Facilitation of respiration
- remove mucous from respiratory tract
- oxygen
2. Antidote (nonspecific)
- phenobarbital 100 – 200 mg (15 mg/kgBW) intramuscularly
- diazepam 5 – 10 mg (0,3 mg/kgBW) intravenously
3. Gastric lavage
4. Laxant MgSO4
5. Adsorbent
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Organochlorineand environment
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Organochlorine
difficult to be eliminated spontaneous decomposition
(t1/2 335 days) (t1/2 6 months)
depositionin adipose tissue
pollutes of food chain
BIOMAGNIFICATION
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bird(10 ppm)
river fish(2 ppm)
sea fish(0,5 ppm)
river, lake and sea plant
(0,1 ppm)
river, lake and sea plant
(0,01 ppm)plankton
(0,05 ppm)
plan water
(0,00001 ppm)
sea water
(0,000001 ppm)
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Organochlorine
insecticides
now is prohibited
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Pyrethroids pyrethrum
Allethrin
Resmethrin
Phenothrin
Deltamethrin
Cypermethrin
Cyhalothrin
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Neonicotinoids
Imidacloprid
Acetamiprid
Thiacloprid
Nitenpyram
l-Nicotine
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TOXIN(PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN)
Ngatidjan 24INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016
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TOXIN PLANT ORIGIN
Cyanide Casava, etc.
Muscarine Amanita muscaria
Phalotidine Amanita phaloides
Antimuscarinics Datura Sp
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Emetics
Family Amaryllidaceae in open space yard
Elicits vomitus
Mild vomitus – severe vomitus
Last until 24 hours
Therapy : symptomatic (phenothiazine)
May stimulates CTZ
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Diarrhea
• Traditionally for cathartics
• Anthraquinone derivatives
•
Plant consists of saponins – Phytolacta americana, horse chestnut fruit, Hedera helix
leaf, seed of Pachyrhizus erosus, etc.
– Unabsorbed, may cause gastroenteritis
• Cause gastroenteritis (Ricinus communis)
• May cause chest pain, hypersalivation, emesis,
colic abdomen
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Antimuscarinics
• Datura stramonium (kecubung)
• Brogmansia spp. (angel trumpets)
• Consists of belladonna alkaloids
• Seed and dry leaf may cause delirium
• Effect : dry mouth, dysphonia, dysphagia, tachycardia, dry-
skin, pyraxia, blurred vision, mydriasis, delirium.
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Amanita muscaria
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Papaver somniferum
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Animal Venoms
• Snake
• Insects
– Bee
– Scorpion
– Spider
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Toksin (small molecule) Sumber Mekanisme aksi
Tetrodotoxin
Saxitoxin
Ciguatoxin
Cardiac glycosides
Batrachotoxin
Domoic toxin
Palytoxin
Puffer fish, octopus, salamander
Shellfish contaminated with
dinoflagellates
Large tropical fish contaminated
with dinoflagellates
Toad skin
Frog skin
Shellfish muscle
Sea anemone
Na+ channel blockers
Na+ channel blockers
Actin on Na+ channels
ATP-ase inhibitor
Na+ channel activator
CNS toxin
Ionophores
RACUN IKAN, KATAK DSB.
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Toksin
(protein and polypeptides) Sumber Mekanisme aksi
α-bungarotoxin
β-bubgarotoxin
α-canotoxin
μ-canotoxin
ω-canotoxin
Cardiotoxin
phospholipases
Elapid snake,(kraits)
Elapid snake (kraits)
Coneshells
Coneshells
Coneshells
Elapid snakes
Many snakes
Nicotinic recetor blockers
Presynaptic cholinergic nerve
-
Skeletal muscle Na+ channel blocker
N-type Ca2+
antagonist
Direct acting cardiotoxin
Cell membrane destruction
BISA ULAR.
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Racun (bisa) Ular
• Terdiri atas (campuran) :
– protein terutama enzim (> 25 macam)
– peptida atau polipeptida
– substansi (zat) anorganis Na, Ca, K, Mg (sedikit
Zn, Fe, Co, Mn, Ni
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Racun (bisa) Ular
• Enzim yang ada : proteolitik
– arginine like hydrolase
– thrombine like enzyme
– hyaluronidase
– fosfolipase
–asetilkolinesterase
– fosfodiesterase
– dsb.
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Racun (bisa) Ular
• Kegunaan zat-zat itu bagi ular (dalam bisa) : – immobilisasi mangsa
– membunuh mangsa
– mencerna (pendahuluan) mangsa
bersifat neurotoksik
bersifat digestive
hemotoksik.
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Therapy of snake bite
– it is an emergency case, local and systemic
– facilitate respiratory tract
– coagulopathy : give antivenin
– hypotension : give intravenous electrolyte
– give antidote (specific antivenin)
– decontamination : clean and wash wound using soap, immobilization of
bitten area i.e. limb, do not apply tourniquet, suck bitten wound before 15 minutes,
do not do excision of wound.
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