Neuroimaging Processing :

Overview, Limitations, pitfalls, etc. etc.

Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure or function of the brain.

Structural neuroimaging deals with the structure of the brain (e.g. shows contrast between different tissues: cerebrospinal fluid, grey matter, white matter).

Functional neuroimaging is used to indirectly measure brain function (e.g. neural activity)

Molecular neuroimaging measures biological processes in the brain at the molecular and cellular level.

Malhi et al. 2007

MRI acquisition

MRI BasicsWater = H2O

Each Hydrogen = one proton

Protons Spin

Generates detectable signal in externally applied magnetic field: that is, it causes protons to precess at a frequency proportional to the strength of the magnetic field – the ‘resonant’ frequency

Water Content of

GM 70%

WM 85%

Blood 93%

Hydrogen Atom

PROTON

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Excitation

Radio frequency (RF) pulse is applied at the precession frequency (Lamour Frequency)

Sending an RF pulse at Lamour freq, particular amplitude and length of time – possible to flip the net magnetism 90° - perpendicular to Magnetic Field (B0)

Relaxation

T1-weighted is the time it takes for the protons to relax to B0

Not all protons bound by their molecules in same way, dependant on tissue type

Preprocessing: Structural MRI

Volume/Thickness/Surface Area/Curvature ….

Structural MRIRegion of Interest (ROI)

Voxel based morphometry (SPM/FSL)

Surface based morphometry (FreeSurfer)

Structural MRIRegion of Interest (ROI)

Voxel based morphometry (SPM/FSL)

Surface based morphometry (FreeSurfer)

Volume

Structural MRIRegion of Interest (ROI)

Voxel based morphometry (SPM/FSL)

Surface based morphometry (FreeSurfer)

Left

Right

Thickness

Surface Area

Curvature

Gyrification

What can we measure in aRegion of Interest (ROI)?

Total volume

Shape

Average diffusion

Average blood flow

Average level of Glutamate

Average Dopamine levels

Region of Interest

Region of Interest Manual v Automated Caudate

Hippocampus

Manual v FS

ICC 0.79

52% Volume Difference

Manual v FS

ICC 0.95

What’s the problem with ROI?

FreeSurfer Manual

Region of Interest

Temporal lobe epilepsy patients (TLE) v Healthy controls (HC)

Manual FreeSurfer

TLEHC TLEHC

Volu

me

Voxel-based Mophometry

Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM)

FMRIB Software Library (FSL)

No a priori hypothesis

Volume Change

Chronic Schizophrenia patients after Clozapine treatment for 6 months < Healthy Controls

(FDR correction p<0.05)

Voxel-based Mophometry

MNI Brain

Original Segmentation Normalisation Modulation Smoothing

VBM - Limitations

Accuracy of the spatial normalisationRegular SPM uses 1000 parameters – just fits overall shape of the brain - mis-registrations

Deformation-based morphometry (e.g. DARTEL)

– deformation field is analysed

Grey matter matched with grey matter – doesn't’t indicate whether sulci/gyri are aligned

FreeSurferThe cortex

Volume, thickness or surface area?

Volume = surface area * thickness

Volume, thickness & surface area

Related but don’t necessarily track each other ....

Morphometry Differences between Young, Elderly and Mild Alzheimer’s in entorhinal cortex. *p<0.05 Dickerson et al.2007

Cortical Curvature

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MR-negative)

Cortical curvature abnormality in the ipsilateral temporal lobe - Not explained by volume or thickness

Possible surrogate marker for malformations of cortical development

Ronan et al. 2011

FreeSurfer

Cortical Reconstruction

Cortical Analysis - cortical thickness, surface are, volume, cortical folding and curvature

Cortical and sub-cortical segmentation

Surfaces: White and Pial

Surface Model

• Mesh (“Finite Element”)• Vertex = point of 6 triangles• XYZ at each vertex• Triangles/Surface Element ~

150,000• Area, Curvature, Thickness,

Volume at each vertex

Cortical Thickness

white/gray surface

pial surface• Distance between white and pial surfaces

• One value per vertex

mm

Curvature (Radial)• Circle tangent to

surface at each vertex

• Curvature measure is 1/radius of circle

• One value per vertex

• Signed (sulcus/gyrus)

Inter-subject registrationsubject 1 subject 2 subject 3 subject 4

Template

• Gyrus-to-Gyrus and Sulcus-to-Sulcus • Some minor folding patterns won’t line up

• Atlas registration is probabilistic, most variable regions get less weight.

• Done automatically in recon-all

Query Design Estimate Contrast - QDEC

Average brain

Advantages of FreeSurfer

Analysis of separate components of volume – thickness and surface area

Geometry is used for inter-subject registration (major sulcal and gyral patterns)

2-D surface smoothing versus 3-D volume

smoothing – more biologically meaningful

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTS)

Regular VBM- Volume

DBM- Volume/Shape

FreeSurfer- Cortical Thinning

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MR-negative)

Volume

Deformation/Shape

Cortical Thinning

Use FreeSurfer

Be Happy

Diffusion MRI

White Matter Organisation

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Direction of least resistance to water diffusion, λ1

Eigenvectors: the 3 directions

Eigenvalues: the rate of diffusion, λ1, λ2 and λ3

Apparent diffusion Coefficient (Mean diffusivity) = average of λ1, λ2 and λ3

λ1

λ3

λ2

Measuring Anisotropy

Tractography

Tractography

Tractography

Cortical Spinal Tract

Voxel-based Morphometry for dMRI

Issues with regular VBM analysisNot-perfect alignment

Smoothing - arbitrary

Fractional Anisotropy (FA) map

Tract-based Spatial StatisticsSmith et al. 2006 – FMRIB

DTI-TK with TBSSHigh level warping using all the tensor information for better alignment

DTI and Schizophrenia

Widespread FA reduction in Schizophrenia versus controls

DeCC neuroimaging

MDD = 153

HC = 153

Matched age and gender

Gaussian Process Classifier

LOOCV

Accuracy = 59%