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UNI STU 3 SQ05 (Dutt) Introduction 1

Introduction to Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems

Nikil DuttUC Irvine

Freshman Seminar Spring 2005

UNI STU 3 SQ05 (Dutt) Introduction 2

Welcome to UNI STU 3Professor

Nikil Dutt dutt@ics.uci.edu

Course Pagehttp://eee.uci.edu/05s/87555/Visit regularly for updates and announcements

Class MeetsTuesdays 11-11:50 AM CS 432

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Course RequirementsNone, really!

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EvaluationClass participation

One short presentation (case study)Last two weeks of class

May have some short writing assignments

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Embedded SystemsAutomobiles

Handheld

Medical

AirplanesMilitary

Entertainment

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What’s an Embedded System?Embedded systems =

information processing systems embedded into a larger product

Two types of computingDesktop – produced millions/yearEmbedded – billions/year

Non-Embedded SystemsPCs, servers, and notebooks

The future of computing!Automobiles, entertainment, communication, aviation, handheld devices, military and medical equipments.

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An Example Embedded System

Digital Camera Block Diagram

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Embedded SystemsEmbedded Computer Systems

Devices other than desktop PCs, servers, and notebooks

Electricity running throughPerform something intelligent

Hardware/software which form a component of a larger system, but are concealed from user

Computers camouflaged as non-computers

The future of computing!

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Profusion of Embedded SystemsGartnerGroup estimates 70 Billion µP used in embedded systems in 2001

Other estimates say 50 to 120 Billion µP

Average embedded system has 4 µP

Of all µP sold, 90% go into “non-computers”, 10% in “computers”

You will most likely end up working with a “non-computer” at some point in your career

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Components of Embedded SystemsMemory

Coprocessors

Controllers

Converters

Processor

Interface

Software(Application Programs)

ASIC

Analog Digital Analog

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Components of Embedded SystemsAnalog Components

Sensors, Actuators, Controllers, …Digital Components

Processor, CoprocessorsMemoriesControllers, BusesApplication Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)

Converters – A2D, D2A, …Software

Application ProgramsException Handlers

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Computing Elements in ESProcessing

Transformation of dataUse processors

Storage Retention of dataUse memories

CommunicationTransfer of dataUse buses

Peripherals

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Example: BMW 745i

2, 000, 000 LOCWindows CE OS53 8-bit µP11 32-bit µP7 16-bit µPMultiple NetworksBuggy!

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CharacteristicsApplication Specific

Applications are known a prioriOptimize for cost, area, power, and performance

Digital Signal ProcessingSignals are represented digitally

ReactiveReacts to changes in the system’s environment

Real-timeCompute certain tasks before deadline

Distributed, Networked, …

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CharacteristicsReliability

Probability of system working correctly provided that is was working at t=0

MaintainabilityProbability of system working correctly d time

units after error occurred.Safety

Not harmful for userSecurity

Confidential and authentic communication

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ICS212 – Lecture 2Embedded Applications

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OverviewHybrid embedded systems

Aerospace, automobiles, robotics, process control, and sensor nets

Multimedia

Consumer electronicsAppliances, office electronics, and home/office automation

Network componentsBridges, routers, switches, and hubs

Medical instrumentsPatient monitoring, MRI, and artificial hearts

E-BusinessATM, vending machines

Distributed & grid computing

OV

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LA

PPIN

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AerospaceFlight control

Stability: real-time differential feedback loops

Positioning & navigationGPS, INS

InstrumentationData acquisition, display, processing, and archive

RadarCommunication

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AutomobilesEngine management

Fuel, ignition, timing

Emission controlInstrumentation

Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive

Safety & stabilityAirbags, active control

Entertainment & comfortRadio, A/C, …

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RoboticsImplies autonomous operationN physical degree of freedomArtificial intelligenceControl heavyMission oriented

Repair, search, rescue, investigate, and perform physically difficult tasks

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Process Control

Industrial automationPlant monitoring and production controlSimilar to control systems but with emphasis on management

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Sensor NetsMany sensor nodes each capable (but limited) of sensing, computation/storage, and communication

Structure safetySearch and rescueMilitary use

Self organizationEnergy EfficientDistributed

Modern Sensor Nodes

UC Berkeley: COTS Dust

UC Berkeley: COTS DustUC Berkeley: Smart Dust

UCLA: WINS Rockwell: WINS JPL: Sensor Webs

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MultimediaAn exercise in

Signals, analog to digital conversion, quantization, sampling, processing, and digital to analogue conversionInformation theory, entropy, Huffman codes, compression, lossless compression Images, audio, video

Virtual RealityPresentationQuality of serviceThink lots of data (formats and standards too)!

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Consumer ElectronicsHome appliances

Yesterday’s appliances: add computationTomorrow’s appliances: add networking (Internet)

Office electronicsIntegration Electronic paper (filing, printing, sending, and receiving)

Home/office automationCommon fantasy about the automated home or office of the future with lights and appliances that operate by themselves or with minimal effort

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Network ComponentsStitching LANs

BridgeConnects two parts of the same network

RouterLink networks using different network identities

Extending portsSwitch

Transmit to recipient onlyHub

Transmit to all

Handle large volume of highly structured data with little transformation

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Medical InstrumentsPerform diagnosis (screening/evaluation)

Data collectionAppraisal of that dataDeveloping a plan of action

Observation or monitoring

Sensing and instrumentationAccuracy and precision

Other applications:Radiation therapyArtificial hearts, arms, legs, …

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E-BusinessInformation processing systems

ATMCash registersScannersCredit-card readers

Often the interface behind a database

Automation and convenience

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Distributed & Grid ComputingCoordinated resource sharing and problem solving

The grid is static, reliable, and has infinite resource (for practical purposes)

Users (the mobile device e.g., PDA) has limited resources

Middleware mitigates the resource sharing and coordination efforts

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Summary of Application Domains

Looked at a number of application domains

Large amount of overlap between these domains

Often each domain has associated standards, design methodologies, and certification programs

The future appears to suggest a fusion of design differences into a single methodology