literature review in research methodology
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Literature ReviewRaison Sam RajuDepartment of CommerceUniversity of Kerala
WELCOME
• Definition
• Literature
• Types of literature review
• process
• Purpose
• What to review?
• Literature search procedure
• Sources of literature
• Planning the review work
• Note taking
OverviewLiterature Review
Definition• According to university of wincosin writing centre,
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge
through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research
studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
• Tell me what the research says(Theory)
• Tell me how the research was carried out (Methodology)
• Tell me what is missing or the gap that research intends to fill.(Research gap)
Key points of a literature review
Books• Encyclopedias• Year books• Text books• Reference books
Journals• Published monthly,quarterly,half yearly or annually
Reports• Reports of commissions appointed by Govt.• Seminar reports
Research dissertations & Thesis
News papers
Micro forms: Audio & Video tapes
Literatureliterature in this context consists of:
Types of Literature Review
On the purpose of research there are 3 main types of literature review
•Evaluative Review
•Explorative Review
•Instrumental Review
Evaluative ReviewEvaluative Review is a type of literature review which focus on providing a discussion of the literature in terms of its coverage and contribution to knowledge in particular area.
It is often used to directly compare research findings of a project with other when findings are directly available.
Exploratory ReviewThis type of literature review which is seeking to
find out what actually exists In the academic literature in terms of theory,emperical evidence &research methods as they pertain to specific research topic & its related wider subject area.
It is also used to sharpen , focus,& identify research questions that remain
unanswered in the specific topic.
Instrumental Review
This type of literature review which is seeking to find out how to conduct some
research on a highly specific research problem.
It is not designed not to identify the state of current knowledge in an area but to identify the
best way to carry out a research with out incurring unnecessary & unavoidable cost.
PROCESSA literature review can be divided into 2 process:1.The search for material & resources2.Writing literature reviewIn the first process topics include 1. What to review & purpose of review2. Literature search procedure3. Planning of research work
In the second process topics include:Note taking
Purpose of literature review
The kinds of literature to be revived at the various stage of the research process and specific purposes of the
review are indicated below:
WHAT TO REVIEW ???
steps in the research process
kinds of literature to be reviewed
Purpose of review
identification & selection of problem
1.1 source materials,encyclopedia,text books
1.1 to gain preliminary orientation & background knowledge
1.2 latest publications on the discipline
1.2 to gain up-to-date knowledge in the field
1.3 theses in the selected discipline
1.3 to know work already done on the subject1.4 to identify research gaps in the field.1.5 to avoid duplication
steps in the research process
kinds of literature to be reviewed
Purpose of review
formulation of the selected problem previous study in the field &
journals
to become familiar with appropriate methodology & research techniques relevant
to the study.
operationalisation of concepts same as 2
for clarifying concepts and knowing measurements
techniques.
preparation of research proposals
4.1 illustrated books on methodology of research
4.1 to devolope alternative designs
4.2 thesis
4.2 for formulating hypothesis and deciding sample design etc
steps in the research process
kinds of literature to be reviewed
Purpose of review
construction of tools for collection of data
5.1 same as 4.1 & 4.2
5.2 copies of tools & scales furnished in the appendix of
theses.
for gaining thorough knowledge of the process of
tools and measurement techniques
drafting theoretical chapters & theory parts of other
chapters
journals
to take notes and compile bibliography
text books
reference books
reports on subject matter
LITERATURE SEARCH PROCEDURE
ORHOW CAN WE FIND
LITERATURE?
Literature search procedure involves a series of steps which aims to identify the
sources of literature.
1.Request learned professors,librarians,or other familiar to suggest relevant references.
2.Find out whether any bibliography already prepared on the subject is available in the library.
3.Consult bibliographies in the these on the topic & related topics.
4.Examine periodicals,monographics,reports,confrence proceedings & other materials including micro films available
5.Consult reference cited in the books & articles already located. Each book will be a means for locating additional references.
6.Consult the abstract journal on the subject
7.See the book review pages in the daily news papers & in the journals.
Sources of LiteratureSources of literature can be divided into 3 :
1.Primary literature sources 2.Secondary literature sources
3. Tertiary literature sources
The different categories of literature sources represents the flow of information from
original source.
1.Primary literature sources
Primary literature sources are the first occurrence of a piece of work.
It includes:1.ReportsReports include market research reports, government reports etc.
2.Confrence proceedingsConference proceedings referred to any symposia are often published as unique titles with in journals, or as books. most conference will have a very specific theme.
3.ThesesThese are the research papers contains details of research done in a particular topic. It is a good source of detailed information & further reference.
2.Secondary Literature sourcesSecondary sources such as books & journals are subsequent
publication of primary literature. These publications are aimed at wider audience.
it includes:
1.Journals Journals are also known as periodicals, magazines are published on a regular basis.eg.journal of management studies, people management etc.
2.Books Books are written for specific audiences.the material in books are presented in a more ordered and accessible manner than in journals.
3.News papersNews papers are good source of topical events, developments with in the business &government as well as recent statistical information..
3. Tertiary literature sources
Tertiary literature sources also called as “search tools” are designed either to help to locate primary & secondary literature or to introduce a topic. They include indexes & abstracts as well as encyclopaedias & bibliographies.
Eg:subject catalogues of libraries List of books and publishers bulletins.
Planning the review work
One can identify many references relating to the selected topic. The problem now is to go through the references one after the other & point out
exact information relevant to study.Steps This planning involves 3 steps:
2.To determine how to record what is gathered from a published material.
Should it be noted down as verbatim or paraphrased.3.To set up as orderly recording or note taking systemIn this decision the researcher must be guided by the requirement of a good recording system. these requirements are:(a) The recording system should facilitate ready location of the recorded
information when required.(b) it should allow for more flexible handling & organising information.(c) all notes relating to a particular concept of a topic should available
together.All these requirements are meet with card system.
1. To decide what information is useful &what is not useful.
The researcher should draw up a preliminary outline of the topic with reference to objectives of study. it serve as a guide to take above decision.
NOTE TAKINGNote taking means recording of information. the suitable method of note taking is the use of cards. The recording system involves uses of 2 sets of cards.
1.Source cards(3” * 5”)2.Note cards(5” * 8”)
1.Source cards
Source card serves 2 purposes.1.Provide documentary information for foot notes to be given in report2.Used for compiling bibliography to be furnished at the end of report.
An source card or index card or system card consists of heavy paper stock cut to a standard size, used for recording and storing bibliographic information. It was invented by Carl Linnaeus, around 1760.
On the left hand top corner the letter ‘B’ OR ‘J’ OR ‘R’ may be marker according to the type of reference which a card represents.
B-book J-journal R=report
Source card had a definite structure. It has a code structure to in order to relate them to the corresponding note cards.
Structure of source card
On the right hand top corner anther code is to be marked. Its a combination of letter & number begins with “c”.the same code has to be marked on the corresponding notes card for ready reference of each note.
For each reference a separate card is used. and written only in one side. Cards are arranged in the alphabetical order of the authors according to the type of reference.
The recording of bibliographic information in the source card should be made in proper bibliographic format. Its varies for book and article.1.For a book Two formats are used in popular. They are as below
(a)Authors name (starting with last name) , the title of book, place of publication: the publisher's name, year.
E.g.:Krishnaswami,o.r,methodology of research in social
science ,Mumbai:himalaya publishing house,1993
(b)Authors name (starting with last name) , the title of book, the publisher's name,place,year.E.g.:Krishnaswami,o.r,methodology of research in social science , Himalaya publishing house, Mumbai,1993
If a work has 3 or more authors, the abbreviation “et al” meaning ‘and others’ may be used after the first author.E.g..Koontz,harold, et al.,management.newdelhi:mcgraw hill international book comany,1980
If publication is an edited one ,use the abbreviation “ed” after the name.2.For articlesHere also 2 forms are used.
(a).Authors name ,”the title of article", the journal name,place.publishers name,vol,issue no.,date,pages
(b).Authors name ,”the title of article", the journal name, publishers name, place,vol,issue no.,date,pages
SAMPLE OF SOURCE CARD
2.NOTE CARDInformation extracted from a printed source is recorded on the note cards. There should be a single fact or idea on each card. The structure of note card is as below:
(1). On the left hand top corner the source reference code is marked. (2).on the right hand top corner the number of researcher’s proposed chapter to which the information is related is entered.(3).On the space between top edge and first horizontal line, the title of broad theme is written & in the next space the title of the specific idea is marked.(4).The idea or fact extracted from concerned reference is recorded after above step.
SAMPLE OF NOTE CARD
NOTE CARDS PRESERVED IN A CARD INDEX BOX
CONCLUSION
LITERATURE REVIEW IS ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTAND WHAT HAS ALREADY DONE IN THE SPECIFIC TOPIC.ITS HELP TO UNDERSTAND THE BACKGROUND OF THE SPECIFIC TOPIC WHICH RESEARCHER INTENDS TO RESEARCH,METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH DONE BY PREVIOUS RESEARCHERS,AND RESEARCH GAP.ITS AN ONGOING PROCESS FROM SELECTION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM TO REPORT WRITTING.THERE IS SPECIFIC STRUCTURE FOR NOTING LITERATURE IN RESEARCH PAPER.
REFRENCE1. Krishnaswami,o.r,methodology of research in social
science ,Mumbai:himalaya publishing house,1993
2.adams,john,etal.,research methods for graduate business and social science students,usa:library of congress,2007
3.Lewis,philip, etal., Research methods for business students,newdelhi:dorling kindersely,2000
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