michele stanton, m.s. kenton county extension …...eggs all at once. eggs are laid on soil in a...

Michele Stanton, M.S.

Kenton County Extension Agent for Horticulture

Asian Longhorned Beetle Eradication Program

Amelia, Ohio

Dr. Glen Needham, Ph.D., OSU Entomology (retired), Air Force Medical Entomologist

Cindy Meyer, OSU Extension, Butler County

Buckeyes for Lyme Awareness

http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/

www.tickencounter.org

http://www.nature.nps.gov/biology/ipm/manual/ticks.cfmhttp://www.capcvet.org/ The Companion Animal Parasite

Council

Credits

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Our Big Tick Problem!

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

From an Ohio Department of Health memorandum dated April 28, 2014

Our three main ticks

Tick biology

The diseases they carry in Ohio

Tick prevention

Disease treatment

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1. Deer tick (Blacklegged tick*), Ixodes scapularis

2. Lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum

3. Dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis

Note: The Western Blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus, is only found west of the Rockies.

Our Three Tick Bad Guys

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Here They Are:

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All adult ticks have 8 legs

Ticks have two main body sections: head and body

Ticks are NOT insects—they belong to a class of Arthropods called Arachnids, related to mites & spiders.)

Notice the presence or absence of obvious body ornamentation or patterning.

How Do You ID a Tick?

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Ticks have four life stages:

Egg

Larvae (may only have 6 legs as larvae)

Nymph

Adult

Ticks live one or two years, depending on species.

Ticks need blood to survive. Ticks must feed at least once per life stage.

Ticks can survive for months after a single feeding.

9http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/life_cycle_and_hosts.html

Female ticks lay their eggs all at once.

Eggs are laid on soil in a humid location.

Eggs hatch in 30-60 days.

Newly hatched larvae crawl to a clump of

grass or other area to wait for passing hosts.

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Female Lone Star Tick laying eggshttp://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/medical/lone_star_tick.htm

Ticks find hosts by detecting C02 and body odors, or by sensing body heat, moisture, or vibrations.

To start feeding, a tick grasps the skin and cuts into the surface.

The tick inserts its feeding tube. Many species also secrete cement-like substances that keeps them firmly

attached. A feeding tube can also have barbs to keep it in place.

How Ticks Feed

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Ticks saliva can contain anesthetic properties so its host is unaware

of its presence, and anti-clotting & anti-

inflammatory factors so that the wound

stays open.

Photo: Los Angeles County West Vector & Vector-Borne Disease Control District

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Biological warfare at its finest: Ticks in action

Ticks suck blood slowly for several days. If the host has a blood-born infection, the tick ingests the pathogens during

feeding.

Saliva from the tick enters the skin of the next host during feeding. If the tick contains a pathogen, it is transmitted.

A tick must feed for at least 24-48(72) hours for disease transmission to occur.

After feeding, most ticks drop off.

At its next feeding, the tick can transmit an acquired disease to the new host.

How diseases are spread

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785505/

Tick Site Preferences on Humans

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Blacklegged tick

http://jme.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/3/361

Photo used with permission from Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases in Iowa, Iowa State University Extension

Adult Male

Fully fed Female

Fed Nymph

Unfed Larva--Uninfected

Adult Female

Partly Fed Female

Unfed Nymph

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

1. Deer (Blacklegged) tick, Ixodes scapularis

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Our smallest, least familiar tick.

Deer (Black-legged) tick size

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

Save ticks in alcohol or hand sanitizer.

Lives in wooded, humid areas—NOT grassy edge habitat.

Active year-round here.

All stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) bite people & animals.

Actively seeks hosts when temperatures ≥39 °F.

SMALL– unfed adults are the size of a poppy seed.

Deer ticks cannot survive more than 2-3 days in the average home—it’s not humid enough.

Deer (Black-legged) tick

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Carries 4 diseases here: Lyme, Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis.

A ticks can transmit multiple diseases in one feeding.

Dogs and humans are most affected by these diseases.

Dogs get Lyme disease 50% more often than humans.

Deer (Black-legged) tick

18http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8158624

Rodents, raccoons, deer, skunks, lizards, birds

Most common host: Peromyscus maniculatus, white-footed deer mouse

Also vectored by migratory neo-tropical birds.

Deer ticks’ frequent hosts

19http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ixodes_scapularis/

3

29

2

16

7

2

3

17

5

3

4

26

1

1

1

4

1

2

10

16

1

1

1

3

5

2

1

211

1

12012 Total:182

Counties:31ODH Zoonoses Disease Program

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

Blacklegged Ticks Submitted to ODH-ZDP in 2012

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Figure 2. Known distribution of the blacklegged tick in Kentucky (color code: blue= pre-2005, red= 2013, orange = 2014, green = 2015).

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1 in 16 dogs tested in 2013 was positive for Lyme Disease.

Another way to count tick populations: look at DOGS!

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Dogs treated by veterinarians serve as good indicators of parasite presence.

http://www.capcvet.org/ The Companion Animal Parasite Council

Black-legged (Deer) ticks are FAST!!

A tick can travel from your shoe to your neck in less than ten minutes.

One other Thing

23Watch this video:

Found in shrubby, woody areas

Also called ‘Turkey Tick’

Active April – August

Vicious biter—you can feel them attach

All life stages feed on people and animals.

Vector of Ehrlichiosis and STARI

2. Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum

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“Photo used with permission from Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases in Iowa, Iowa State University Extension”

Adult Male

After 10 days of feeding

Fed Nymph

Unfed Nymph

Adult Female

Larva not shown

Noticeornamentation

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

Fed Adult Female

Lone Star? Not just Texas

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Found in grassy areas & along road edges

Adults feed on medium to large mammals, especially dogs and humans

Most active April – July

The most well-known tick in southern Ohio

3. American Dog Tick, Dermacentor variabilis

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Photo used with permission from Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases in Iowa, Iowa State University Extension

Adult MaleAmerican dog tick

Adult FemaleAmerican dog tick

Female after 11 days of feeding

Larvae and nymphs rarely feed on pets or humans

Noticeornamentation

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

American Dog Tick

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Four diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria:1. Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi

2. Anaplasmosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, (formerly called human granulocytic ehrlichiosis)

3. Ehrlichiosis, several Ehrlichia spp.4. Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever, Rickettsia rickettsii

One disease caused by a genus of parasites:5. Babesiosis, Babesia spp.

One disease with pathogen unknown:6. STARI, Southern Tick-associated Rash Illness

http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/diseases/index.html

Many tick-borne diseases in the Midwest

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Back to the start: Lyme Disease

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Lyme disease was named for a town in CT.

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

Lyme Disease is Underreported

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found Lyme disease strikes 300,000 people each year, an order of magnitude more than is reported to CDC.

Ohio confirmed + probable cases in 2013 were 93, so there may be ~ 1,000 cases annually.

Tick Prevalence Lyme Prevalence ODH Zoonotic Disease Program © G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University 31

Correlation of Cumulative Tick and Lyme Cases to 2013

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Multiplies very slowly, so initial tests come back

negative.

Multiple strains and species of Borrelia

bacteria.

Some strains leave the blood stream and invade other human tissues and

cells to avoid triggering immune response (and

make detection difficult).

Why is Lyme Disease so Tricky?

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease_microbiology

If you have had an attached tick for

longer than 24 hours, get treatment AS IF

YOU HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO LYME

DISEASE

Get to the doctor as soon as possible for

immediate treatment. A prompt

course of antibiotics might prevent a

lifetime of misery.

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1. Prevent & manage ticks on your body, clothes, & shoes.

2. Manage ticks on pets.

3. Modify home habitats.

4. Avoid tick habitats where possible.

5. Watch for ticks when hunting or dealing with wildlife.

Five Kinds of Disease Prevention & Management

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Personal Disease Prevention

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• Use insect repellants containing at least 25% DEET EVERY TIME you go outside in tick habitat.

• Tuck pants in socks/boots & shirt into pants.

• Tick-check daily.

• Dry clothing on HIGH for 15 min. when you come inside.

• Remove attached/crawling ticks properly.

• http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/avoid/on_people.html

Tiny ticks crawl up, often UNDER your clothing, and notjust on the outside.

The ingredients in tick repellent must touch the ticks.

When spraying pants and shorts, turn the lower portions (the bottom 8-10 inches) of the leg INSIDE-

OUT and spray that first. Then treat the entire outside surface, too.

Don’t forget backpacks, shoes, hats, etc.

Repellents are irritants that make the tick too uncomfortable to stay.

Personal Tick Management

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Spray all your family’s shoes with tick repellent!

Ticks crawl up from the leaf litter, in wooded

areas or in your yard.

Spraying shoes with tick repellent is the first line of defense and also the

most effective way repel ticks before they bite.

Don’t Forget Shoes & Gear

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Don’t forget backpacks, hats, bandanas, camp chairs, tents, sleeping bags, or other fabric items that could be exposed .

Personal Tick Checks

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See a tick on yourself or the dog?

Duct tape works well to remove them

BEFORE THEY ATTACH.

Duct tape also removes small larvae or nymphs you might

miss.

Clothing Tick Hints

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De-tick clothes by throwing everything into a hot dryer for 15 minutes, BEFORE washing. The ticks will desiccate and die.

Washing clothes first might not kill ticks, but drying does.

No dryer? Put clothes or backpacks into a black plastic bag and subject them to heat in the sun or place the bag in the

back seat of your car for 48 hours.

Use Your Dryer!

II. Pet Tick Management

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Courtesy K. Stafford III

• Check your dogs before they come inside• Check pet bedding regularly

• Do daily tick checks and give monthly medications• Have your pet checked for tick-borne diseases

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

• Dog physiology is different• …so there are tests, vaccinations, collars, and effective

medications for Lyme and other tick-borne diseases

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

Dogs

Ehrlichia canis (Lone stars)Ehrlichia chaffeensis (American dog ticks)

Dogs as Indicators of Parasite Populations

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http://www.capcvet.org/

III. Managing Home Habitats

Mow

Mulch/Fence borders

Remove bird feeders (they attract birds, rodents, deer

and other hosts).

Use perimeter sprays.

Fence out deer.

Don’t try to attract wildlife.

44Courtesy K. Stafford III

Various acaricides are labeled for use.

Permethrin, bifenthrin available for homeowners.

Use high-pressure spray in May/June, again in October.

Pesticide degrades in soil.

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Other Habitat Interventions

1. Tick Tubes contain Permethrin-treated

cotton that mice bring back to their nests for

bedding.

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Move here →

Deer and other animals are favorite foods for ticks.

Take care when handling wild animals or their carcasses.

Many animals brought to butchers for processing are infested with ticks.

© G.R. Needham, The Ohio State University

Watch this video!

Removing Ticks The Right Way

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This is the way to remove ticks from humans and pets.Save the tick in the freezer if you want to confirm its ID.

Questions?

Please take a tick ID card!

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