national policies & programs for slum upgrading in india: bridging the gap between policy &...
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Rajiv Ranjan Mishra
Joint Secretary to the Government of India
Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation
Contents of the presentation The MDG Context
Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation
India’s urban and slum upgrading challenges
Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
Pictures of some projects
Slum upgrading as part of MDG Goal 7 on Ensuring Environmental Sustainability : India
Target 7D : by 2020, to have achieved a
significant improvement in the lives of at
least 100 million slum dwellers
“The target of improving the lives of at
least 100 million slum dwellers has
already been achieved twice-over….
more than 200 million slum dwellers
have gained access to improved water,
sanitation or durable and less crowded
housing..”
As per Census of India, in 2011, 65.5 mn
people, i.e. 17.4 % of urban population
lived in slums, reduced from 18.3% in
2001
“India has been successful in
improving the lives of slum dwellers,
having helped 59.7 million out of dire
conditions since the year 2000…”, State
of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Bridging
the Urban Divide, UN-HABITAT.
Slum Population and Households in India- 2001 & 2011
2001 2011
Urban Households (Million) 55.83 80.89
Slum Households (Million) 10.15 13.92
Slum Households Size 5.2 4.7
Slum Population(Million) 52.37 65.49 % of Slum HHs to urban HHs 18.2% 17.2% % of Slum population to urban population 18.3% 17.4%
Contents of the presentation
The MDG Context
Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation
India’s urban and slum upgrading challenges
Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana
Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
(PMAY)
Pictures of some projects
Parameter EIUS 1989
ILCS 1980
UBSP 1990
NSDP 1996
VAMBAY 2001
JnNURM 2005
AHIP 2009
ISHUP 2009
RAY 2012
~Size USD Mil 150 75 30 775 200 13,333 (5350)
1100 132
Shelter
Urban Basic Services
Toilets
Toilets
Community Infra
Land & Tenure
Policy Changes
Access to credit
Integrating real estate markets
PPP
Scale of the programme
Past National Programs on Slum upgrading: Steady progression
In JNNURM a program for urban infrastructure improvement 40% of the resources have been
allocated for slum upgrading and housing where as RAY is a slum-free India Project.
Parameter Indore SNP
Parivartan Ahmedaba
d SNP
In-situ Rehab-
Ahmedabad
Thane-BSUP
SRA Mumbai
Vijayawada Pimpri
Shelter
Urban Basic Services
Community Infra
Livelihood
Land & Tenure
Policy Changes
Access to credit SEWA Loans
Integrating real estate markets
PPP
Scale of the programme
Important City (or) State level initiatives
Contents of the presentation
The MDG Context
Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation
India’s urban and slum upgrading challenges
Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yogana
Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
(PMAY)
Pictures of some projects
846.3
1028.6
1210.2
1523
217.6 286.1
377.1
598
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1991 2001 2011 2030
Total Population
Urban Population
Cities are likely to house 40% of India’s population by 2030
Around 600 million people will live in cities by 2030
India’s economy is likely to produce about 120 million jobs in cities
India will have 68 cities with population of more than 1 million by 2030
Source: Census, High Powered Expert Committee on Urban Infrastructure, and UN Population Division
Urbanization Trends : India is staring at an urban future
India faces significant urban challenges in the future
48994 5168856311
2008-09 2002 1993-94
While the number of
slums are steadily
decreasing …
The growth in urban poor
population has yet to be
arrested …
Data Sources: 11th FYP, Tendulkar Committee (URP), Projections for 2010-11, NSSO Round 65
75.176.380.8
86.1
2010-11 2004-05 1999-00 1987-88
Fig
ure
s i
n M
illio
n
Slums population is also expected to grow …
Data Source: Census of India 2001, 2011 and REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SLUM STATISTICS/CENSUS; NATIONAL
BUILDINGS ORGANISATION MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION; Published in Aug 2010
43.0
32.0
2008-09 2002
Slums are spreading into private land rapidly
Slums on GoI Lands, such as Railways, etc between 4.4 – 16.1%
Public Lands owned by State Governments and Urban Local Bodies, ranging between 40.9% to 56.3%
In 2002, only 32% of slums were located in private land
In 2008-09, this had increased to 43%
Private land ownership makes this problem difficult to solve
Slums are expanding more in
private and in other lands
% of Slums
Data Source: NSSO Round 65, 2008-09, Published in May 2010
Slums are growing in vulnerable areas
In 2002, 24.4% of total slums were situated in vulnerable areas – such as nallahs, river beds and river banks.
In 2008-09, this has grown to 32%
Relocating these slums which are untenable, will become necessary, thus increasing the costs
32.0
24.4
2008-09 2002
% of Slums
Data Source: NSSO Round 65, 2008-09, Published in May 2010
Growth in formal housing has stagnated in large cities
Working with the market, A new approach to slum development in India, Patricia Annez et al.
And even better managed cities are facing formal housing shortage problems …
Working with the market, A new approach to slum development in India, Patricia Annez et al.
India’s urban and slum upgrading challenges
Reduction in the proportion of slum population to
urban population, but increase in slum and urban
poor populations in absolute terms.
Significant improvement in infrastructure and
services required
Land tenability and ownership issues
Growth in informal housing in large cities
Private markets out of reach of majority of the urban
population
Lack of comprehensive urban poor livelihood models
Contents of the presentation The MDG Context
Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation
and urban poverty reduction
India’s urban and slum upgrading challenges
The New Framework for Urban Poverty Reduction
Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana
Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
(PMAY)
Pictures of some projects
A Bold New Vision: “A slum free India”
Clear Policy Direction for Inclusion: “Assign property rights to people living in
slum areas”
Rajiv Awas Yojana
Dwelling Units based Whole Slum – whole city based
Limited involvement of communities Central role of communities
Flexibility of property right assignment
Property right assignment commitment upfront
Limited preparation-funding
Allocated time and resources for preparation
Policy reform limited to 7 yrs
Comprehensive policy package including preventive strategy
JNNURM RAY
Limited PPP opportunity
Encouragement in private sector engagement (PPP)
Rental Housing / worker housing not funded
Focus on Rental Housing and worker housing
Features of the RAY program
o Large scale financial support from the Centre to States for planning,
upgrading and redeveloping existing slums in cities, 100% for
upgrading and upto 50% for housing.
o Support to cover whole city requirement to ensure that no slum/ no-
slum dweller is left out
o States expected to assign property rights for slum dwellers
o State funding to be used to massively upgrade infrastructure and
services in slums to same level as the rest of the city
o Concurrently, Central Government working with banks to enable large
– scale credit for EWS/ LIG housing, both in-situ and fresh stock
o Credit Guarantee Fund
o Mandatory earmarking of land for the poor as part of preventive
strategy
Slum Free India
Every citizen has right to civic services,
social services and shelter
Property Rights
to all
Reform Pillar 1
Reservation of
land
Reform Pillar 2
Earmarking of
funds
Reform Pillar 3
Shift from
project approach
to
Whole city, All slum approach
Community Participation
Shelter for
Homeless/
slum renters
Transit
housing
Insitu - basic
services
Insitu
Revelopment
Limited
Relocation
Rental
Housing Worker
dormitories
Slum Up-
gradation
Curative Strategy
Providing shelter
and services for
growth
Preventive Strategy
Support for investments Policies for scale and sustainability
Contents of the presentation The MDG Context
Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation and
urban poverty reduction
India’s urban and slum upgrading challenges
The New Framework for Urban Poverty Reduction
Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
Pictures of some projects
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(PMAY)- Prime Minister’s Housing Scheme
Launched on 25th June 2015 by Hon’ble Prime Minister of India
Aims to provide ‘Housing for All’ by 2022 – 20 million units
Coverage - All 4041 statutory towns in 3 phases
Beneficiaries - EWS and LIG categories EWS: family with income upto Rs. 3 lakh;
LIG: family with income from Rs. 3-6 lakh;
PMAY- Mission components
Credit Linked subsidy component is Central Sector Scheme while other 3 to be implemented as Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
Beneficiary can take advantage under one component only
1 2 3 4
In-Situ Slum Redevelopment Using land as a resource with private participation
Slums on Central Government land/State Government land/ULB land
Slum rehabilitation grant of Rs. 1 lakh per house, on an average.
Flexibility to States/Cities to deploy this central grant for other slums being redeveloped
States/Cities provide additional FSI/FAR or TDR to make projects financially viable
Land cost not to be charged by Central Govt. agencies
Slums on Private Owned Land States/Cities provide additional FSI/FAR or TDR to land owner as per its policy; No
Central Assistance
State/UTs shall decide: Eligibility criteria; Beneficiary contribution; allotment basis; etc. Identify all tenable slums and their parameters; Examine financial and technical
viability
Two Components: slum rehabilitation component; free sale component: available to developers for selling in the market so as to cross subsidize the project
Private partner to be selected through open bidding process
Contents of the presentation
The MDG Context
Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation
and urban poverty reduction
India’s urban and slum upgrading challenges
The New Framework for Urban Poverty Reduction
Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana
Pictures of some projects
SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)-AHMEDABAD
In 1995, AMC initiated Slum Networking Project through a unique partnership between Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and NGOs.
Objective of the SNP:
to transform the urban environment with the approach to provide basic infrastructure services at the household and slum level in an affordable and sustainable way.
Received The Dubai International Award for, in 2005, Best Practice to improve the living Environment.
SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)-AHMEDABAD
Situation Before the Initiative: People in slums lived in conditions that included total or partial absence of
critical infrastructure like water supply, drainage, roads, toilets and street lighting, Over populated and congested, temporary structures with inadequate maintenance, the lack of basic minimum education, insufficient skills, low incomes, poor standard of living mark this population.
Of the 710 slums, 190 slums comprising of 47,300 families were living with absolutely abysmal facilities.
Implementation Strategies: AMC to provide a package of infrastructure services in consultation with
communities/CBOs, NGOs and the Private sector;
establishment of a Resident’s Association for release of community contributions from the Banks to AMC at different stages of completion of infrastructure works and for managing the operation and maintenance
Resource Mobilization: contributions of individual households through deposits
annual budgetary provisions for SNP by AMC
funds under GoI’s NSDP, and loan from HUDCO
SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)-AHMEDABAD
Transparent processes through: Monthly Monitoring Meeting of stakeholders
Joint Planning
Trainings and capacity building
Interaction with Public
Result and Impacts
The SNP program as on November 2006, has reached 8,703 families, making a significant contribution in the lives of 43,515 people in 41 slum communities of Ahmedabad.
Strong and substantial partnership among various stakeholders.
SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)- INDORE
Slum networking is an integrated upgrading scheme wherein the city building process is used to transform the slums into settlements while mainstreaming the poor into the urban population.
Indore slum networking project is a holistic approach to a community-based sanitation and environmental improvement programe,
Started in 1987, Indore Development Authority (IDA) initiated Slum Networking Project through a partnership approach and completed in 1997.
Objective of the SNP: to transform the urban environment with the approach to provide basic
infrastructure services at the household and slum level in an affordable and sustainable way.
SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)- INDORE
The infrastructure is upgraded using the network of slum settlements as a starting point;
Infrastructure provided: road, water supply, drainage, solid waste management, public facilities, and community development
The project encompasses the entire city of 3218 sq.km, with a total of 183 slums within the slum networking system.
Partnership between IDA, Overseas Development Corporation (ODA), NGOs and civil society.
Funding: 10% private sources (beneficiaries) and 90% public sources, out of which 90% international source(ODA)
Land sharing model under PPP in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh
Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC) required 1000 acre land for construction of 50,000 dwelling units under JNNURM / RAY for EWS beneficiaries living in the city slums.
VMC introduced a Land Sharing Model through Public Private Partnership (PPP) approach.
Acquired 226.54 acre land at Gollapudi and Jakkampudi villages under PPP between land-owning farmers and the State Government.
Land sharing agreement in 60:40 ratios wherein:
i40% of the total land area can be taken possession by the Revenue
Department;
i60% land shall be retained by the land owners with land use conversion, approval of layout by the UDA and Government and development of
infrastructure with funds from Social Welfare Department.
Land sharing model under PPP in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh
Unique features of this project:
Method is participatory through negotiations for land sharing
Less time consuming ,as there are generally no objections from farmers
Financially this is a win –win model for both Government & farmers- better compensation to land owners and more land available to the Govt.
Farmers save on the following :
Land use conversion charge which is 10% of the land value,
Registration charge which is 10% of the land value, and
Layout development charge which is Rs.100 per sq. yd
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