next generation biofuels & ics-unido programme s. miertus ics-unido trieste italy 26 november...
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Next generation biofuels&
ICS-UNIDO Programme
S. Miertus ICS-UNIDO Trieste
Italy
26 November 2010 FIT - Tavola rotonda "Le biomasse"
Presentation Outline
Next generation biofuels: why, what, how and when?
ICS UNIDO programme on Next Generation Biofuels and Biorefineries
2
Why biofuels and bio-based chemicals?
Fossil fuel depletion Diversification of feedstocks (energy security)
Kyoto Protocol (bio-feedstocks can be CO2 neutral)
/transition to low carbon economy/ Cop1nhagen, EU 20-20Stimulation of new green chemical industry development Valorization of waste biomass Integrated development of agriculture and industry Improvement of social economic conditions,
especially in Developing Countries
How? Processes and feedstocks
Next Generation:
Agro- , and forestry waste (not food competitive)
Biodiesel I
Bioethanol Biogas
Biodiesel II Biomethanol
Synthesis gas
Hydrogen and chemicals
Substitute Natural Gas
Anaerobic digestion
Catalytic synthesis
Gasification
DME, MTBE
1st Generation:Oil, fat, sugars
(often food competitive)
:
Biodiesel I Biodiesel II Biomethanol
Synthesis gas
Hydrogen and chemicals
Substitute Natural Gas
Cellulose hydrolysis (to sugars) Anaerobic digestion
Fermentation
Fischer-Tropsch
Hydro-cracking
Trans-esterification
Generation:
Agro- , and forestry waste (not food competitive)
Biodiesel I
Bioethanol Biogas
Biodiesel II Biomethanol
Synthesis gas
Hydrogen and chemicals
Substitute Natural Gas
Anaerobic digestion
Catalytic synthesis
Gasification
DME, MTBE
1st Generation:Oil, fat, sugars
(often food competitive)
:
Biodiesel I Biodiesel II Biomethanol
Synthesis gas
Hydrogen and chemicals
Substitute Natural Gas
Cellulose hydrolysis (to sugars) Anaerobic digestion
Fermentation
Fischer-Tropsch
Hydro-cracking
Trans-esterification
How? Algae biomass:future feedstock for known processes
- About 2 Tons of CO2 are fixed per ton of biomass- Cells can store sugars or lipids- Microalgae can remove P, N compounds from water- Tens times higher oil yield per Ha than oil crops 7
What? High Value Chemicals
1.000.000 €
100.000 €
10.000 €
1.000 €
10 €
Medicine
Taste & aromas
Colors & pigments
Primary building blocks & plastics
10 T 100 T 1 kT 10 kT 100 kT 1 MT 10 MT 100 MT
Bulk chemicals
Liquid fuels
Pri
ce
pe
r to
n
Yearly world production
Today these products are mainly produced from oil
& gas
8
What? High Value Chemicals
1.000.000 €
100.000 €
10.000 €
1.000 €
10 €
Medicine
Taste & aromas
Colors & pigments
Primary building blocks & plastics
10 T 100 T 1 kT 10 kT 100 kT 1 MT 10 MT 100 MT
Bulk chemicals
Liquid fuels
Pri
ce
pe
r to
n
Yearly world production
Today these products are mainly produced from oil
& gas
How? From agricultural waste:Abundant feedstock for future processes
Pyrolysis of oil palm residues in Malaysia
BackgroundBiofuel sustainability
Environment
Social welfare / societyEconomics
Biomass production and provision
(e.g. land availability, crop cultivation and harvesting,
logistics)
Biomass conversion to second generation
biofuels (e.g. feedstocks and demand, by-products, state of technology and
R&D, plant capacity)
Biofuels distribution and use
(e.g. infrastructure)
Next generation biofuelsOverview
HVO Bioethanol BTL (FT fuels) DME Biomethane / Bio-SNG
Biomethane / Biogas
A: concept / laboratory →, pilot →→, demonstrated →→→, commercial →→→→ // B: less promising +, very promising ++++ // C, D: rough values for typical feedstocks and plant capacities under EU conditions // E: – theoretical values according to current state of development // F – examples // ar – as received free plant gate // HVO: Hydrogenated vegetable oil // BtL: Biomass to Liquid // SNG: Synthetic Natural Gas© DBFZ, 2009; Without entitlement of completeness.
State of technologyA current in 2020
Technical effortB (system complexity)
Feedstock demandC for exp. plant capacity[1,000 tar/a]
Exp. overall efficiency biofuel productionE
[%]
PublicityTechnology / concept providerF
→→→→→→→
→→→→→
→→→→→
→→→(→)→→→→
→→→→→(→)
→→→(→)→→→→
++ + ++ ++++++++++
75 to 915 (straw)60 to 735 (misc)
650 to 2,500 (wood / willow)
570 to 1,500 (wood / willow)
43 to 130 (maize sil.)60 to 190 (biowaste)
85 to 600 (wood /willow)
300 (rape seeds) to 4,400 (palm, fresh bunches)
45 to 50 40 to 45 55 to 60 45 to 8560 to 6520 (soya) to 60 (palm)
very public, esp. in US, EU, LA
promoted by companies like IOGEN, ABENGOA, POET, COSAN
very public, esp. in D
well promoted as Sunfuel by CHOREN, SHELL, VW, DAIMLER, TOTAL (pilot /demo plant, planned large-scale plant in D)
public, esp. in S
pushed by CHEMREC based on black liquor in pilot plant in S, promotion also by VOLVO
increasing publicity (many plants, e.g. in S, D, CH, NL)
primarily SME, increasing interest for companies like E.ON
increasing publicity(pilot plant in A, planned plants in S, D, NL)
primarily SME, increasing interest for companies like E.ON
public
promoted as NExBTL by NesteOil (plant in FL, planned for SGP), promotion also by companies like BP
Typical exp. plant capacity[MWbiofuel]
15 to 185 > 130 to 500 > 130 to 340 5 to 1520 to 170150 to > 800
Theoretical land demand for feedstockD
[1,000 ha/a], examples20 to 460 (straw) 25 to 280
(wood / willow)20 to 170 (wood / willow)
0.3 to 1.0 (maize silage)
3.0 to 70(wood /willow)
145 to 500 (rape seeds)
Environmental assessment Global warming potential
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Ra
pe
se
ed
oil
So
ya o
ilP
alm
oil
Bio
die
sel (
rap
e)
Bio
die
sel (
soya
)B
iod
iese
l (p
alm
)B
iod
iese
l (su
nflo
we
r)B
iod
iese
l (ta
llow
)B
ioe
tha
no
l (ce
rea
ls)
Bio
eth
an
ol (
ma
ize
)B
ioe
tha
no
l (su
ga
r b
ee
t)B
ioe
tha
no
l (lig
no
.B
ioe
tha
no
l (lig
no
. cro
ps)
NE
xBT
L (
rap
e s
ee
d o
il)N
ExB
TL
(p
alm
oil)
FT
-fu
el (
lign
o. r
esi
du
es)
FT
-fu
el (
lign
o. c
rop
s)D
ME
(lig
no
cellu
losi
c)B
io-S
NG
(lig
no
cellu
losi
c)B
iog
as
(ma
ize
sila
ge
)
Na
tura
l ga
sD
iese
lG
aso
line
GH
G e
mis
sio
ns
[gC
O2
-eq
./km
]
EMPA/ESU, 2007EUCAR/CONCAWE/JRC, 2006IE, 2004-2007IFEU, 2004-2007VIEWLS, 2005ZSW, 2004
Rap
e se
ed o
ilS
oya
oil
Pal
m o
ilB
iodi
esel
(ra
pe)
Bio
dies
el (
soya
)B
iodi
esel
(pa
lm)
Bio
dies
el (
sunf
low
er)
Bio
dies
el (
tallo
w)
Bio
etha
nol (
cere
als)
Bio
etha
nol (
mai
ze)
Bio
etha
nol (
suga
r be
et)
Bio
etha
nol (
ligno
. res
idue
s)B
ioet
hano
l (lig
no. c
rops
)
NE
xBT
L (r
ape
seed
oil)
NE
xBT
L (p
alm
oil)
FT
-fue
l (lig
no. r
esid
ues)
FT
-fue
l (lig
no. c
rops
)D
ME
(lig
noce
llulo
sic)
Bio
-SN
G (
ligno
cellu
losi
c)B
ioga
s (m
aize
sila
ge)
Nat
ural
gas
Die
sel
Gas
olin
e0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
GH
G e
mis
sion
s [g
CO
2-eq
./km
]
EMPA/ESU, 2007EUCAR/CONCAWE/JRC, 2006IE, 2004-2007IFEU, 2004-2007VIEWLS, 2005ZSW, 2004
1st gen. biofuels
2nd gen. biofuels
fossil references
Source: DBFZ / IE Leipzig, 2007, diverse Studies
When? As soon as possible!
Small scale biorefineries based on the existing agricultural production can be priority goals for developing countries
Introduction of next generation biofuels on pilot scale (non food feedstock based) has to be promoted
R&D, public awareness, and education in the field on the local level have to be promoted
There is no general recipe, scenarios can be different for different countries
15
Now: alternative biodiesel production from oils, e.g. algae
Hydroesterification and heterogeneous esterification plants in Brazil
ENI green diesel technology
Biodiesel production using lipases in China
16
Biofuel value chain and UNIDO radius of attention
Oil bearing plants
Agricultural crops and residues
Woody biomass
Industrial andmunicipal waste
Biomass resources
Harvesting,
collection,
handling,
and storage
Supply systems Conversion
Biochemical(fermentation)
Thermochemical(gasification)
Chemical(transesterification)
End products
Transportation fuels(biodiesel, bioethanol)
HeatElectricity
Solid fuels(wood pellets, charcoal)
Physical chemical(extraction)
Next generation biofuels and added
value chemicals
ICS-UNIDODevelopment of “new chemical industry”
UNIDO
FAO
ICS UNIDO Programme on Biofuels and biobased chemicals
NEXT GENERATION BIOFUELSBIOBASED CHEMICALS/POLYMERS- Added value products from biomass – biorefinery concept
ICS-UNIDO focus: Feedstocks for next generation biofuels & bio-based chemicals
Non-food & waste- Lignocellulose from wood and woody waste (saw
dust, wood chips)- Agro-waste (bagasse, rice husk, coffee waste, ...)- Oils from algae- Oily waste (waste cooking oil, fats, spent coffee)- By-products of bio-based production (glycerol,
press cake, FFA, lignin residues, black liquor, ...)
ICS-UNIDO activity tools with target on the outcomes in developing countries
ICS-UNIDOInternational Centre for Science and High Technology of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Trieste, Italy(global programme for the benefit of developing countries)
Research activities• promotion and implementation of research projects
Fellowship program (6 -12 months on job training), participation in research projects
Capacity building • training courses, workshops• e-learning programme (DVDs from TC, WSPs,..)
ICS-UNIDO Global Network on biofuels and bio-based chemicals (centres of excellence in developing countries and in industrialized countries)
see also http://www.ics.trieste.it/core-programmes/biofuels.aspx
Events 2006-2010: Technologies for Renewables Exploitation
EGM on Technologies for Exploitation of Renewable Feedstock and Waste Valorisation, 20-30 May 2006 Trieste, Italy
Workshop on Bio-fuels: emerging technologies and their assessment 4 July 2007, Sustainable Plastics and chemical products from renewable resources Malaysia
Workshop on Biofuels: R&D Technologies for a sustainable development in Africa Accra, Ghana, December 2007
Special Session on Biofuels and Chemicals from Bio-resources (within the UNIDO Conference on Renewable Energies) 14-18 April Dakar, Senegal
Workshop on Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 18-20 September 2008 Workshop on Sustainable Plastics from renewable resources and from agro-food waste
Cairo, Egypt March 2008 Workshop on Biofuels, Chemicals and Polymers from bio-resources Santa Fe, Argentina 28-
30 October 2008 Workshop on Next Generation Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 21-23 April
2009 Seminar Next Generation Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 24 April 2009 Training Course on Chemistry and Technology for biofuels, bio-based products, and
chemicals from biomass Italy, 21-26 September 2009 Expert Group Meeting on Feasibility of projects for pilot production of next generation
biofuels and chemicals from biomass in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries Italy, 16-17 November 2009
Expert Group Meeting on Next Generation Bio-fuels and Bio-refineries. Case Studies for selected East European Countries Italy, 2-3 December 2009
o DVDs
ICS-UNIDO selected review publications 2008-2010
Next-Generation Biofuels: Survey of Emerging Technologies and Sustainability IssuesSergey Zinoviev, Franziska Müller-Langer, Piyali Das, Nicolás Bertero, Paolo Fornasiero, Martin Kaltschmitt, Gabriele Centi, Stanislav MiertusVolume 3, Issue 10, pages 1106–1133, October 25, 2010
Assessment of global bioenergy potentials Ruth Offermann & Thilo Seidenberger & Daniela Thrän & Martin Kaltschmitt & Sergey Zinoviev & Stanislav MiertusSpringer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 DOI 10.1007/s11027-010-9247-9
Catalytic Applications in Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oils: A ReviewA. Sivasamy, F. Kemausuor, P. Fornasiero, K.Y. Cheah, S. Zinoviev, S.Miertus ChemSusChem 2009, 2, 278-300
BIO-FUELS: Technology Status and Future Trends, Technology Assessment and Decision Support Tools ICS UNIDO Publication 2008, available at www.ics.trieste.it
Survey of Future Biofuels and Bio-based Chemicals, ICS UNIDO Publication 2008, available at www.ics.trieste.it
A chance to biofuels for a chance to Africa. Will the technology make change? S. Zinoviev and S. Miertus, Chimica & Industria 05 2008, 106-112
Some examples of ICS-UNIDO join research projects
1. Photo-catalytic reforming and aqueous phase reforming of glycerol(in cooperation with University of Trieste, Prof. Fornasiero group + Argentina; India)
2. Catalytic upgrading of furfural and derivatives (in cooperation with University of Messina, Prof. Centi group + India + Ghana)
3. Lipase catalyzed transesterification of waste oils (in cooperation with University of Trieste, Prof. Gardossi group + Malaysia)
4. Lignin degradation with laccases(in cooperation with University of Trieste, Prof. Gardossi group + Russia)
5. Molecular modeling of enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis (in house + India + Slovakia)
Large initiative “ICS-UNIDO – ACP– EC/S-S” (project under preparation)
Next Generation Biofuels and Biorefineries for ACP countries
(to be submitted for UEC /DG – Cooperation)ResearchCapacity buildingPilot plantsNetworking3-4 years (2011-2014), approx. 40 mln. Eur
Similar proposal for CEE and NIS countries under preparation
25
Topics
BiofuelsBiogas technologyBiohydrogen by reforming of bio-based chemicals Biodiesel by transesterification of oils from algae, jatropha, and waste oilsGasification and pyrolysis of biomass, including agro-waste and forestry waste and further syntheses based on bio-syngasEnzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from agro-waste and forestry waste and further transformation of sugars to alcohol fuels
BiorefineriesBio-based plastics from agro-wasteEnzymatic degradation of lignin (by-product of agro-waste and forestry waste treatment) and further transformation of related products to chemicalsCatalytic hydrolysis of cellulose from agro-waste and forestry waste and further transformations of its products to chemicalsLiquefaction of lignocellulose from agro-waste and forestry waste and valorization of related products to chemicals and polymers
Pilot plants set upPlant for agro-wastePlant for sisal wastePlant for woody wastePlants from algae/water hyacinte
Possible African partners
Ghana – CSIR
Ghana – KNUST
Ethiopia – Addis Ababa
Sudan - IRCC
Tunisia - CBS
Egypt – NRC
Egypt – Tanta
Egypt – Alexandria
Benin – Songhai
Madagascar – consortiumNamibia – UniversityMauritius - University
Tanzania – Tatedo Tanzania - TIRDO Tanzania – SUA VET Cameroon - ISSEA Malawi - CARD South Africa – NEPAD South Africa - UNAM Zambia – BA Zambia – CEEEZ Zambia - UNZA Uganda – UIRI NIGERIA – F.U.T.
Possible EU/other partners
DBFZ (German Biomass Research Center), GermanyUniversity of Trieste, ItalyUniversity of Messina, ItalyUniversity of Florence, ItalyInstitute of Chemistry, SloveniaTechnical University of Graz, AustriaVäxjö University, SwedenDong Energy, DenmarkNovozymes, DenmarkSlovak Technical University of Bratislava, SlovakiaShell Global Solutions InternationalInstitut de Recherches sur la Catalyse, FranceInstituto de Tecnología Química de Valencia, Spain China (Tsingua U. ) , India (U. Mumbay, NCL)Brasil (Petrobras), Malaysia (MPOB)
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