paraphrasing summarizing quoting
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PARAPHRASING
SUMMARIZING
QUOTING
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Part 1
PARAPHRASING
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Objectives
At theend of the lesson,studentscan:
Understand the process torephrase paragraphs.
Vary ways ofexpressions orsentencebuilding.
Usesynonymssmoothly.
Make abstract facts and ideasconcrete to a general ordifferent
audience.
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Lead-in
Pair work: Restate the
sayings:
Beauty is in the eye of
the beholder(Oscar Wilde)
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Lead-in
Restate thesayings
Every day you may make progress. Every step
may be fruitful. Yet there will stretch out before
you anever-lengthening,ever-ascending,
ever-improving path. You know you will never get
to theend of thejourney. But this,so far fromdiscouraging, only adds to thejoy and glory of
theclimb
(Winston Churchill)
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Lead-in
Restate thesayings
The important thing isnot to stop questioning.
Curiosity has its own reasons forexisting.One
cannot help but be in awe when hecontemplates
the mysteries ofeternity, of life, of the marvelous
structure of reality. It isenough if one tries merelyto comprehend a little of this mystery every day.
Never loose a holy curiosity(Albert Einstein)
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Lead-in
Restate thesayings
Oneswallow doesnot make a summer,
neitherdoes one fineday; similarly one
day orbrief time if happinessdoesnot
make a personentirely happy
(Aristotle)
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Model Analysis
Work in pairs, read the originaloriginal
passages and modelmodel paraphrases
answer the following questions:
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Focus
Definition of a Paraphrase Rephrase/rewrite previously published
information indifferent words withoutchanging its original meaning.
State the authors thoughts in your
own words.
Short selections:sentences orshortparagraph
Usually as long as the original text
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Focus
Characteristics of a good
Paraphrase
Not a summary
Do not plagiarize
Include all minordetails from the
original
Clearer meaning
Restate the thesis
As long as or longer than the original
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Focus
Process of Writing a Paraphrase
Read the original text carefully.Underline/Note any important words
Findsynonymssynonyms for any difficult words
Finddifferent ways ofexpressing phrasesindicating time or place
Rewriteeach sentence.SimplifySimplify sentencestructure and vocab without changing themeaning
Revise thedraft paraphrase (clarifyclarify theoriginal)
Include a ro riate referencereference information
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Focus
Ways to ParaphraseLiteralLiteral FreeFree
Usesynonyms (to
replace original words of
each sentence)
Paraphrasesentenceby
sentence
Usesynonyms
Rearrangesentencestructures
Awkward overall
structure
Risk of plagiarism
Used in first draft
Borrow ideas without
keeping thesameorganization
Morenatural and
recommended
Used in final drafts
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The original quotation
"Four score and seven years ago,
our fathers brought forth on this
continent a new nation, conceived
in liberty and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are
created equal . . . ."
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A literal paraphrase
Eighty-seven years before, our
ancestors founded in North
America a new country, thought of
in freedom and based on the
principle that all people are born
with the same rights.
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A free paraphrase
Our ancestors thought of freedom
when they founded a new country
in North America eighty-seven
years ago. They based their
thinking on the principle that all
people are born with the same
rights.
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Part 2
SUMMARIZING
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Objectives
At theend of the lesson,
studentscan:
Understand the process to write asummary
Draw general ideas from a long text
Use general terms to replace manyspecific ones
Use a variety ofsentencestructures
with equivalent meanings
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Lead-in
Report one of these topics
1. Thecontent of an interesting film
you have watched
2. The plot of an interesting book youyou have read
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Model Analysis
Work in pairs, read the originaloriginal
passages and modelmodel summaries
and answer the following
questions:
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Questions to Ponder
1. How much are the summaries shorter than theoriginal version?
2. Do the paragraphs cover all the main ideas ofthe original versions?
3. Do the paragraphs follow the same logicaldevelopment of the original version?
4. Which one is better? What are the differences?
5. Which parts of the summaries are summarized
parts in the original?6. Whatlinguistic means have been used?
7. What are the means of cohesion in thesummary?
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Focus
Definition of a summary:
Be a concise statement of themost important information
Describe most of the main ideas
Omit details and repeatedinformation
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Focus
Kinds ofsummaries
Restatement or Prcis (Model 2)
DescriptiveSummary (Model 1)
Analytical Summary
- Be a shortening of a text (6-8 sentences) in your
own words
- Describe accurately and briefly the main ideas
- Give the controlling idea
-Not need concrete examples ordetails
- Be more detailed than precis
- Give an effective and accurate map of the original
- Let readers know what kind ofevidence the original
presents and how it is organized- Describe the material used by the writer
- Not have concrete examples or paraphrases
- Require the thematic structure of a central idea,
controlling idea and support- Be an essay discussing the original with a indication
of audience and purpose
- Use quotations from the original
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Add a judgment of the interest and originality
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Focus
2. Write thesummaryWrite the most important info into a topic
sentence
Relate 2-3 main ideas anddetails in logical
developmentCombineseveral main ideas into a sentence
Substitute a general term for lists of items or
events
Identify thesource
Not include unimportant details
Not repeat info
Not include your owncomment
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Focus
3. Revise thesummaryRead thesummary
Check for accuracy
Cut out lengthy words ordeletenon-
essential info
Write anotherdraft and ask for peercheck
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Focus
4. Edit thesummaryCorrect errors (grammar,spelling or
punctuation,etc.)Write a cleandraft and proofread for
copying errors
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Focus
Language to use
Use the most economical wording
possible
Use paraphrasing techniques:
using synonyms andchangingsentencestructures
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Part 3
QUOTING AVOIDING
PLAGIARISM
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Objectives
-understand how to use three kinds ofexternal sources
-understand about plagiarism in writing
-use quotations, paraphrases andsummaries in a paragraph without
committing plagiarism
-use suitable documentation styles forsummaries and paraphrases
-use introductory verbs and
punctuation rules for quotations
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Lead in: Read and identify who writes orspeaks the
following statements:
1. We make a living by what we get, we make a life
by what we give.2. But love isblind and loverscannot see
The pretty follies that themselvescommit;For if they could, Cupid himself wouldblushTo see me thus transformed to a boy.
3. By all means marry; if you get a good wife, you'llbe happy. If you get a bad one, you'll become aphilosopher.
4.Genius is one percent inspiration,ninety-ninepercent perspiration.
5.Although the world is full ofsuffering, it is full
also of the overcoming of it.6. Imagination is more important than knowledge...
7. Clothes make the man. Naked people have littleorno influence onsociety.
8. Those who want to live, let them fight, and those
who do not want to fight in this world ofeternal
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1.William Shakespeare,The Merchant of Venice,
Act II Scene 6-Greatest English dramatist &
poet (1564 - 1616)
2. ThomasA. Edison,Harper's Monthly, 1932
3.Sir Winston Churchill - British politician (1874 -
1965)
4.Adolf Hitler,His 3rd Public Speech After taking
Power.
German Nazi dictator, orator, & politician (1889
- 1945)
5.Albert Einstein - US (German-born) physicist(1879 - 1955)
6.Socrates - Greek philosopher in Athens (469 BC
- 399 BC)
7. HelenKeller- US blind & deaf educator (1880 -
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Understanding quotations
- Read two models and answer
these questions,
- What are the three quotations inthe two models?
- What are thedifferences among
the three quotations?- What leads to thedifference?
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Using quotations
Use of direct quotations is preferable in
these situations:
1. Important statements of information,
policy, or opinion
2. Interpretation of literary works
3. Distinctive phrasing
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Choosing introductory
verbsTo choose thesuitable introductory word, you
shouldbear these questions in mind:
*Is thestatement being asserted forcefully?
Use words:argues, declares, emphasizes, orstresses
*Is thestatement being offered only as a
possibility?Use words: suggests, proposes, implies, or
infers
*Does thestatement immediately follow a
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Specific rules
Type 1:
-Use a comma orcolonbefore thedirect
quotation.
-Capitalize the first letter of the quotation.Type 2:
-Do not use any punctuation (except for
quotation marks).
-Do not capitalize the first letter of thequotation.
Type3:
-Indent the quotation tenspaces from the left
margin.
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Definition of plagiarism
- Changing a few of the author's words
- Copying words or phrases without
using quotation marks
-Omitting reference
- If you use the author's words in a
direct quotation or in a paraphrase
without using quotation marks orparenthetical citations, you are
plagiarizing
deliberate accidental
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Avoiding plagiarism
Citeevery piece of information that isnot a) the
result of your own research, orb)common
knowledge
At thebeginning of the first sentence make it
clear that what comesnext issomeoneelse'sidea:
According to Smith...
Jones says...
In his 1987 study, Robinson proved...
At theend of the last sentence, insert a
parenthetical citation to show where the material
came from (name of author,name ofbook/article,
year of publication)
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TIME FOR PRACTICE
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