patrik faltstrom

www.netnod.se

THE HIDDEN(?) ARGUMENTS FOR FIBRE

Patrik Fältström

Head of Research and Development

Netnod

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35 years ago...

 We had one telco

 They had some services

 Provided TDM based communication

 They sold the end equipment

 Most fascinating service was call forwarding when there was no answer

 The telco was responsible for everything, and legislation was written to target only them

 And, they where owned by the government

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20 years ago

 We started to get competition

 We got packet based communication

 First political decisions where made that said that competition was to be enabled

•Number portability

•More than one company selling phones

•More than one cellphone provider

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Network in Sweden December 1989

 Cisco and µ-vax together with Vitalink bridges created long distance connections

 Star-shaped network (64kbps links), with multi-port transceivers as local “LAN” segments

 Connection via 64kbps satellite to JvNC in US and to Amsterdam

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 All connections to NSFNet

 “Default Network” was pointing at NSFNet

 5 connections over the Atlantic: Stockholm, Amsterdam, So!-Antipolis and Pisa

 4 large networks: NorduNet, EUNet, Switch and Garr

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Networks in Europe

December 1989

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Today a di!erent world

 Many telcos

 Competition regarding new services

 Not only “telephony” uses telco equipment

 Internet has taken o"

 With Internet, global reach at zero cost

 Globalization is here

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Computers and Internet

 Everything is in the future a computer, a networked computer of course!

 At its simplest your TV, your phone, your address book, your agenda, your micro-wave, you car, your... and your laptop are all networked computers

 The Internet belongs to all of us - or at least we all own a bit of it

 Each of us has our own personal Internet and some of it we may choose to share

 Increasingly each of us runs part of the infrastructure

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Convergence?

 Information = Software

 Anyone can create Information

 Anyone can create Software

 Anyone can distribute Information

 Anyone can deploy Services

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Convergence?

 Historically we know who can create information

 Historically we know who can create software

 Historically we know who can deploy services

 Now anyone can deploy services

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My piece of the Internet?

 When a person or organization connect to “the Internet”, the network and services provided end up being a piece of the Internet

 Protection (and robustness) start at home

 You have a lock on your door, and do not ask road authorities to keep burglars out!

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Historically we had this view

ServiceTransmissionWire

ServiceTransmissionWire

ServiceTransmissionWire

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Today, Internet architecture

Internet

Service

Wire

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Old and new world

 Telephony, Cable TV, Satellite, Mobile

•Buy connection from one provider

•Then buy additional services from provider

 Internet

•Buy connection from one provider

•Then buy additional services from anyone

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Old

New

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Old and new world

 Telephony, Cable TV, Satellite, Mobile

•Buy connection from one provider

•Then buy additional services from provider

 Internet

•Buy connection from one provider

•Then buy additional services from anyone

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Old

New

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We have introduced abstractions!

Internet

Service

Wire

Independence!

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Internet eco system...

ApplicationDevelopers

Broadcasters

Advertisers

Content Aggregators

Retailers

Cloud Services

Network ClientDevices

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What drives productivity?

Technological change and other factors

ImprovedLabor Quality

Capital Investment

52%

37%

11%

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Winners and loosers

Increm

ental  V

alue

 Add

Winner

Loser

Electricity

Telephone

Internet

Mobile  telephone

Inven3on

highvalue  add

mediumvalue  add

lowvalue  add

INNOVATION

Poten3alforcompe33veadvantage

Act  later

NG  ICT  Infrastructure

Television

Time

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Internet gives the abstraction layer we want...

 Given one have Internet Access, one can get services from anyone

 In reality because of this, we have three important layers:

•The passive infrastructure

•The Internet Access

•The services - which are the ones end users want

 What do each one of these cost, where should we spend money?

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λ λλ

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Packet based networks?

 In each network element you see an M/M/1 queuing mechanism

 Relatively simple to show how more e"ective packet based systems (M/M/1/K with combined poisson and exponential distribution) are than traditional TDM

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0 1 2 n-1 n n+1

λ

μ μ μ μ.....

λ μ123.....

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Degraded functionality in a packet based network

Functionality

StressPoint where network collapses

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Two di!erent questions that should not be mixed:

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How to communicate when communication network has collapsed?

How to move the point z as much to the right as possible?

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We have a few di!erent problems:

 Do we know what will break?

 Can we increase ability for the system to withstand stress?

 What do we do when things breaks?

 Can we minimize the amount of unwanted tra$c?

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What is unwanted tra!c?

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Time

Whatever

Internet ends here

We are here now

6 months to 5 years

How often have you not seen pictures like these?

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1921 - Sweden

1998 - Canada

2005 - Sweden25

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Example of a problem: IPv6

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Example of a problem: IPv6

Content

User

ISP

Device

“A deadlock, stalemate, impasse; a roughly equal (and frequently unsatisfactory) outcome to a con%ict in which there is no clear winner or loser,”

Where is the content?

Where is the network?

Do I pay less or get new applications?

NAT’s are good. RFC1918 gives me security, and IPv4

address runout is my ISP’s problem.

The network is not ready, users don’t care and I don’t want to risk a poor end-user

experience today for potential gains tomorrow

Enterprise

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We move into third phase of Internet

1980–1995

1995–2010

2010–2025

Era of deregulation and competition, Internet arrives

Early days of Internet, service providers, social networking, mobile Internet

Internet takes o"...

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0

1500

3000

4500

6000

1981 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

5448,5

2724,3

1362,1

681,1353,3

93,04,90,30,00,0

The dot com boom!

Devices(millions) 29

© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Video Will Become the Predominant Traffic

Gopher, FTPWWW

P2P

1993-19951995-2000

2000-20132013-2025

2025+

1995: Web Overtakes Gopher, FTP2000: Peer-to-Peer Overtakes Web2013: Video Content Overtakes Peer-to-Peer2025: Video Communication Overtakes Video Content

VideoContent

VideoCommunication

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32https://labs.ripe.net/Members/fergalc/ixp-tra!c-during-stratos-skydive

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One customer...mid october...

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"Normal" changes can create problems!But only if one is not prepared...

QoS Does Not Help!

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But what helps?

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But what helps?

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  Existence of dark #bre as wholesale product!

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But what helps?

 If we look at the investments to be made, passive infrastructure investments can (and should) have long pay pack time, speci!cally ducts and !bre -- that can be used by everyone

 In each geographical area, having more than one provider of passive infrastructure is not e"ective (who want to be #2?)

 For example, each area (city) can be divided in four areas:

A.Where investment in "bre give good economical gain

B.Where investment in "bre pays back, but not more

C.Where investment in "bre must be subsidized (from A?)

D.Where investment in "bre is not possible without economical loss

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New ideas and investments?

 But...we have historically many di"erent communication mechanisms:

•Wikipedia talks about more than 80 di!erent protocols

•Many of them are historic, geographically local serial based ones

•Today people people use IP, ethernet, "ber or radio

 Today, passive infrastructure is shared

•Radio towers and masts

•Fibre

•RJ45 / Cat5e

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Example, a new time distribution mechanism

 Time and Frequency Transfer in an Asynchronous TCP/IP over SDH-network Utilizing Passive Listening

 http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti/ptti2005/paper98.pdf

Figure 1. Schematical setup at a router in an TCP/IP network.

III. TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENT A schematic view of the proposed setup at one router in a

TCP/IP network is shown in figure 1. We couple 1% of the outgoing optical power, and 10% of the incoming power, to extract the output and input timing signals from the traffic. This is a negligible part of the transmitted power, since an operational system typically is designed with more than 50% power margin. The deflected optical signal is then converted to an electrical signal using an opto/electric converter (o/e). The converter must be 10 times more sensitive than the o/e used within the router, but nevertheless this is a commercially available device. This signal is fed into a Header Recognizer which is based on standard SONET/SDH circuit components in conjunction with a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and has been developed together with InformAsic AB. The Header Recognizer generates a pulse of length 25 ns every time it receives a sequence of 384 bytes of the SDH frame alignment bytes A1 and A2, see Figure 2. This pulse triggers the start of a time interval measurement in the time interval counter (TIC). A similar pulse generated from the local clock indicates the end of the time interval. Such time interval measurements will be generated at a rate of 8 kHz, i.e., the rate of the incoming

frames. For the clarity of the figure, the measurement of the outgoing traffic is not included. However, an equivalent setup will be installed also there, in addition to the in- and outputs of the other fiber lines connected to the router.

IV. TIME TRANSFER PRINCIPLE Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the main principle behind the

time transfer between two routers A and B equipped with clocks providing the time CA and CB respectively. At the outgoing fiber, the time of a start of frame, TAo, is detected in the SDH signal. Analogously the time of a start of frame, TBi, is detected in the SDH signal at the incoming signal at router B. The same principle is then used for the signal in the opposite direction. There will thereby be four time intervals, associated with each point-to-point transmission. By comparing the time, CA, by the clock at router A with TAo (as depicted in Figure 3), we can measure the time difference 'CAo. Hence defining 'CAo, 'CAi, 'CBo and 'CBi as:

� AAoAo CTC � ' � ����

� AAiAi CTC � ' � ����

� BBoBo CTC � ' � ����

� BBiBi CTC � ' � ����

Furthermore, the travel time in the fiber, approximately 5 µs/km, is taken into account through F(t) such that:

� � �tFTT AoBi � � ����

Figure 2. The header recognizer generates a pulse with the length of 25 ns every time it receives a correct sequence of A1 and A2 bytes.

909

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Summary...

•Passive infrastructure is no longer tied to services

•Passive infrastructure is to be shared•Owner of passive infrastructure decide themselves if they get competitors

•In Sweden, if ~1500 households can be reached from one node [with active equipment] providers of transmission compete on being the "rst•Payment is "xed fee per household per month, regardless of distance

•Competition is the future, and we get competition via abstraction•Historically, the incumbent came with a few * and # feature per year

•Today, in Apple AppStore alone, we got 339k apps during 2012

•Given one have Internet Access, one can get everything•Triple play is dead as a technology, but will always exist as contract/bundling

•Investment in "bre is a good investment!•STOKAB 2011: Net sales €73M, Investments €65M, Pro"t before tax €19M

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PATRIK FÄLTSTRÖM

Email/jabber/sip: paf@netnod.se

Twitter: @patrikhson

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