properties of water watch this video: ions/content/propertiesofwater/water.html

Properties of Water• Watch this video:

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html – Write down at least 5 things you learned while

watching! (Use complete sentences please.)

Properties of Water

• Cohesive Properties– Cohesion- Water molecules tend to _____ together

because of ________________.• Caused by an unequal charge distribution due to

the difference in ______________ between H and O atoms.

stickHydrogen bonding

electronegativity

• Adhesive Properties– Adhesion- ______ molecules stick to _____

molecules due to hydrogen bonding. This allows for _________ of water along surfaces.

Water other

movement

Water to water

Water to non-water

• Thermal Properties- Absorbs heat when ___ and releases heat when _____.– High specific heat capacity. Requires more ______

in order to raise the temperature.• Therefore, temperature remains _______ comparatively

to air or land.

hotcold

energy

stable

– Water is most ______ at 4 °C.• Allows ice to ______• Allows aquatic organisms to live below the ice

densefloat

– Broad range of temperatures from 0°C to 100°C.• To _________, lots of heat is required which makes water a good

evaporative ________.– Example: Water in a lake during a hot summer day.

• (Draw body of water with land)

– Why useful?• When water evaporates, large amounts of ___________ are

used to break the bonds which results in a large ___________ effect.

– Ex. Sweating (water acts as a coolant)heat

cooling

vaporizecoolant

• Solvent properties– Water is the universal solvent- most ________

reactions in organisms occur with water.• Ex. In plants, blood and sap that flow through the

vascular system are water based.

– Due to its _____ nature, water forms shells around charged and polar molecules which prevents them from clumping, keeping them in ___________

• Ex. NaCl in water

– Why useful?• ___________ substances in water can from a

mixture where chemical reactions can occur. Ex. Metabolism in ___________.

chemical

polar

solution

Dissolved

cytoplasm

• Acid and bases– H2O H+ + OH-

– Bronsted-Lowry Acid- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________

– Bronsted-Lowry Base- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________

• pH Scale– Acid: __ 7– Base: __ 7– Each pH unit represents a ______ difference in H+

and OH- concentrations 10-14= [H+][OH-]

– pH 2 solution is ____ times as acidic as a pH 4 solution.

donor

acceptor

<

>

tenfold

100

• Buffers– Definition: a buffer is a substance that __________

changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.

– Ex. Human blood pH stays very close to 7.4 due to buffers. pH <7 or pH >7.8 may result in death.

– How does a buffer work?• A buffer __________ hydrogen ions from solution

when H+ is in excess and __________ H+ ions when they have been depleted.

– Ex. H2CO3

– buffer link 1

minimizes

acceptsdonates

Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

– Carbon has a total of 6 __________ with 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second (valence) shell.

– In order to complete its __________ shell, it would have to donate or accept 4 electrons

• Instead, carbon usually __________ its 4 electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds to complete its valence shell

• Ex. CH4

ELECTRONS

VALENCE

SHARES

http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/images/carbon-hydrogen-e-dots.gifhttps://vinstan.wikispaces.com/file/view/this_1.JPG/45032109/this_1.JPG

Types of Carbon Molecules• Hydrocarbons

– __________ molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.– Hydrocarbons are the major components of _____________

(fossil fuels).– Example: Fat molecule p. 61 Fig. 4.6

• Contains a small non-hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails.

• ______ can be broken down to provide energy.– Example: __________ - composed of hydrocarbons

http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/hydrocarbonsMore.jpg

ORGANIC

PETROLEUM

TAILGASOLINE

Isomers– __________ in the structure of organic molecules

can be seen in isomer. Different structures= different ____________.

– Types:• ______________ isomers: differ in the covalent

arrangements of their atoms.• ___________ isomers- same covalent

partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonds.– Cis-trans isomers i.e. C2H2Cl2

VARIATION

PROPERTIES

STRUCTURAL

GEOMETRIC

• _______________- molecules that are mirror images of each other

–contains a middle carbon attached to four __________ atoms or groups of atoms.

–Atoms can be arranged in two different ways that are __________ images: Left handed, right handed versions.

–One is usually active and the other is ___________.

ENANTIOMERS

DIFFERENT

MIRROR

INACTIVE

STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIC

ENANTIOMERS

http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/exams/3513/351f98/351mt98sd.gif

D-DOPA (INACTIVE)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/D-DOPA.png/200px-D-DOPA.png

L-DOPA

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg/200px-3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg.png

Organic Compouds– What does it mean to be organic?

• Organic compounds- any molecule which contains ___________. Exceptions: hydrogen _____________ and the oxides of carbon

• The word “organic” meant “___________” and still is used in that way although many inorganic substances are important to life and some organic substances such as ___________and petrol are not found in living things.

CARBON

LIVING

PLASTIC

http://www.cmu.edu/maty/images/8a-route-1.jpg

http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/13566282/2/stock-illustration-13566282-cartoon-train-cars.jpg

CARBONATES

– Macromolecules• ___________- long molecule made up of many similar

or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds (think: _______ with many cars).

–___________: small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers

• Reactions- p. 69 Fig 5.2–Condensation Reaction

(________________________)–___________ Reaction

POLYMER

TRAIN

MONOMERS

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

HYDROLYSIS

Carbohydrates– Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of

sugars.– Carbohydrates contain ___________, hydrogen,

and oxygen with a ratio of ________________.CARBON

1C:2H:1O (CH2O)

– Types of carbohydrates• ___________________- monomers or sub-units

of carbohydrates. –Important in cellular _____________ and

synthesis of materials–Examples: Ribose, ___________, and

glucose, and ______________.

Structures: Glucose: Ribose:

http://palaeos.com/fungi/fpieces/images/Glucose.gifhttp://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.chem.wsu.edu/chem102/102-GlucStr.html

MONOSACCHARIDES

RESPIRATION

FRUCTOSEGALACTOSE

• ________________- carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosodic __________.– Examples: Maltose is 2 __________ molecules.

Sucrose is one __________ and one _________. Lactose is one __________ and one __________.

• _________________-carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides.

Examples: ___________, glycogen, cellulose

DISACCHARIDE

LINKAGE

GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE FRUCTOSEGLUCOSE GALACTOSE

POLYSACCHARIDES

STARCH

ANIMALS

PLANTS

PLANTS

State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.

Lipids– Lipids are grouped together

because they are _____________.– Category of molecules that

includes steroids, waxes, fatty acids, and _____ (fats if solid at room temp, oil if liquid)

– Functions of Lipids• can serve as ___________insulation • Can serve as a source of ___________ storage.• Can provide ___________

– ex. ___________in arctic marine animals.– How to make a triglyceride (fat)

• Three fatty acids combine with one molecule of ___________creating a triglyceride and releasing three molecules of water. (______________ reaction) p. 75 Fig. 5.11

HYDROPHOBIC

OILS

THERMAL

ENERGYBUOYANCY

BLUBBER

GLYCEROLDEHYDRATION

Lipids

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats– Saturated Fats

• No double bonds which allows the greatest number of _____________ to be attached to the carbon skeleton

• Includes most animal fats• Solid at room temp

HYDROGENS

http://www.nature.com/horizon/livingfrontier/background/images/fat_f2.jpg

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans.jpg

– Unsaturated Fats• Has 1 or more ___________ bonds and thus fewer

hydrogen atoms• A kink in the chain will occur whenever a cis double

bond occurs (as opposed to trans double bonds –– ie ______ fats found in hydrogenated veg. oil)

• Includes plant and fish oils• Liquid at room temp

– Nutrition!

DOUBLE

TRANS

Phospholipids– essential for cell ___________composition– Similar to fat molecule, but only have ____ fatty acids

attached to glycerol – The 3rd hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate group

(these can in turn bond to other molecules)– Hydrocarbon tail is ___________ (inside the bilayer),

phosphate group is ___________ (face outward)• ______________– carbon skeleton composed of 4 fused

rings with different chemical groups attached– Includes many ___________ and cholesterol– _____ can affect cholesterol levels

MEMBRANE

2

NONPOLAR

POLAR

STEROIDS

HORMONES

FAT

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/lipid/P-lipid.gif

http://liquidbio.pbworks.com/f/phopholipid%20bilayer.jpg

– How do lipids and carbohydrates compare?• Similarities: both used for energy storage• Differences:

– Lipids» are used for ______________ energy storage. » have ___________as much energy per gram.» ___________ in water

– Carbohydrates» are used as energy sources ___________. » are more soluble and ___________to transport » have a stronger impact on osmotic ___________.

LONG TERM

TWICE

INSOLUBLE

FIRST

EASIER

PRESSURE

Amino Acids and Proteins (20 AAs)• Amino acid formula:

R group is what determines the ___________.• ___________ bond- is the covalent bond that occurs

between two amino acids (between the carboxyl group of one AA and the amino group of another)

• Condensation- joins amino acids• Hydrolysis- separates amino acids.• Ex.• Amino acids (___________) can combine to make

polypeptides (polymers) called ___________.– The peptide bond occurs between the carboxyl group of

one amino acid to the amino group of another.– ____ total amino acids can combine to create many

different proteins

AMINO ACIDPEPTIDE

MONOMERSPROTEINS

20

More Protein FUN !• Two Categories of Protein

___________:– ___________-

• have elongated shapes

• usually ___________ in water

• Physically tough• Examples:

– __________ in skin

– __________ in hair and fingernails

SHAPES

FIBROUS

INSOLUBLE

COLLAGEN

KERATIN

http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/fibglob.gif

http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit1/media/collagen.jpg

– ___________-• Compact and

___________• Usually water-

soluble (contain polar amino acids on the outer surface)

• Examples: –Enzymes –Other functional

proteins such as antibodies

GLOBULAR

ROUNDED

Protein Structure• Primary and secondary structure

– ___________ structure- the ___________ of amino acids in a polypeptide

– ____________ structure- coils and folds within the polypeptide due to ___________ bonds between repeating constituents

• Examples: • ___________ -helix- a coil held together by hydrogen bonds

at every 4th amino acid• ___________ -pleated sheet– folding creating pleats at

particular intervals • ___________ Structure- refers to the overall

_______________ shape of the protein due to interactions between R-groups interaction with each other and the surrounding water.

PRIMARY SEQUENCE

SECONDARYHYDROGEN

ALPHA

BETA

TERTIARY3-DIMENSIONAL

– Types of interactions ( )• Positively charge R groups with negatively charged

R-groups• Hydrophobic amino acids move toward the center

to avoid water contact and opposite with hydrophilic amino acids.

• polar R-groups form H-bonds with other polar R-groups

• R-group of the amino acid cysteine can form a covalent bond with R-group of another cysteine and form a disulfide bridge

BETWEEN R GROUPS

Quaternary Structure– The overall protein structure that results from the

_____________ of polypeptide subunits.– Examples:

• globular transthyretin protein is made up of its four polypeptides.

• Collagen is a fibrous protein that has helical subunits intertwined into a larger triple helix.

• Significance: may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.

AGGREGATION

http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/hemoglobin.jpghttp://gassama.myweb.uga.edu/hemoglobinmolecule.gif

Changes in Protein Structure• Changes in ___________ structure lead to changes in

further structures, potentially leads to a misfunctioning or nonfunctioning protein

– Example: Sickle Cell Anemia• Protein shape and function can also be changed via

________________– pH, temperature, salt concentration, etc.

• Chaperonins or chaperone structure are specialized proteins that assist in the proper folding of proteins (p. 85 Fig. 5.23)

– Are not specific, but keep the protein away from potentially bad influences

– Folding is spontaneous

PROTEIN

DENATURATION

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/content/cat_010/f03012.jpg

http://www.bodybuilders.gr/data/main/forum/mainuploadsfolder/GRF/201012710056_c8.5x23.denaturation.jpg

Nucleic Acids• Main function is to store and transmit

___________ information

• 2 kinds: – Ribonucleic acid (_____) and

Deoxyribonucleic acid (_____)– These are both polymers/macromolecules– The monomers of DNA and RNA are

____________.

GENETIC

RNADNA

NUCLEOTIDES

http://dna02.wikispaces.com/Structure+of+DNA+nucleotides

• Three Components of nucleic acids– ____________________ base

• Two groups of nitrogenous bases– Pyrimidines: single 6-C ring– Cytosine, thymine, uracil– Purines: double fused rings (1 5-C, 1 6-C)– Adenine, guanine

– a 5-___________ sugar• Two kinds of sugars

– ___________ - RNA– _______________ - DNA

– ______________ group• Nucleosides are the components above minus the

phosphate group

NITROGENOUS

CARBON

RIBOSEDEOXYRIBOSE

PHOSPHATE