review 1 lec
Post on 07-Apr-2018
223 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
1/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
2/128
Fig. 1-1a, p. 3
1) Only one person drives a hybrid electric vehicle...
The 16 cars above are producing 90-95 tons of atmosphericCO2/ year (average U.S. driving).
Editable Text
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
3/128
Fig. 1-1b, p. 3
2) Only one person doesn't drive a hybrid electric vehicle...
The 16 cars above are producing 35-50 tons ofatmospheric CO2/ year (average U.S. driving).Editable Text
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
4/128
Fig. 1-2a, p. 4
A. GLOBAL-SCALE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE CAN IMPACT INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOR...
LargeHierarchy of Scales
SmallUnion
City
1. GLOBAL
CLIMATE
CHANGE
2. AT THE REGIONAL
LEVEL
Onset of persistent
drought dries outland and annual
snow pack dwindles.
3. AT THE LOCAL
LEVEL
Diminished water
supply meanshigher water bills,
and rationing.
4. IN YOUR HOME
You respond by
purchasing water-
conservingappliances, putting
drought-tolerant
plants in your
garden, and taking
shorter, fewer
showers.Editable Text
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
5/128
Fig. 1-2b, p. 4
B. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR CAN CHANGE THE GLOBAL-SCALE
ENVIRONMENT
Small Hierarchy of
ScalesLarge
INTENDED
(Good)
2a. Farm yields boosted
worldwide.
2b. Cheap manufacture of
military ordnance enabled
(World War I, II).
UNINTENDEDCONSEQUENCES
(Not so good)
2c. Waterways and shallow
seas worldwide suffer oxygen
depletion, causing dead zones
1. Fritz Haber fixes nitrogen,
enabling development of
artificial fertilizers and other
commercial nitrates.
2d. Nitrous oxide global
air pollution worsens.
Editable Text
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
6/128
Table 1-1, p. 5
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
7/128
Fig. 1-7, p. 7
Agricultural pests and diseases reduce human carryingcapacity. Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and other chemical
applications help boost yields from farmlands, hence expanding
carrying capacity for people, but often causing serious
environmental problems.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
8/128
Fig. 1-8, p. 7
The fastest-growing segment of human population in
recent decades has been poor and urban. Vulnerability to
natural disasters and environmental problems is high for
this part of humanity.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
9/128
Fig. 2b, p. 12
Figure 2: Deforestation near the city of Manaus in Amazonia,
Brazils largest state.
(b) Adjacent rain forests have been removed as the population of the
area has grown. Manauss population is now more than a million
people, and the city is rapidly expanding into areas that were once
sparsely populated.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
10/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
11/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
12/128
The first 1 billion humans was reached in 1800, the second in 1930, the
third in 1960, the fourth in 1975, the fifth in 1987, the 6th in 2000, and
the 9th billion around 2050.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
13/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
14/128
` Can be good
Recycling
More efficient cars, appliances, etc.
` Can be bad
Planned obsolescence
Throw-away society
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
15/128
Country Population, Energy consumption,
in millions in quadrillion BTUs
` China 1295 43
` India 1050 14` USA 288 97
` Energy use is a decent way to measure impact
www.eia.doe.gov
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
16/128
` Impact helps determine the carrying capacity
` Carrying capacity is the largest population an
existing resource can support forever: FOOD
(Most important).
`
3 scenarios for approaching carrying capacity
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
17/128
` Responsible for environmental damage, societal
problems and human suffering.
` In many countries it is out of control.
` China good control
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
18/128
` Increase: Better farming methods
Less harmful energy alternatives
` Decrease: Soil erosion
Decrease in earth resources (oil, minerals, etc.)
In wealthy countries, environmental impacts tend tobe out of sight, out of mind, whereas impacts are
more direct and local in less-developed countries.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
19/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
20/128
` Homeostasis and feedback
` Atmosphere, Hydrosphere
`
-Makeup of Earths Atmosphere` - Atmospheric Circulation and Climate
` -Oceanic circulation and climate
` Natural Climate Change
`
Human Contribution to Earths Climate` Modern life, building new cities, production of wastes, gases
etc.
` Climate change, irrespective of its cause, holds the fate of
cities and states in balance.
` Today: we explore reasons, see how human race in its ownright has become a factor influencing world climate.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
21/128
A system: set of components (parts)-work together-
particular function.
Systems need energy to work ( human body, food;
Automobile, Fuel) Earth system also needs energy to work: Internal and
external
Decay of U, Th, K into lighter atomic
weight elements + energy (by-product).
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
22/128
Manifestations:
-Volcanoes, hot springs are evidences for internal heat,-Heat converts to mechanical energy Earthquakes, mountain
building, slow shifting of massive tectonic plates.
Earths surface is a resolution of two sets of forces, modified by theactivity of life. Rock Cycle and Water Cycle are closed systems
Energy from sun and internal heat of Earth drive these systems
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
23/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
24/128
` External Source of Energy:
` SUN: without daily sunshine Frozen planet despite
heat escape from inside.
-No liquid water,
-No rainfall,
-No biosynthesis
circle (green plants ,
produce glucose
and oxygen).. No
life.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
25/128
- Interface between external and internal sources is
the earth surface.
- Soil essential factor in human carrying capacity.
Results from conflicting processes internally
driven and externally driven,
Wind, rain, ice, snow and chemical corrosion break
down lands built up by earthquakes, sedimentation
and volcanoes.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
26/128
` Ability of system to maintain steady temperature.` When we are ill the human homeostasis system is
strained
` Natural processes on Earth has +ve and ve feedbacks!
` +ve feedback: self reinforcing set of reactions, increasing
the intensity of the condition that set into motion in first
place.
` ve feedbacks: operates in opposite sense, decreasing
over time the intensity of the condition that originally set
into motion.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
27/128
` In a perfectly balanced system, the effects of
+ve and ve feedbacks cancel out.
` Tipping point: when feedback is powerful,
exceeds opposite action=== runaway feedback=== change of condition to new and different
stable state.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
28/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
29/128
-Energy reach Earths surface from Sun,
-One third of this energy is reflected back into space (oceans-
15% reflections, fresh snow & ice reflects 90-100%).
` Greenhouse gases: Water CO2, Halocarbons, methane, ozone,
nitrogen oxides.
` Human contribution in greenhouse effect is significant:
- Fuel consumption (burning-CO2 production)
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
30/128
` Clouds:
` Atmosphere warms-more clouds form (increased
evaporation);
` Clouds reflects much of solar radiation into space
(less heating of atmosphere), but moisture in clouds
also traps and reradiate some incident sunlight.
` Thick, low clouds (rainy) reradiate more energy than
they absorb cooling surface beneath.
` Thin, high clouds absorb more incident sunlight warm the atmosphere.
` Both types of clouds exist at any time
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
31/128
B. Cirrostratus clouds, found in
high altitudes (as high as 6 miles),
tend to warm it.
A. Nimbostratus clouds,
responsible for steady rainfall,
tend to cool the Earths air below.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
32/128
Fig. 11-19, p. 323
The intensity of the suns heat depends upon the angle at which
the suns rays hit Earth. The intensity and heating is greatest
where the rays hit vertically.
Atmospheric circulation and climate
Earths surface at equatorial latitude receive much more sunlight than
polar regions.
Warm air rises and spreads (Molecules become more widely spaced)
Cold air sinks. (warm air is less dense than cold air).
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
33/128
` Air masses move and try to equalize atmospheric
temp.
` Latitude difference in temp:
WIND: Two Directions:Hot air: from equator towards poles.
Freezing air: opposite direction
It doesnt quit happened that way?
Earth and its atmosphere rotate.
What are the paths taken by winds?
They curve in much the same way like the ball in the figure!
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
34/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
35/128
` Another effect:` Atmospheric circulation is not so simple;
` Winds moving towards poles tend to converge (like
longitudinal lines).
` Air mass ascends, fresh air from north and southequator. Air is humid (evaporation). Air rises, Air
cools, vapor condenses (clouds) = rain fall and so
on!
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
36/128
Fig. 11-24, p. 328
Atmospheric CO2 and
temperature changes since 1880.
(a) Changes in the concentration
ofCO2 obtained from ice cores
(smooth curve) and measuredannual oscillations at Mauna Loa,
Hawaii.
(b) Average annual global
surface-air temperature,
plotted as a deviation
from the average,
denoted as zero (0).
The sawtooth effect results
from the seasonal changes
in uptake and release offrom northern forests.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
37/128
Time period CO2 Concentration
in the atmosphere
(ppm)
Mean atmosphere
Temperature, C.
Ice age (18,000 y
ago)
170 6
Post ice age,
preindustrial
280 14
Industrial age 387 14.5
End of 21 century 500-750 17-20.5
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
38/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
39/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
40/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
41/128
Paleoecology
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
42/128
Fossils
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
43/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
44/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
45/128
` Elements: substances not changed to
others by chemical reaction;
Composed of ATOMS.
` Hydrogen atom; Simplest
` 1proton (p) and one electron (e)
Atomic No. of elements = No. of P
(unique to element)
Most atom mass in the nucleus
(P (+ charge) & Neutrons 0 Charge);
The e (- charge) orbit in shells
around nucleus.
# p = # e for electrical balance.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
46/128
` Ions = atom which lose or gain electrons.
` +ve ion = Atom e (sodium Na Na+) Cation
` -ve ion = Atom + e (Chlorine Cl Cl-) Anion
` Anion combines with cations in orderly fashion halite
common table salt, necessary for human existence.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
47/128
` Isotopes are forms of element with different atomic mass
(a.m.). Uranium isotopes all has 92 atomic # but differ by
# neutrons.
` U 238 = 92 p + 146 n, U 235 = 92 p + 143 n
Carbon
isotopes:
12, 13 and 14
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
48/128
` Naturally occurringinorganic crystalline
substances with a
definite set of physical
properties and a narrow
range of chemicalcompositions.
` Solids with random or non-crystalline
atomic structures, glass, amorphous.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
49/128
Mineral Group Negatively
Charged Ion or
Ion Group
Examples Composition
Carbonate (CO3)-2 Calcite
Dolomite
CaCO3
CaMg(CO3)2
Halide Cl-1, F-1 Halite NaCl
Hydroxide (OH)-1 Limonite FeO(OH) . H2O
Native Element - Gold
Diamond
Au
C
Oxide O-2 Hematite Fe2O3
Silicate (SiO4)-4 Quartz
Olivine
SiO2
(Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Sulfate (SO4)-2 Gypsum CaSO4
. 2H2O
Sulfide S-2
Galena PbS
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
50/128
` Hardness:` Talc1; Gypsum 2; Calcite 3; Fluorite 4; Apatite 5; orthoclase 6
Quartz 7; Topaz 8; Corundum 9 and Diamond 10.
Cleavage:
Characteristic Way Mineral split along Definite planes. Mica: perfect cleavage in one direction. Halite NaCl split in 3D.
Crystal Structure: Cube, Halite; 8-sided octahedron, Diamond.
Fracture Pattern:
Luster: Light Reflection
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
51/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
52/128
` Rockcrystallized
from molten or
partially molten
material:
Inside Earth (Plutonic)
On Surface (Volcanic)
Composed of silicate mineral SiO2Granite
Basalt
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
53/128
`
Layered rockresulting from
consolidation
(Cementation)
andlithification
(Turn into solid
by pressure
from DeepBurial of
sediment.
` Chemical
Sedimentation
` May be transported
and redeposited by
streams.
` Sandstone` Limestone
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
54/128
` Rocks changed frompreexisting rocks byheat, pressure orchemical processes:
`
` New Structures,Textures and Minerals
` Marble` Slate
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
55/128
` Flattening andlayering of
minerals caused
by non-uniform
stress
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
56/128
` Closed System,
` Interaction of Energy and Earth Materials;
` Processes destroy or form or alter rocks.
` Igneous Rocks ERODED Sediments (Sedimentary)
` Sedimentary: HEAT & PRESSURE Metamorphic
`
Metamorphic MELT Igneous
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
57/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
58/128
Rock Cycle and Water Cycle are closed systems
Energy from sun and internal heat of Earth drive these
systems.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
59/128
Light elements are concentrated in the outer planets while the
inner planets lack them. The earth is differentiated in its
interior in much the same manner as the solar system, with a
heavier denser core and less dense exterior.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
60/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
61/128
` Radioactive decayof elements in rocksand minerals allowsthe absolute datingof geologic events,such as volcaniceruptions and
species extinctions
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
62/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
63/128
` sudden release of elastic strain energy
commonly at a fault. why sudden release is
necessary.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
64/128
` Movement on this plate boundary is dominantly left lateral,
accommodates a movement of (20 mm/y).` EQ results from tectonic process acting along this plate
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
65/128
Right-lateral
strike-slip fault
geometry
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
66/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
67/128
At the instant of
rupture, (c), energy is
released in the form of
earthquake waves that
radiate out in alldirections.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
68/128
Earthquakes are
generated by
movements on faultswithin the crust. There
is a point where Fault
rupture starts, FOCUS,
Epicenter, point on
Earths surface above
focus.
Damaging EQ foci are
generally within a few
Km of Earths surface.
Vibrations (seismic waves) propagate out from the focus of the
earthquake
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
69/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
70/128
` Three seismographs
are necessary to
locate an earthquake
epicenter.
Body waves: P-waves(primary) and S-waves (secondary)travel through theinterior of the earth
Surface waves travelalong the surface ofthe earth
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
71/128
Fig. 4-10b, p. 77
Community Internet
Intensity Map (CIIM)
for the sameearthquake.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
72/128
` Best known measure of
EQ strength., 1935:
` Scale of the energy
released by an EQ.
` Can be used to compareEQs at different areas.
` It is important to relate
how energy release
increases by 30 times for
each numerical incrementof the Richter scale and
how there is a common
misconception about the
difference being a 10 times
multiple.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
73/128
` Distinguish between EQ and Nuclear Explosions:
` Nuclear produce short-period Seismic waves.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
74/128
Spontaneo s liq efaction affecting soft s bstrate and
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
75/128
` Spontaneous liquefaction affecting soft substrate and
characterized by the sudden loss of strength of sandy soils and
quick clays. (Niigata, Japan 1971, Anchorage, Alaska 1964, and
San Francisco marina district 1989.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
76/128
` Changes in ground level
this is due to fault
displacement. Alaska
1964 is a good casehistory for this as is the
Kalapana, Hawaii
earthquake of 1975.
Picture of Landers EQ 1992, Colorado
desert of Southern California was felt
from Phoenix, Arizona to Reno, Nevada
Right lateral offset, 4.27 m, created 2 m
vertical scrap due to lateral offset of
ridge.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
77/128
` Landslides triggered by ground shaking A recent
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
78/128
` Landslides triggered by ground shaking. A recent
case history is the Santa Tecla, El Salvador 2001.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
79/128
` 1. seismic zoning
` 2. geological mapping of faults
` 3. proper implementation of building codes
` 4. subsurface investigations to identify liquefiable soils or
layers
` 5. automatic gas shutoff valves
` 6. regional tsunami early warning systems
` 7. public education about what to do before and after a
quake
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
80/128
` Earthquake forecasting is the approach that is now used.
This is a probabilistic statement of the percent chance ofan earthquake of a given size occurring on a given fault
with in a certain span of years. This is similar to a weather
forecast.
` Seismic gaps are quiet areas where large earthquakes may be
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
81/128
` Seismic gaps are quiet areas where large earthquakes may be
expected because elastic strain energy is building up.
Geological methods involving trenching provide valuable
Geological methods involving trenching provide valuable
information about the seismic history of a fault. Thisinformation about the seismic history of a fault. This
information helps to determine characteristic earthquakeinformation helps to determine characteristic earthquake
magnitudes and recurrence intervals.magnitudes and recurrence intervals.
The Mexico earthquake of
1985 occurred in such a gap
and the Pacific northwest
south of Seattle is also
considered to be a seismic
gap.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
82/128
` Fire
` Ruptured gas mains or fallen
electric lines.` uncontrolled street fires
ravaged San Francisco in 1906
to the extent that this disaster
was initially reported as the
San Francisco fire.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
83/128
Fig. 4-23, p. 88
Porites coral heads on the west coast of Simeulue that were uplifted about 90
centimeters (35 in) by the December 26, 2004, earthquake.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
84/128
Fig. 4-40, p. 99
Salt Lake City and County Building, Utah.Salt Lake City and County Building, Utah.Constructed in 1890, largely of brick, it isConstructed in 1890, largely of brick, it is
now seismically retrofitted to meet thenow seismically retrofitted to meet the
modern building code.modern building code.
Basement of the Salt Lake City and County Building. The building has
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
85/128
Fig. 4-41, p. 99
been seismically retrofitted
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
86/128
How to minimize earthquake damage in
the home in advance.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
87/128
Fig. 4-42a, p. 100
The difference in flexibility of long and
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
88/128
Fig. 1, p. 103
In a quake, long columns survive
because they sway.
Short columns, unable to bend,
absorb horizontal energy producedby longer columns and blow out.
Editable Text
The difference in flexibility of long and
short columns results in failure of the
short ones.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
89/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
90/128
Most earthquakes
occur along plate
boundaries
Intraplate
earthquakes often
follow ancientplate boundaries
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
91/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
92/128
Fig. 3b, p. 110
(b) The ash cloud from Mount Spurrs 1992 eruption traveled across(b) The ash cloud from Mount Spurrs 1992 eruption traveled across
Canada and the United States on prevailing westerly winds.
Canada and the United States on prevailing westerly winds.
` A vent or series of vents that
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
93/128
issue lava or pyroclastic
material.
` Produced by subduction, hotspot, rifting.
ot all volcanoes are bad.
ujiyama in apan is eautiful,
a aii olcanoes are productive
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
94/128
Fig. 5-1, p. 112
Distribution of Earths active volcanoes at plate boundaries and hot spots.
Ring of Fire around (Pacific Ocean 900 66% of worlds active volcanoes.
Remaining 450 Mediterranean belt and at mid-ocean-ridge spreading centers
(divergent boundaries). A few volcanic centers are related to hot spots (Hawaiian and
Galpagos Islands).
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
95/128
The Island of Hawaii. (a) Satellite
photograph with north at the top.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
96/128
Fig. 5-8, p. 116
p otog ap t o t at t e top
Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa are
clearly visible. (b) The volcanoes that
form the island have grown over
700,000 years in this order: Kohala
(indicated by K), Mauna Kea (MK),
Hualalai (H), Mauna Loa (ML),
Kilauea (KI), and Loihi (L;
submarine). Solid stars denote
vigorous growth; open stars, waninggrowth; open circles, little activity.
The island to the northwest is Maui.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
97/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
98/128
` Magma form at depths of 10-250 km (6-150 mile),
sufficient temperature to melt rocks completely or
partially.
` Mafic Magma: Mid Ocean Ridges volcanoes
contain Mg and Fe (low density, Mafic with little
gas in it) do not erupt violently.
` Felsic magma: (feldspar and silica 70%) viscous
The type of volcanic
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
99/128
Fig. 5-6, p. 115
The type of volcanic
eruption determines
the shape of the
structure, or cone,that is built.
By appearance
alone, we can get
idea of a volcanichazard potential.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
100/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
101/128
` Concave-upward
slopes thousands of
meters high
` High silica
` High viscosity
` Mt. Vesuvius
` Mt. Shasta` Mt. St. Helens
The relative sizes of four large
eruptions of the past 2 000 years
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
102/128
Fig. 1a, p. 136
eruptions of the past 2,000 years
based on estimated volumes of
ejected tephra.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
103/128
` Small volcanic cones
composed almost
entirely of tephra
(loose cinders)
` Mojave Desert cinder
cone
` Lassen CinderCone
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
104/128
` Groundwater heated
by subsurface magma
provides geothermal
energy for generating
electricity
Crater Lake is a caldera, resulting from the explosionCrater Lake is a caldera, resulting from the explosioncollapse of a hugecollapse of a huge
stratovolcano known as Mount Mazama, about 6,900 years ago.stratovolcano known as Mount Mazama, about 6,900 years ago.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
105/128
Fig. 5-15, p. 120
stratovolcano known as Mount Mazama, about 6,900 years ago.stratovolcano known as Mount Mazama, about 6,900 years ago.
Eruption cloud
Prevailing windVolcanicVolcanic
hazardshazards inin
W t USAW t USA
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
106/128
p
Pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic flow
Lava flow
Lahar (mud or
debris flow)
Fig. 5-20, p. 123
Ground
waterSilica (SiO2)
content
100%
Magma
type
rhyolite
dacite
andesite
basalt
Magma
0
53
Acid rain
Ash fall
63
68
Eruption column
Stepped Art
Landslide (debris
avalanche)
Fumaroles
Crack
Bombs
Lava dome collapse Lava
dome
Western USAWestern USA
lahars and landslides, can occur evenlahars and landslides, can occur even
when a volcano is not erupting.when a volcano is not erupting.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
107/128
` Water from heavy precipitation,
melting snow may mobilze
debris on the flanks of a
volcano and cause it to move a
great distance downslope as athick mush of rock, ash and
cinders.
` Catastrophic mudflows down
the flanks of a volcano
` Lahars cause the largest
number of volcano-related
fatalities
` No eruption required
` Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia,
1985
Peles hair, thin filaments of glassy lava
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
108/128
Fig. 5-12b, p. 118
Pele s hair, thin filaments of glassy lava
that have been carried by wind.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
109/128
A pyroclastic flow (nue
ardente) hurling down the
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
110/128
Fig. 5-23, p. 125
ardente) hurling down the
slope of Augustine
Volcano in Alaska, April
1986.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
111/128
Mount St. Helens.
(b) The force of the pyroclastic flow was evidenced by the
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
112/128
Fig. 5-24b, p. 125
(b) The force of the pyroclastic flow was evidenced by the
downed trees stripped of their bark in the blow-down area.
This is the area where most of the fatalities occurred.
LaharLahar--filled north fork of the Toutle River at Mount St. Helens, formerly afilled north fork of the Toutle River at Mount St. Helens, formerly a
pristine Vpristine V--shaped stream valleyshaped stream valley
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
113/128
Fig. 5-26, p. 127
pristine Vpristine V shaped stream valley.shaped stream valley.
This photograph was taken in July 1980, well after the main eruption on May 18,
and the lahar was still steaming.
1. Inflation begins
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
114/128
Fig. 5-34a, p. 133
A B
Magma reservoir
begins to fill
Editable Text
Three stages are apparent in Hawaiian volcanoes typical
eruption sequence. (ac) Inflation and deflation of the coneare accompanied by
2. Peak inflation
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
115/128
Fig. 5-34b, p. 133
A' B'
A B
Stressed rocks;
zone of earthquakes
Editable Text
Three stages are apparent in Hawaiian volcanoes typical eruption
sequence. (ac) Inflation and deflation of the cone are accompanied by
3. Volcano deflates
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
116/128
Fig. 5-34c, p. 133
A' B'Flank eruption
A B Lava
Editable Text
Three stages are apparent in Hawaiian volcanoes typical eruption
sequence. (ac) Inflation and deflation of the cone are accompanied by
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
117/128
` Lava flows during an
eruption can burn
everything they
encounter
` Slow but can be
extensive: travel 100
km
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
118/128
` Ash falls from large,
explosive eruptions
can deposit volcanic
ash over large areas
` Pompeii: 79 AD, Mt.
Vesuvius, Italy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pompeii_Garden_of_the_Fugitives_02.jpg
ADC-10 pointed skyward due to Mount Pinatubo ash on its tail; Cubi Point
Naval Air Station, Philippines.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
119/128
Fig. 4, p. 144
pp
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
120/128
` Hot mixtures ofsteam and volcanicdebris
` High speeds` Extremely high
temperatures
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
121/128
Fig. 2b, p. 137
On September 25, 1995 a combination of hot magma and cold water produced a
violent steam eruption that hurled boulders over the upper slopes of the Whakapapa
Skifield. The eruption did little damage, but projectiles as big as cars were thrown
over the rim. The Maori name forRuapehu means exploding pit.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
122/128
Fig. 1, p. 138
Pyroclastic flow moving down the slope of Soufrire HillsVolcano on the island of Montserrat, British West Indies.
Seen here is one of many life-endangering flows that
occurred during July 1997 and that threatened the city of
Plymouth.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
123/128
` Destructive Tsunamis
associated with volcanic
activity are rare, mainly in
western Pacific Ocean.
Of the 405 tsunamis (since 1900) only 12
due to Submarine volcanic eruptions, only
2 resulted in significant damage.
Weather and Climate
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
124/128
` Volcanoes put large quantities of fine ash particlesinto atmosphere == cold weather.
` Indonesia: large amounts of ash particles and
acidic mist into upper atmosphere, creating
spectacular lurid sunsets with rings around thesun and temperature to go down.
` Particle will reduce incoming solar radiation.
` Particles (0.0001-0.005 mm) may stay for 1-2 y.
SO2 produced by volcanoes produces white
coating on particles ==become superreflectors of
solar radiation.
Weather and Climate
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
125/128
Fig. 4, p. 141
A small geyser of scalding water erupts in a formerly popular bathing pool atA small geyser of scalding water erupts in a formerly popular bathing pool at
Hot Creek, not far from Mammoth Mountain. Activity picked up here in theHot Creek, not far from Mammoth Mountain. Activity picked up here in the
spring of 2006.spring of 2006.
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
126/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
127/128
-
8/6/2019 Review 1 Lec
128/128
top related