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Analog dan Digital
• DataAnalog data are continuous and take continuous
valuesDigital data have discrete states and take discrete
values• Signals
Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range
Digital signals can have only a limited number of values
Comparison Analog and Digital
• In data communication, we commonly use periodic analog signals and aperiodic digital signals.
Summary of Periods and Frequencies
• Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time Change in a short span of time means high frequency Change over a long span of time means low
frequency• If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is
zero• If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency
is infinite
Summary of Sine Wave
• A single-frequency sine wave is not useful in data communications; we need to change one or more of itscharacteristics to make it useful
• When we change one or more characteristics of a single frequency signal, it becomes a composite signal made of many frequencies.
• According to Fourier analysis, any composite signal can be represented as a combination of simple sine waves with different frequencies, phases, and amplitudes.
A Composite Periodic Signal
• If the composite signal is periodic, the decomposition gives a series of signals with discrete frequencies; if the composite signal is nonperiodic, the decomposition gives a combination of sine waves with continuous frequencies
Bandwidth/ Lebar pita
• Perbedaan antara frekuensi terendah dan frekuensi tertinggi dalam rentang tertentu.
• Lebar cakupan frekuensi yang digunakan oleh sinya dalam medium transmisi.
Example
• A signal has a spectrum with frequencies between 1000 and 2000 Hz (bandwidth of 1000Hz). A medium can pass frequencies from 3000 to 4000 Hz (a bandwidth of 1000 Hz). Can this signal faithfully pass through this medium?
Digital Signals
• Selain diwakili oleh sinyal analog , informasi juga dapat diwakili oleh sinyal digital . Sebagai contoh, 1 dapat dikodekan sebagai tegangan positif dan 0 sebagai tegangan nol . Sebuah sinyal digital dapat memiliki lebih dari dua tingkat . Dalam hal ini , kita dapat mengirim lebih dari 1 bit untuk setiap tingkat .
Example
• What is the bit rate for high-definition TV (HDTV)?• Solution• HDTV uses digital signals to broadcast high quality video
signals. The HDTV screen is normally a ratio of 16 : 9. There are 1920 by 1080 pixels per screen, and the screen is renewed 30 times per second. 24 bits represents one color pixel.
• The TV stations reduce this rate to 20 to 40 Mbps through compression.
Summary of Transmission of Digital Signals
• The analog bandwidth of a medium is expressed in hertz; the digital bandwidth, in bits per second
• Digital transmission needs a low-pass channel• Analog transmission can use a band-pass
channel
Decibel
• Measures the relative strengths of two signals or one signal at two different point
dB = –3 + 7 – 3 = +1
Contoh
• Sebuah sinyal dikirim melalui media transmisi dan dayanya berkurang setengah dari daya sebelumnya. Ini berarti bahwa P2 = 1/2 P1. Dalam hal ini, atenuasi (kehilangan daya) dapat dihitung:
10 log10 (P2/P1) = 10 log10 (0.5P1/P1) = 10 log10 (0.5) = 10(–0.3) = –3 dB
Data Rate Limits
• A very important consideration in data communications is how fast we can send data, in bits per second, over a channel. Data rate depends on three factors:1. The bandwidth available2. The level of the signals we use3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise)
• Theorem:– Nyquist => Noiseless channel– Shannon => Noisy channel
Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate
• Theoretical maximum bit rate
• Note:• Increasing the levels of a signal may reduce
the reliability of the system
Example 1
• Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting a signal with two signal levels. The maximum bit rate can be calculated.
Example
• Assume that SNRdB = 36 dB and the channel bandwidth is 2 MHz. The theoretical channel capacity can be calculated as
Bandwidth
Two different context:• Bandwidth in hertz, refers to the range of
frequencies in a composite signal or the range of frequencies that a channel can pass
• Bandwidth in bits per second, refers to the speed of bit transmission in a channel or link
Throughput
• A measure of how fast we can actually send data through a network
Example 2: • A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only
anaverage of 12,000 frames per minute with each framecarrying an average of 10,000 bits. What is the throughput of this network?
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