skeleton system

Our Skeleton System

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives 5 Major Functions of the skeleton5 Major Functions of the skeleton 4 Different types of bones4 Different types of bones 4 Different types of joints and their range of 4 Different types of joints and their range of

movementsmovements Parts of a joint: Ligament, tendon, cartilage, Parts of a joint: Ligament, tendon, cartilage, Synovial fluidSynovial fluid Names of bonesNames of bones Healthy management of bonesHealthy management of bones

How do you think we will look like How do you think we will look like without skeleton?without skeleton?

• Shape

• Support

• Body movement

• Protection

• Blood cell formation

Functions of skeleton

Function 1: ShapeFunction 1: ShapeBones provide basic shape and structure for the Bones provide basic shape and structure for the

bodybody

Function 2: SupportFunction 2: Support The skeleton supports the soft tissues of the The skeleton supports the soft tissues of the

body as it forms a rigid framework to which body as it forms a rigid framework to which our muscle, tendons, ligaments attach. our muscle, tendons, ligaments attach.

Function 3: Body MovementFunction 3: Body Movement Bones act as levers for muscle Bones act as levers for muscle

attachmentattachment Our bones are levers which are Our bones are levers which are

pulled by the muscles to cause pulled by the muscles to cause movementmovement

Function 4: ProtectionFunction 4: Protection

Our bones are very strong Our bones are very strong and can provide and can provide protection to the vital protection to the vital organs. organs. e.g. the skull protects the e.g. the skull protects the brain, and the ribs and brain, and the ribs and sternum protect the sternum protect the heart and and lungs

Function 5: Making Blood CellsFunction 5: Making Blood Cells

Inside long bones is a substance called bone marrow, which makes new blood cells.

Types of bonesTypes of bones LongLong Short Short Flat Flat IrregularIrregular

Long BonesLong Bones

Any bone that is longer than its width

Eg: Femur, Humerus

Short BonesShort BonesAs wide as they are longAs wide as they are long

Eg: Bones such as the Carpals and Tarsals in the wrist and foot Eg: Bones such as the Carpals and Tarsals in the wrist and foot

Flat bonesFlat bonesStrong, flat pieces of bone Strong, flat pieces of bone

Can you think of others?

Irregular BonesIrregular BonesDo not fit into any of the other categories and Do not fit into any of the other categories and often have an unusual shape often have an unusual shape

Vertebrae Sacrum Mandible

Some interesting factsSome interesting facts

1. How many bones do we have in our body?1. How many bones do we have in our body?206206

2.2. How many bones does the hand have?How many bones does the hand have?2727

3. Giraffes and humans have the same number of3. Giraffes and humans have the same number ofbones in their neck.bones in their neck.

True or False True or False

22 bones in skull6 in middle ears1 hyoid bone26 in vertebral column25 in thoracic cage

4 in pectoral girdle60 in upper limbs60 in lower limbs2 in pelvic girdle

206 bones in all

Types of jointsTypes of joints Ball and socketBall and socket HingeHinge PivotPivot GlidingGliding

Ball and Socket JointsBall and Socket Jointsenables the bone to move in a 360° enables the bone to move in a 360°

angle. angle.

Which other joint is also ball and socket?

Hinge Joints - motion only in one plane Hinge Joints - motion only in one plane (backward and forward) (backward and forward)

Which other joint is also hinged?

Pivot Joints - moves by rotating Pivot Joints - moves by rotating

Which other joint is also pivoted?

Gliding Joints - Flat or slightly flat Gliding Joints - Flat or slightly flat surfaces move against each other surfaces move against each other

LigamentsLigaments

A tissue that connects bone to boneA tissue that connects bone to bone

Video on Knee Anatomy

TendonsTendonsA tissue that connects muscle to boneA tissue that connects muscle to bone

CartilageCartilage

A tissue that helps to prevent the bones from A tissue that helps to prevent the bones from rubbing against each other and wearing down rubbing against each other and wearing down

the bone. the bone.

CartilagesCartilages

Knees Cartilage - Menicus IntervertebralIntervertebral Disc Cartilage

Synovial fluidSynovial fluid A fluid that reduce friction between the joints A fluid that reduce friction between the joints

during movement. during movement.

Name of bonesName of bones SkullSkull Mid SectionMid Section Lower body (Pelvic)Lower body (Pelvic) Upper LimbUpper Limb Lower LimbLower Limb

SkullsSkulls

Rib CageRib Cage

Sternum

Clavicle

(Collar Bone)

Shoulder Blade and Collar BoneShoulder Blade and Collar Bone

Vertebral Column (Spine)Vertebral Column (Spine)

Bones of pelvisBones of pelvis

Female pelvis: anterior viewMale pelvis: anterior view

ArmsArms

Radius

Humerus

Ulna Ulna

Femur (Thigh Bone)Femur (Thigh Bone)

Tibia and FibulaTibia and Fibula

Healthy Management of BonesHealthy Management of Bones Our bones start becoming thinner and lose their Our bones start becoming thinner and lose their

density as we age. density as we age.

This will lead to Osteoporosis (A disease of bones This will lead to Osteoporosis (A disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture) if we do that leads to an increased risk of fracture) if we do not keep our bone healthynot keep our bone healthy

This is especially for women after menopauseThis is especially for women after menopause

SolutionSolution

Calcium and phosphorous are minerals that give Calcium and phosphorous are minerals that give strength to bones. People must obtain these strength to bones. People must obtain these minerals from food. People who do not have minerals from food. People who do not have enough of these minerals will have brittle bones enough of these minerals will have brittle bones and become stooped when they are old.and become stooped when they are old.

Top 8 food for Healthy, Stronger Top 8 food for Healthy, Stronger bonesbones

MilkMilk Yogurt and CheeseYogurt and Cheese SardinesSardines Green-leafy VegetablesGreen-leafy Vegetables Soy Foods (Tofu)Soy Foods (Tofu) Fortified Foods (Food that has essential minerals and Fortified Foods (Food that has essential minerals and

vitamins added eg: Orange Juice and Cereals)vitamins added eg: Orange Juice and Cereals) Calcium SupplementsCalcium Supplements Nuts and Seeds (Almonds, Pistachios, sunflower Nuts and Seeds (Almonds, Pistachios, sunflower

seeds, seaweeds)seeds, seaweeds)

http://www.themedguru.com/20100305/feature/top-8-foods-healthy-bones-86132627.html

Workout for Healthy BonesWorkout for Healthy Bones Aerobics Aerobics CyclingCycling Dancing - especially contra dancing, tap dancing, polka and Dancing - especially contra dancing, tap dancing, polka and

other folk dances that involve stomping, hopping etc. other folk dances that involve stomping, hopping etc. Gardening Gardening Gymnastics Gymnastics Jogging Jogging Jumping rope or doing Jumping Jacks Jumping rope or doing Jumping Jacks Race Walking Race Walking Tennis Tennis Stair climbing - going Stair climbing - going downdown stairs is best stairs is best Weight Bearing ExerciseWeight Bearing Exercise

http://www.osteopenia3.com/bone-density-exercises.html