students with learning disabilities reading. dyslexia severe difficulty learning to read behavioral...

Students with Learning Disabilities

Reading

Dyslexia

• Severe difficulty learning to read

• Behavioral manifestations of central nervous system deficits or dysfunctions, genetic or inherited causation, maturational lag, and inability to learn to read through general classroom methods

Causes of Dyslexia

• Phonological Deficit

• Naming-speed Deficit

• Orthographic Deficit

Organization of Reading Skills

• Text Comprehension– Language factors– Experiences– Decoding– Fluency– Strategies

Development of Reading Skills

• Stage 0: Prereading• Stage 1: Initial Reading or Decoding• Stage 2: Confirmation, Fluency, and

Ungluing from Print• Stage 3: Reading for Learning the New• Stage 4: Multiple Viewpoints• Stage 5: Construction and

Reconstruction

Assessment of Reading Skills

• Standardized Tests– Achievement and reading survey tests– Diagnostic tests

• Criterion-Referenced Tests• Informal Assessment

Informal Assessment

– Graded word lists– Informal reading inventory– Curriculum-based measurement– Portfolio assessment– Reading miscue analysis– Cloze procedure– Teacher-made tests

Consensus in Reading Research

• Phonemic Awareness

• Phonics

• Fluency

• Vocabulary Instruction

• Comprehension

Teaching Reading Skills

• Code-Emphasis Approach

• Meaning-Emphasis Approach

Developmental Reading Approaches

• Basal Reading

• Phonics

• Whole Language

Remedial Reading Programs and Methods

• Reading Mastery and Corrective Reading Program

• Phonological Awareness Training• Multisensory Reading Method

– Fernauld method– Gillingham method

• Neurological Impress Method

Teaching Strategies in Reading

• Keyword Method

• Reciprocal Teaching

• Mapping Strategies

Reading and Study Skills for Adolescents

• Reading Rate

• Study Skills

• Learning Strategies– DISSECT– SCROL