the hea framework mm
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All baselines:
help understand livelihoods, risk/hazards andvulnerability/ resilience;
establish a benchmark from which to analysesimilar issues under various food securitycontexts.
Baselines can be used for: planning development or longer-term
interventions. impact of programme responses plan short-term humanitarian assistance.
BASELINES
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BASELINES
In this section, we look at: What are the features of different baseline assessmentmethods?
How to determine the most appropriate methods forparticular circumstances?
Major types of baseline methods used by different agenciesinclude: The Household Economy Approach (HEA) Comprehensive Vulnerability Food Security Assessments (CVFSA) Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) Food Balance Sheets (FBS)
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HEA Framework Overview: Origins
HEA was developed in the early 1990s by Save theChildren-UK in order to improve the ability to predictshort-term changes in access to food.
Other agencies, such as Food Economy Group(FEG), FEWS NET, Action against Hunger (ACF) andOxfam, have since worked on the development ofHEA, making it useful in a wide range of settings.
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HEA Framework Overview: Origins
HEAs inception was in response to a demand for an
approach that could:
Quantify the problem
Allow comparisons
Provide reliable results for large populations
Point to appropriate responses
Be predictive
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HEA: Origins
Developed in recognition of the fact that access tofood was more important that peoples ability to
produce their own food.
In HEA, access encompasses the ways people
obtain food, including: their fields (production), themarket (purchases), their relatives and friends(gifts/loans), and humanitarian relief.
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An understanding of livelihoods is at the heart ofHEA
The sustainable livelihoods approach ( SLA ) is a
way to improve understanding of the livelihoods ofpoor people.
It draws on the main factors that affect poorpeople's livelihoods and the typical relationships
between these factors.
HEA: Uses
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Policy
History
Politics
Macro-Economic
conditionsTerms of trade
Climate
Agro-ecology
Demography
Socialdifferentiation
Agriculturalintensification-extensification
Livelihooddiversification
Migration
Livelihood
Institutions
and
Organisations
Natural Capital
Financial Capital
Human Capital
Social Capital
Physical
Sustainability
Increased numbersof working days
Poverty reduced
Well-being andcapabilitiesimproved
Livelihoodadaptation,
vulnerability andresilience enhanced
Natural resourcebase sustainability
ensured
CONTEXTS,CONDITIONS
& TRENDS
LIVELIHOODRESOURCES
INSTITUTIONALPROCESSES &
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES
LIVELIHOODSTRATEGIES
LIVELIHOODOUTCOMES
Analysis ofconditions,
trends andpolicies
Analysis oflivelihood
resources,trade-offs etc.
Analysis ofinstitutions/
organisations
Analysis oflivelihood
strategy,portfolios &
Analysis ofoutcomes &
trade-offs
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VulnerabilityContext
Toachieve
LIVELIHOODSTRATEGIES
LIVELIHOODSOUTCOMES
Influence& Access
TransformingStructures&ProcessesStructures
H
S
P F
N
LIVELIHOODS ASSETS
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The application of HEA goes beyond emergency foodneeds to:
Disaster Response Rehabilitation
Early Warning & Scenario Analysis Development Planning Monitoring and Evaluation
It identifies: Where is the assistance needed and ofwhat type? Who needs it? How much is needed andwhen, for how long?
HEA is an Analytical Framework, NOT a specificmethod
HEA: Uses
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This approach follows several steps: Characterization of a food economy zone;
definition of what a normal year is;
identification of different wealth groups and the
livelihood strategies of a typical household in eachwealth group.
Analysis of the extent of the encountered problem
Identification of the impactof the problem on householdsaccess to food (including the sustainability of their copingstrategies).
Assessment of the outcomeof households strategies.
HEA: Steps
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HEA: Overview
HEA starts with anunderstanding of howhouseholds normally live.
The bar shows total access tofood and income in a referenceyear.
This is the baseline picture
before a shock.
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HEA: Overview
The y axis represents food and income as a
percentage of minimum annual calorierequirements.
Food and income sources are converted intokilocalories which are then compared to 2100 kcal
2100 kcal is the internationally accepted minimumenergy requirement per person per day.
The conversion of food and income into a commoncurrency allows analysts to quantify and makecomparisons.
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HEA: Overview
Then it incorporatesthe impact of ashock.
Shock represents
types of changes,positive and negative
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SurvivalThreshold
Livelihoods
ProtectionThreshold
Gap
HEA Framework: Overview
Finally looks at access tofood and income, takinginto account peoples
coping strategies.
This shows that post-shock,
households will not be able tocope
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HEA Framework: Overview
Coping mechanisms could include:
Selling more livestock that usual
Finding alternative employment
opportunities
Drawing further on the social obligations ofrelatives
Cutting down on non-essential expenditureand use the cash for food
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BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =
HEA Framework Overview: Components
In sum.
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BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =
HEA: Components
In practice this process is broken into six steps
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Defines areas within which people
share broadly the same patterns oflivelihood
Allows for targeting assistance
geographically &For customization of indicators forlivelihoods monitoring systems
STEP 1: LIVELIHOOD ZONING
Livelihood
Zoning
HEA: Components
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People grouped togetherusing local definitions ofwealth and quantificationof livelihood assets
Allows disaggregation of
the population andindicates who (and howmany) will be affected andin need of assistance
HEA: Components
Wealth Breakdown
0
10
20
30
40
50
very poor poor m iddle better off
%o
fhouseholds
STEP 2: WEALTH BREAKDOWN
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Translates a hazard/shocks into
quantified economicconsequences at householdlevel
Allows the shock to bemathematically linked to eachrelevant livelihood strategy
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Step 4: Problem Specification
Problem
Specification
Crop loss of 75%
Local labor rates down 50%
Food prices doubled
Chicken prices down 50%
Migratory labor increased
50%
HEA: Components
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Assesses the ability of households
to respond to the hazard
Determines the amount of externalassistance required before
households turn to damagingstrategies, &Highlights monitoring indicators fortesting prediction
HEA: Components
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Step 5: Analysis of Coping Capacity
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Livelihoods Protection Threshold
Predicted Outcome
Predicts the outcome of thehazard in relation to livelihood
protection and survivalthresholds
Determines whether and when
people would need externalassistance in order to surviveand/or to maintain theirlivelihood assetsModels the effects of proposedprograms or policies
HEA: Components
Survival Threshold
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Step 6: Projected Outcome
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The Survival Threshold represents the line belowwhich intervention is required to save lives. Its the
income requires to cover: 100% of minimum food energy needs, plus The costs associated with food preparation and
consumption (salt, firewood, etc), plus
Any expenditure on water for human consumption
HEA: Components
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Step 6: Projected Outcome
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The Livelihood Protection Threshold is the line below whichan intervention is required in order to maintain existing
livelihood assets and strategies.It represents the total income required to sustain locallivelihoods, i.e., total expenditure to:a. Ensure basic survival, plus
b. Maintain access to basic services, e.g., medicalc. Sustain livelihoods in the medium to long term (seed, fert
purchases, etc), andd. Achieve a minimum locally acceptable std of living
(clothing, tea/coffee)
HEA: Components
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Step 6: Projected Outcome
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SurvivalThreshold
Livelihoods
ProtectionThresholdGap
HEA: Components
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Step 6: Projected Outcome
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Survey method:
Secondary sources, primary data, mainly quantitativeinformation. Can be implemented using a number ofdifferent field methods, including both HH questionnairesand RRA/PRA
Skills and time required:Skills required for an HEA analysis are quite demanding
Frequency of updating:Is variable, but every 4-5 years is the average
Most frequently used for identify the food gap and how itshould be filled
SOME FEATURES OF HEA
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Strengths
Transparent method for analysing food access anddeveloping quantitative estimates of food gaps.
Analysis disaggregated by livelihood zones andwealth groups.
Limitations
Inadequate framework for linking community-leveland macro-level analysis.
Does not analyse intra-household dynamics, e.g. howgender affects access.
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OFTHE HEA
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In sum, the HEA
Allows for a systematic analysis of the predictedeffects of a hazard or multiple hazards onhousehold livelihood assets
Provides a system for comparing poverty levelsand prioritising needs across areas
Can be re-used year after year, saving money
Highlights a range of appropriate responses (not
just food)
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