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8/2/2019 The HEA Framework Mm

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All baselines:

help understand livelihoods, risk/hazards andvulnerability/ resilience;

establish a benchmark from which to analysesimilar issues under various food securitycontexts.

Baselines can be used for: planning development or longer-term

interventions. impact of programme responses plan short-term humanitarian assistance.

BASELINES


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BASELINES

In this section, we look at: What are the features of different baseline assessmentmethods?

How to determine the most appropriate methods forparticular circumstances?

Major types of baseline methods used by different agenciesinclude: The Household Economy Approach (HEA) Comprehensive Vulnerability Food Security Assessments (CVFSA) Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) Food Balance Sheets (FBS)


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HEA Framework Overview: Origins

HEA was developed in the early 1990s by Save theChildren-UK in order to improve the ability to predictshort-term changes in access to food.

Other agencies, such as Food Economy Group(FEG), FEWS NET, Action against Hunger (ACF) andOxfam, have since worked on the development ofHEA, making it useful in a wide range of settings.


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HEA Framework Overview: Origins

HEAs inception was in response to a demand for an

approach that could:

Quantify the problem

Allow comparisons

Provide reliable results for large populations

Point to appropriate responses

Be predictive


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HEA: Origins

Developed in recognition of the fact that access tofood was more important that peoples ability to

produce their own food.

In HEA, access encompasses the ways people

obtain food, including: their fields (production), themarket (purchases), their relatives and friends(gifts/loans), and humanitarian relief.


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An understanding of livelihoods is at the heart ofHEA

The sustainable livelihoods approach ( SLA ) is a

way to improve understanding of the livelihoods ofpoor people.

It draws on the main factors that affect poorpeople's livelihoods and the typical relationships

between these factors.

HEA: Uses


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Policy

History

Politics

Macro-Economic

conditionsTerms of trade

Climate

Agro-ecology

Demography

Socialdifferentiation

Agriculturalintensification-extensification

Livelihooddiversification

Migration

Livelihood

Institutions

and

Organisations

Natural Capital

Financial Capital

Human Capital

Social Capital

Physical

Sustainability

Increased numbersof working days

Poverty reduced

Well-being andcapabilitiesimproved

Livelihoodadaptation,

vulnerability andresilience enhanced

Natural resourcebase sustainability

ensured

CONTEXTS,CONDITIONS

& TRENDS

LIVELIHOODRESOURCES

INSTITUTIONALPROCESSES &

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES

LIVELIHOODSTRATEGIES

LIVELIHOODOUTCOMES

Analysis ofconditions,

trends andpolicies

Analysis oflivelihood

resources,trade-offs etc.

Analysis ofinstitutions/

organisations

Analysis oflivelihood

strategy,portfolios &

Analysis ofoutcomes &

trade-offs


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VulnerabilityContext

Toachieve

LIVELIHOODSTRATEGIES

LIVELIHOODSOUTCOMES

Influence& Access

TransformingStructures&ProcessesStructures

H

S

P F

N

LIVELIHOODS ASSETS


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The application of HEA goes beyond emergency foodneeds to:

Disaster Response Rehabilitation

Early Warning & Scenario Analysis Development Planning Monitoring and Evaluation

It identifies: Where is the assistance needed and ofwhat type? Who needs it? How much is needed andwhen, for how long?

HEA is an Analytical Framework, NOT a specificmethod

HEA: Uses


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This approach follows several steps: Characterization of a food economy zone;

definition of what a normal year is;

identification of different wealth groups and the

livelihood strategies of a typical household in eachwealth group.

Analysis of the extent of the encountered problem

Identification of the impactof the problem on householdsaccess to food (including the sustainability of their copingstrategies).

Assessment of the outcomeof households strategies.

HEA: Steps


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HEA: Overview

HEA starts with anunderstanding of howhouseholds normally live.

The bar shows total access tofood and income in a referenceyear.

This is the baseline picture

before a shock.


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HEA: Overview

The y axis represents food and income as a

percentage of minimum annual calorierequirements.

Food and income sources are converted intokilocalories which are then compared to 2100 kcal

2100 kcal is the internationally accepted minimumenergy requirement per person per day.

The conversion of food and income into a commoncurrency allows analysts to quantify and makecomparisons.


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HEA: Overview

Then it incorporatesthe impact of ashock.

Shock represents

types of changes,positive and negative


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SurvivalThreshold

Livelihoods

ProtectionThreshold

Gap

HEA Framework: Overview

Finally looks at access tofood and income, takinginto account peoples

coping strategies.

This shows that post-shock,

households will not be able tocope


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HEA Framework: Overview

Coping mechanisms could include:

Selling more livestock that usual

Finding alternative employment

opportunities

Drawing further on the social obligations ofrelatives

Cutting down on non-essential expenditureand use the cash for food


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BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =

HEA Framework Overview: Components

In sum.


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BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =

HEA: Components

In practice this process is broken into six steps


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Defines areas within which people

share broadly the same patterns oflivelihood

Allows for targeting assistance

geographically &For customization of indicators forlivelihoods monitoring systems

STEP 1: LIVELIHOOD ZONING

Livelihood

Zoning

HEA: Components


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People grouped togetherusing local definitions ofwealth and quantificationof livelihood assets

Allows disaggregation of

the population andindicates who (and howmany) will be affected andin need of assistance

HEA: Components

Wealth Breakdown

0

10

20

30

40

50

very poor poor m iddle better off

%o

fhouseholds

STEP 2: WEALTH BREAKDOWN


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Translates a hazard/shocks into

quantified economicconsequences at householdlevel

Allows the shock to bemathematically linked to eachrelevant livelihood strategy

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

Step 4: Problem Specification

Problem

Specification

Crop loss of 75%

Local labor rates down 50%

Food prices doubled

Chicken prices down 50%

Migratory labor increased

50%

HEA: Components


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Assesses the ability of households

to respond to the hazard

Determines the amount of externalassistance required before

households turn to damagingstrategies, &Highlights monitoring indicators fortesting prediction

HEA: Components

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

Step 5: Analysis of Coping Capacity


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Livelihoods Protection Threshold

Predicted Outcome

Predicts the outcome of thehazard in relation to livelihood

protection and survivalthresholds

Determines whether and when

people would need externalassistance in order to surviveand/or to maintain theirlivelihood assetsModels the effects of proposedprograms or policies

HEA: Components

Survival Threshold

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

Step 6: Projected Outcome


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The Survival Threshold represents the line belowwhich intervention is required to save lives. Its the

income requires to cover: 100% of minimum food energy needs, plus The costs associated with food preparation and

consumption (salt, firewood, etc), plus

Any expenditure on water for human consumption

HEA: Components

OUTCOME ANALYSIS



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The Livelihood Protection Threshold is the line below whichan intervention is required in order to maintain existing

livelihood assets and strategies.It represents the total income required to sustain locallivelihoods, i.e., total expenditure to:a. Ensure basic survival, plus

b. Maintain access to basic services, e.g., medicalc. Sustain livelihoods in the medium to long term (seed, fert

purchases, etc), andd. Achieve a minimum locally acceptable std of living

(clothing, tea/coffee)

HEA: Components

OUTCOME ANALYSIS



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SurvivalThreshold

Livelihoods

ProtectionThresholdGap

HEA: Components

OUTCOME ANALYSIS



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Survey method:

Secondary sources, primary data, mainly quantitativeinformation. Can be implemented using a number ofdifferent field methods, including both HH questionnairesand RRA/PRA

Skills and time required:Skills required for an HEA analysis are quite demanding

Frequency of updating:Is variable, but every 4-5 years is the average

Most frequently used for identify the food gap and how itshould be filled

SOME FEATURES OF HEA


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Strengths

Transparent method for analysing food access anddeveloping quantitative estimates of food gaps.

Analysis disaggregated by livelihood zones andwealth groups.

Limitations

Inadequate framework for linking community-leveland macro-level analysis.

Does not analyse intra-household dynamics, e.g. howgender affects access.

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OFTHE HEA


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In sum, the HEA

Allows for a systematic analysis of the predictedeffects of a hazard or multiple hazards onhousehold livelihood assets

Provides a system for comparing poverty levelsand prioritising needs across areas

Can be re-used year after year, saving money

Highlights a range of appropriate responses (not

just food)

the hea framework mm

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