the path to net zero court
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ZEROCARB NOwa to Zo.
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W e s t b u i l di n g fa C a de
The Path to Net Zero Co2urt:
Wh fom follow pfomac.A team led by HOK and energy and daylighting
consultant The Weidt Group set out to determine
whether we could use todays technolo gy,
materials and systems to do exactly that.
Though there has been lots o talk about reducing
our societys carbon emissions, architects havent
been designing mainstream, aordable carbon
neutral ofce buildings. This has to change quickly.
HOK and The Weidt Group collaborated on this
research and design project so we could better
understand the market opportunities and barriers
related to zero emissions design. The goal was
to develop new design p rocesses that makezero carbon possible and affordable for all.
T H E P A T H T O N E T Z E R O C O
R T
Can we design a market-
rate, Class A, zero emissions
ofce building?
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Whyzero emissionsNTEA Ozero energy?
The team used the .. epartment o Energys
defnition o a net zero emissions building:
A buldng ha produc
and xpor a la a much
mon-fr rnwabl
nrgy a mpor and u
from mon-producng
nrgy ourc annually.
Out o this 10-month eort emerged a new proto-
type or reasonably priced, readily constructible and
marketable zero carbon emissions ofce buildings.
built, the our-story, 170,735-sq.-t. Net Zero
Co2urt would be one o the largest net zero
emissions buildings in North America.
The team discovered that we can do this now.To do so, architects must embrace the rigor,
discipline and opportunities presented by ully
integrating daylighting and energy analyses into
the design process. By developing innovative
design solutions around aspirational perormance
parameters, we can create extraordinary zero
emissions buildings. Architects must allow
orm to ollow perormance.
T H E P A T H T O N E T Z E R O C O
R T
Emissions rom buildings represent39 percent of the U.S. total.
Zero emissions orces us to thinkabout the environmental impactof the enery source.
We must get to zero emissionsto address climate chane.
The road to zero emissionsis through enery efciency.
Zero emissions is undamentalto the future of architecture.
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The team selected this site rom choices
around North America because:
St. Louis has a challeninfour-season climate.
lectricity costs in Missouri areamon the lowest in the country.
St. Louis electrical fuel proleis 8 percent coal.
The team believed that i they could create a
market-rate carbon neutral design on this difcult
site, the process could be replicated in any location.
The building site is part o an emerging biotech corridor. To the west is Barnes-Jewish
Hospital at Washington niversity Medical Center and to the east is aint Louis niversity.
mmediately to the north is the citys historic Central West End, a thriving commercial and
residential district. The site is on a bus line and adjacent to the t. Louis MetroLink rapid
transit system, near a new stop planned or the next improvement cycle.
The team designed this Net Zero Co2urt prototype to it comortably
onto a potentially developable site in midtown t. Louis.
site
N
T H E P A T H T O N E T Z E R O C O
R T
Temperature
Clouds
Humidity
Wind peed
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The program organized most optimally into
two our-story, 300-oot-long ofce bars
oriented east-west and joined by two links that
enclose a 60-oot-wide landscaped courtyard.
The north and south acades optimize
vision and daylight glazing with insulated
opaque areas to leverage natural light while
maintaining a high-perormance envelope.
The east and west acades are essentiallysolid, blocking glare at low sun angles and
adding to the average R-value o the
building skin.
Exterior walls o the ofce bars consist
o R-40 rain screen construction with tile
acades to the east and west. Vision and
daylight panels are triple-glazed, double-
low E with argon fll set in wood rames to
provide optimized and controlled daylight
into the workspace, views to the exterior
and maximal R-value.
On southern acades, evacuated solar thermal
tube panels provide both a unique aesthetic
and a heat source or the building. The roo is
sloped at 10 degrees south and incorporates
solar PV and solar thermal panels over an
R-50 insulated roo (R-40 walls).
A two-level, 17,375-sq.-t., daylit parking
structure provides 438 parking spaces
and is topped by rootop photovoltaic
panels and light wells.
esi sti
Early design showing PVand vegetated walls on west acades
Massing diagram Water wall garden
Roo tilted to the south
Entry rom parking
T H E P A T H T O N E T Z E R O C O
R T
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Vegetated Wall an d ed ible gard en
The east and west acades o the links are aced with a
vegetated wall to provide aesthetic continuity to the natural
aspects o the courtyard, moderate the outdoor cl imate or
tenants and even soak up a ew additional carbon dioxide
molecules (not included in the total analysis).
An edible garden area along the south acade provides
an additional amenity or building occupants.
in tegrated system s
Because the architectural and site strategies resulted
in greatly reduced HVAC loads, the team was able to
design an in-slab radiant heating and cooling system
that is integrated with an underoor air distribution
(A) system. A radiant heating and cooling system
provides temperature control or the space. Because
the air handling systems are primarily providing onl y
ventilation, they could be greatly downsized.
The dedicated outdoor air system (OA) air handlingunits include total energy recovery wheels as well as
dehumidifcation and ventilation or building occupants.
A emand Control Ventilation (CV) system monitors
and adjusts the volume o outside air introduced into
the building based on demand. This reduces heating,
cooling and dehumidifcation loads attributed to
outdoor air.
n addition to the CV system, building automation
control strategies include photocell and occupancy
sensor control o lighting and occupant control o
plug loads.
A raised oor provides complete exibility or a
multi-tenant layout. Manually operated windows
allow or natural ventilation during the spring
and all shoulder seasons.
esi sti
ren eWable en ergy
The integrated design o Net Zero Co2urt reducedcarbon emissions by 76 percent through energy
efciency strategies, with only minor additional frst
costs compared to a conventional ofce building.
To provide the remaining clean energy required to
reach zero carbon emissions, the team i dentifed
on-site renewable energy systems that include
approximately 51,800 square eet o rootop and
wall-mounted photovoltaic panels and 15,000
square eet o solar thermal tubes on the southern
building acades and roo.
d aylightin g
Recognizing that daylighting is the single most important
way to reduce electricity and its subsequent carbon
emissions, the design solution eatures extensive use
o natural light.
An early climate and context study analyzed local solar
intensity, wind potential, temperature and humidity ranges
and cycles, and the eects o the t. Louis latitude and
building type on daylighting potential and shading options.
With 150-180 cloudy days per year classiying t. Louisas an overcast sky zone, the team designed to an 18.5
percent window-to-oor area and 35.2 percent window-
to-wall ratio to achieve a minimum 1.5 percent daylight
actor across a 60-oot-wide oor plate.
The massing, orientation, oor-to-oor height, window
sizes, quality o glass and landscaping all are optimized
to ensure that the building can be illuminated without
electricity during daylight hours and can mitigate
the carbon emissions related to electrical energy
consumption.
The trees are sized and placed to integrate with the
building in a way that optimizes the daylighting solution.
sing espaliered trees helps reduce the heat island
eect and preserves views while maintaining natural
light corridors.
Tons o CO2
avingsaylighting analysis optionsPlan o garden
View looking northwest to courtyard
T H E P A T H T O N E T Z E R O C O
R T
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en ergy use P roJ eCtion sbased on m od elin g
The buildings energy use intensity (E) is
21.9 KTBs/ per year beore renewable
energy is considered.
Annual energy cost savings through the
buildings energy efciency, solar thermal
and photovoltaic system are $184,567,
leaving an annual energy cost o $2,418,
or 1 cent per at 2010 utility rates.
in Cen tiVes
The Net Zero Court team determined that the
project would be eliible for several one-time
overnment, city and utility company incentives:
Federal solar rebate (30% of system cost): $1,521,251
TIF - City real estate tax and % sales tax retail: $394,285
Pct tax deduction @ 3% tax rate: $107,563
merenU incentive: $105,648
merenU solar incentive: $50,000
Laclede gas: $25,000
Total one-time incentives: $2,203,747
KeY tCMes
PaybaCK
etailed cost estimates illustrate that with an
estimated construction cost o $223 per square oot,
this project is marketable and aordable.
The payback or the investment required to reach
carbon neutrality compared to a LEE-certifed
baseline building would be 12 years i the r ise in the
cost o uel outpaced general ination by 4 percent
a year. But the payback would be less than 10 years
toayin the many other areas o the country where
electricity is more expensive.
leasin g aP P roaCh
The building would appeal to engaged tenants who
would appreciate the larger volumes o open inter ior
space, access to views and natural light, landscaping
and interior courtyard. Occupying this space would
send a positive message to both the public and
employees that this organization cares about its
peoples health and the environment, and is
committed to reducing its carbon ootprint.
CENARO THAT WOL RVEPABACK OWN TO
1 years
Tenant premium of
$60K/ .0 cost/SF
(modest)
Fuel escalation rate
of 7% than discountinflation rate
Blended electricitycosts of
$0.2/kw(currently reality inseveral U.S. states)
$. million more
one-time incentives(w c c
pc c!)
Solar and PV costs
c wover time
Potential cap-and-
trade leislationand other initiativesto restrict carbon
emissions
T H E P A T H T O N E T Z E R O C O
R T
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The process proved that designing an ofce building
the most universal commercial building type
to be carbon neutral was easier and more aordable
than most people believe. By respecting strict
perormance parameters and using them to inorm
and guide the design, the resulting site-specifc
solution also revealed a replicable process that
can be applied to most building types andregions across the world.
a Virtual d esign P roCess
Except or two in-person project kicko meetings,
the team avoided carbon emissions rom air travel
by meeting virtually. The group met or 15 intense
design sessions with many more smaller work
sessions in-between over a 10-month period.
Team members collaborated by using WebEx and HOKs
Advanced Collaboration Rooms, which enable high-
resolution videoconerencing and use o virtual ipcharts.
How to do it:
Five Steps for Designing aZero Emissions Office Building
V E E G N T E P
esign teams need to learnto design or zero carbon asquickly as possible.
HOK and The Weidt Group are sharing knowledge
gained rom this eort to help push carbon
neutral design into the mainstream.
The Net Zero Co2urt team discovered that
designing or carbon neutrality demands
integrated, uninching design and analysis.
There is no room or silos by unction or role,
and nothing is too important to be questioned,
evaluated or changed.
Team members in t. Louis and an rancisco communicatevia HOKs Advanced Collaboration Rooms
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The frst step or the Net Zero Co2urt project was to develop
an integrated team that understood the zero carbon emissions
goal and then collaborated on perormance-based decisions
through every step. Architects, engineers, energy and daylighting
analysts, urban designers, landscape architects, construction
cost estimators and the developer attended well-prepared
design meetings that began during initial goal-setting sessions
and continued through the fnal design. This was integrated
design on steroids.
Gaining inormed real-time eedback rom such a diverse group
and mining each others' insights enabled t he design team
to make aster, better decisions. The energy modelers and
daylighting analysts, or example, were able to use rich analyticaldata to challenge everything rom the type o street trees the
landscape architect wanted to speciy to the senior designers
ideas or the building massing.
Teams that are pursuing a carbon-neutral design must be willing
to explore the limits o what they believe to be true by testing
every assumption against alternatives. They also need to be open
to accepting new ideas and processes, even i they conict with
long-held belies or ways o working. ts likely that t hey will need
to leave their comort zone.
p-n
isCveY + eiiti
HOK and The Weidt group have dened three Phases
and fiVe Key stePs that teams can use to desin
affordable zero emissions buildins.
ssemble a resourceful team capable of andwillin to o throuh a data-rich desin process.
stablish an iterative desinevaluation process.
or a long time, sustainably minded architects
have been pushing passive solutions frst
doing everything they can do to optimize a
buildings envelope without using a switch or
a an. or a zero emissions design, there is
tremendous value in reducing energy use by
thinking comprehensively about the massing,
envelope, lighting, HVAC systems, plug loads
and operations. Rather than moving in a straight
line rom passive to active design strategies,
the approach must be integrated and iterative.
esign teams cant make assumptions or ignore
economic realities. The team continuouslyreevaluated frst costs and the planned operating
perormance o the building. The group ollowed
a meticulous system or organizing all the data.
A local developer and two t. Louis construction
companies provided critical reality checks in the
orm o construction cost estimates and leasing
structures. This ensured that the design was
marketable and aordable.
1A 1B
V E E G N T E P
s t eP #1
o r gani z e f o r z er o Car bo n emi s s i o ns : DVLOP PLN FO LNINg ND DCIDINg.
PHAE
Pre-designs t e P # 1
o r g a n i z e f o r z e r o C a r b o n e m i s s i o n s :
dvlop a pla fo la a c.
s t e P #
aCCeP t your Con d ition s:
d vomtal, comfot a
acal oal bfo b .
PHAE
design nd OnsruiOn
s t e P # 3
resolVe the m aCro-sCale:
dvlop t a achtctal tat
that c y a optmz
y ato.
steP #4
d eVeloP in tegrated solution s:
d whol bl ytm to
tl thoh cot ba.
PHAE
seWrdsiP
steP #5
m ain tain zero:
Pov a pla that wll qp th ow
a tat to occpy a opat th
bl wth zo mo.
HOK t. Louis HOK an rancisco Brainstorm session at The Weidt Group ofce in Minnetonka, Minn.
1TEP 3 4
PHAE
I
II
III
5
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NORTH
15
30
45
60
75
EAST
105
120
135
150
165UTH1 5
210
225
240
255
WEST
285
300
315
330
345
10km/h
20km/h
30km/h
40km/h
50km/hhrs
370+
332
296
258
222
185
148
111
74
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Reaching zero emissions requires a tremendous
amount o upront exploration and preparation.
Once the team has defned goals, constraints and
opportunities, they will need to brainstorm energy
conservation strategies. The only way to make t hese
buildings cost-eective is to make them as energy
efcient as possible beore looking to generate
energy through on-site renewables.
The Net Zero Co2urt team used an Energy Predesign
coping Tool (EPT) to do comparative modeling o
the perormance variables and evaluated more than
90 strategies during the predesign process.
An experienced energy modeling analyst can
describe the potential energy use, carbon emissions
and cost implications o hundreds o specifc energy
conservation opportunities related to envelope
insulation strategies, other envelope strategies
(rom white roo to shading eect o a PV array),
window glazing, window design, daylighting control,lighting control, lighting design, lighting technology,
cooling efciency, heating efciency, alternative
HVAC system solutions, ans and pumps, conditioning
o outside air, miscellaneous mechanical solutions,
service hot water and plug load.
n n cncn:
esi, evAAte, evise & eive
s t eP #3r es o lVe t he maCr o - s Cale:EVELOP TE AN ARCHTECTRALTRATEGE THAT RECEENERG NEE AN OPTMZ EENERG GENERATON.
Model, manae, monitor. Focus on climate in place. Optimize site and buildin surfaces.
The Net Zero Co2urt teams mantra was, model,
manage, monitor. They created a model o a virtual
building, measured the perormance at every step o
the design and managed expectations until they
designed a real building that works. This approach
ensured that every design decision contributed to
the zero emissions goal.
Aesthetic decisions made with the best intentions may
seem perectly fne, but i they compromise perormance,
by even a small amount, the ailures will be multiplicative
and cause death by a thousand cut s.
Buildings have complex interactive behaviors, which
means the design solution or one project wont be
the same or another. Though a team should not go on
intuition or rely solely on past experience to design or
zero emissions, solutions likely will include an emphasis
on energy efciency and daylighting, which always will be
more cost-eective than renewable options.
evelop the building massing and orientation that
take ull advantage o the local solar, wind and
water resources. urther refne this solution in
section and plan to optimize the use o available
resources and reduce loads. ou will need to model
the daylighting savings oset by the energy penalty
o increased oor-to-oor and glass area.
Every square oot o the building surace should
be used or a unction, either as a consumer or
producer o energy. The photovoltaic panels and
solar thermal tubes on Net Zero Co2urt can act as
the roo or acade, and as shading devices.
Build task-specifc simulation models that compare
and evaluate massing and orientation options.
Balance perormance and cost or the right mix
o solar gain, shading, daylighting and renewable
energy generation. Rigorously track key data on
emissions, frst costs and operating costs.
3A 3B 3C
V E E G N T E P
Virtual building models Massing model sing all building suraces or a purpose
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n n cncn:
esi, evAAte, evise & eive
s t eP #4deVelo P i nt egr at ed s o lut i o ns :ENE W HOLE BLNG TEMTO TNNEL THROGH COT BARRER.
Develop secondary systems andoperational expectations.
xamine the sets of whole buildindata and repeat the process.
This includes controls and control scenarios or
lighting, plug and occupancy loads, comort and
security settings, and ongoing metering, monitoring
and accountability systems.
eveloping a plan and installing technologies
or carbon neutral operations is as important
as designing the potential to do so.
ont expect a solution to be perect on the
frst pass. Teams should regularly revisit steps
3 and 4 in order to resolve the unexpected
results that will occur.
or reasons o cost or perormance, teams may
need to review and adjust the zoning o the building
envelope or opaque suraces, glazed areas,
ventilation access, living suraces, shading,
solar hot water and photovoltaic areas.
imilarly, the cost and unctional value o MEPsystems and controls will beneft rom anot her
set o models or a team to measure its progress
against and then manage the perormance o the
design and the clients expectations.
4C
4DDevelop, evaluate and select primaryarchitectural, MP and structural systems.
Once a team has maximized the energy efciency o
the building being designed, they can get the rest o
the way to zero emissions through on-site renewable
energy sources.
esign teams should use energy and apply dierent
renewable energy sources as optimally as possible.
The principle o entropy states that energy can be
more or less concentrated. A design will be most
efcient i it can meet a buildings energy needs with
similar energy states. n other words, use energy inthe orm it is in: heat as heat and light as light. t will
be more efcient, or example, to use natural light or
daylighting than to convert it to electricity or heating
or powering ans. Otherwise, there can be a dramatic
loss in efciency that adds to a buildings emissions.
The cost tunnel eect theorizes that the cost o
adding energy efcient equipment to a building
increases as the design team tries to squeeze in
more technologies. But i a team can shape the
architecture to reduce the need or technologicalsystems while achieving efciencies o at least
70 percent, the cost begins to go down.
Beore beginning design, the Net Zero Co2urt
team evaluated energy use data or similar buildings
to set an energy efciency target o 80 percent
compared to a benchmark ofce building in the
t. Louis climate region. Comparative analyses
guided all decisions, major or minor, by explicating
emissions data. ubsequent iterations refned the
initial decisions and defned a solution that reached
73 percent energy use reduction (KTB/)
with energy efciency.
Once the envelope and orientation are tightly bracketed
or resolved, the team should develop comparative data on
mechanical system design and zoning alternatives.
ts important to test and refne envelope insulation levels.
Whenever possible, simpliy system operations and avoid
solutions that require high an energy and re-heating.
esign components that serve multiple purposes. Radiant
heating or cooling suraces, or example, could be part o
the structure or ductwork could serve as light shelves.
4B
V E E G N T E P
Use enery in the form it is in.4A
ntropy: sing heat as heat and light as light Brainstorm session at The Weidt Group ofce in Minnetonka, Minn.iagram explaining how orm ollows perormance
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Net Zero Co2urt secret garden
wp:
CCACY & eAti
s t eP #5mai nt ai n z er o : PROVE A PLAN THATW LL EP THE OW NER AN TENANTTO OCCP AN OPERATE THE BLNGW TH Z ERO EMON.
Provide the owner with a calibration plan.
Models and baselines each play a role in ongoing
perormance. Just as the weather will vary rom
year to year, so will the behavior o the users and
operators o a building. Monitoring consumption data
such as the Energy tilization ndex (E) will not tell
the whole story o how a building is perorming.
To maintain the balance o emissions, recalibrate
perormance expectations to address and predict
the eect o potential changes over time.
Buildings dont use energy, people do. With estimates or
the energy use that can be attributed to tenant consumption
ranging rom 50 to 75 percent, the design team will need to
understand the diversity o the owners team and determine
how they intend to deploy sta and operate the building.
Their behavior during the buildings operations will make
or break a zero emissions design.
nderstanding the lines o responsibility and accountability
will allow teams to provide technology and service that allow
or clear monitoring, measurement and management o
the buildings perormance and provide occupants with the
tools and knowledge to ully participate in energy conservation.
Plug loads will be a huge variable in a zero emissions,
multitenant speculative ofce building. Teams cant aord
to let them oat. tudies show that people are using rom
25 to 60 percent o a typical installed plug load. or this
project, the team made assumptions that the plug loads would
be 30 percent lower than ound in a typical ofce building.
nstalling sub meters will allow teams to monitor usage and,
using a carrot-and-stick approach, reward tenants who come
in under and require tenants to purchase carbon credits i
they surpass a predefned monthly usage allocation.
or now, the type o tenants a zero emissions ofce building
would attract likely would be motivated to participate in this
positive environmental story and be willing do the right thing
by accepting a reduced equipment load in order to help
control the emissions.
5B
5A
esigning orzero emissions requires designers to rethink design processes
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V E E G N T E P
econize that occupants are a criticalpart of a carbon neutral desin solution.
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Rethinking
How we design buildings
L E O N L E A R N E
W e s t b u i l di n g e n t ry
myth #1:
All-glass buildings are the future of
low-energy and low-emissions design.
Though daylighting is the single-most
important way to reduce electricity
and carbon emissions, carbon neutral
design requires a precise balance o
light and heat. To determine the rightcombination o energy-efcient glazing
and insulated wall panels, the Net Zero
Co2urt team modeled the daylighting
savings oset by the energy penalty
o increased oor-to-oor and glass
area. These calculations revealed
how much glass to use.
myth #:
We cant go wrong by planting trees.
The team quickly discovered that placing
trees in the wrong places would impede
the daylighting solution. The landscaping
must preserve access to natural light
and be completely integrated with
the building design.
myth #3:Photovoltaic panels are effective
only in bright, sunny, warm climates
like in California. Though the teams
climate analysis showed that there
are 150 to 180 cloudy days per year
in t. Louis, there is more than enough
sun to generate the required on-site
solar power. The team also learned that
solar panels are more efcient in cooler
climates heat is their enemy.
myth #4:
We cant design a zero emissions
building to be taller than three stories.
This team designed our oors.
Admittedly, they needed to use the
roo surace o the parking structure
to house 17,000 square eet o
photovoltaic panels.
myth #5:
Zero emissions isnt possible for
a conventional project budget.
etailed cost estimates calculated
the construction cost to be $223 per
square oot. Annual energy cost savings
through energy efciency and solar
power will be approximately $185,000.
The payback or the investment to reach
carbon neutrality compared to our baseline
building would be 12 years i the rise in
uel costs outpaces general ination by
4 percent a year. The payback would be
less than 10 years today in the many
other areas o the .. where electricity
is more expensive. Policy changes
supporting low-carbon and low-energy
initiatives, including additional ederal
and state incentives or renewable
energy, could bring zero emissions
buildings much closer to our grasp.
Desinin for zero emissions requiresus to rethink how we desin buildinsand demands a rigor that remains rarein the design and construction industry.But with about 40 percent o the greenhouse gas emissions
contaminating our atmosphere coming rom buildings, we have no
choice but to begin a concentrated eort to do things dierently.
The challenge or design teams is to think about perormance
beore we draw and to embrace the limits presented by the
daylighting and energy analyses. We need to know when weare making purely aesthetic decisions versus science-based
decisions and be clear about which is which. Within these strict
perormance parameters lies the reedom to design.
MTHBUSTS FO ZO MISSIONS DSIgN
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m a l, aia, leed aP bd+C
211 N. Broadway, uite 700
t. Louis, MO 63102
mary.ann.lazarus@hok.com
314.754.3927 tel
dv a. ej, faia, leed aP bd+C
5800 Baker Road, uite 100Minnetonka, MN 55345
avidE@twgi.com
952.938.1588 tel
Project TeamContaCt
Breakthrough desig does't just hae.
Behid every iovative rojet is a iredible, ommitted team.
hoK
rchitecture, enineerin, sustainable desin, landscape architecture,
project manaement, cost estimatin, cotect modelin
Jav aa, la Bht , gy Fabt, m ga, Mchal Kll,
Fak Ktlk, May Laza, yl My, Bll Oll, ol rohlf,
Jff sa, av schm, dav op, Bll Valt
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nery and daylihtin consultants
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