the path to net-zero richard graves, aia -...
TRANSCRIPT
source
assimilation
storage
distribution
· Effectiveness as end goal · Symbiosis· Closed-loop system· Multiple pathways
· Within renewal capacity· Integrate with natural processes
REGENERATIVE SYSTEMS
Hea ng, 42%
Cooling, 5%
Fans, Pumps, and Controls, 11%
Lights, 17%
Equipment, 25%
Energy Grid
Solar Energy Input579,105 MWh / year
Pre-Settlement ConditionEastern Deciduous Forest
Solar Energy Reected, Absorbed & Released 550,150,282 kWh/year95%
Solar Energy Used by Photosynthesis26,059,750 kWh/year
4.5%
Sources: Lloyd Center: Sustainable Urban Design+Catalyst ProjectMN Solar Suitability Analysis - http://solar.maps.umn.edu/app/
Total Energy Use:60,984 MWh / year
Code-Based Buildings - ASHRAE 90.1 20102015 Energy Grid
Wind Generated - 15%
Hydro Generated - 6%
Biomass Generated - 4%
Nuclear Generated - 30%
Natural Gas Generated - 8%
Coal Generated - 37%
Electricity Imported39,640,124,749 kWh / year
65% of Total Energy
Natural Gas Imported21,344,682,557 kWh / year
35% of Total Energy
Built Up Area:Low Density Housing - 534,000 2Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 2High Density Housing - 570,000 2Civic - 50,000 2Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 2Ins tu onal - 194,000 2
Total - 3,019,000 2
Total Energy Use:60,984 MWh / year
Code-Based Buildings - ASHRAE 90.1 20102030 Energy Grid
Wind Generated - 25%
Hydro Generated - 2%
Biomass Generated - 0%
Nuclear Generated - 28%
Natural Gas Generated - 22%
Coal Generated - 15%
Electricity Imported39,640,124,749 kWh / year
65% of Total Energy
Natural Gas Imported21,344,682,557 kWh / year
35% of Total Energy
Solar Generated - 8%
Built Up Area:Low Density Housing - 534,000 2Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 2High Density Housing - 570,000 2Civic - 50,000 2Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 2Ins tu onal - 194,000 2
Total - 3,019,000 2
Total Energy Use:26,121 MWh / year57% Reduction
SB2030 80% Better Buildings2030 Energy Grid
Wind Generated - 25%
Hydro Generated - 2%
Biomass Generated - 0%
Nuclear Generated - 28%
Natural Gas Generated - 22%
Coal Generated - 15%
Electricity Imported16,978,730 kWh / year
65% of Total Energy
Natural Gas Imported9,142,392 kWh / year
35% of Total Energy
Solar Generated - 8%
Built Up Area:Low Density Housing - 534,000 2Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 2High Density Housing - 570,000 2Civic - 50,000 2Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 2Ins tu onal - 194,000 2
Total - 3,019,000 2
PV Electricity Poten al: 15,219,152 kWh / year100% of Roof Area89% of Electricity Demand58% of Total Energy Demand
Wind Generated - 25%
Hydro Generated - 2%
Biomass Generated - 0%
Nuclear Generated - 28%
Natural Gas Generated - 22%
Coal Generated - 15%
Electricity Imported1,759,578 kWh / year
7% of Total Energy
Solar Generated - 8%
Natural Gas Imported9,142,392 kWh / year
35% of Total Energy
Total Energy Use:26,121 MWh / year
SB2030 80% Better Buildings2030 Energy Grid + PV RoofsBuilt Up Area:Low Density Housing - 534,000 2Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 2High Density Housing - 570,000 2Civic - 50,000 2Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 2Ins tu onal - 194,000 2
Total - 3,019,000 2
PV Electricity Poten al: 15,219,152 kWh / year100% of Roof Area58% of Total Energy
Renewable GeneratedSolar PowerWind Power
Hydro Power
Electricity Imported10,901,970 kWh / year
42% of Total Energy
Total Energy Use:26,121 MWh / year
SB2030 80% Better BuildingsRenewable Energy Grid + PV RoofsBuilt Up Area:Low Density Housing - 534,000 2Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 2High Density Housing - 570,000 2Civic - 50,000 2Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 2Ins tu onal - 194,000 2
Total - 3,019,000 2
Net-ZeroPV Electricity Poten al: 10,448,449 kWh / year55% of Roof Area, 100% Of Demand40% of Total Energy
Net-Posi vePV Electricity Poten al: 15,219,152 kWh / year100% of Roof Area, 145% of Demand4,770,703 kWh back to grid, electricity for 491 single family homes
Hea ng and Cooling Energy Generated by Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System
15,672,673 kWh / year60% of Total Energy
Total Energy Use:26,121 MWh / year
SB2030 80% Better BuildingsOn-Site Renewable EnergyBuilt Up Area:Low Density Housing - 534,000 2Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 2High Density Housing - 570,000 2Civic - 50,000 2Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 2Ins tu onal - 194,000 2
Total - 3,019,000 2
Code Buildings2015 Energy Grid
Ford PlantHydroelectric
Power
Pre-Settlement Code Buildings2030 Energy Grid
SB2030 80% Buildings2030 Energy Grid
SB2030 80% BuildingsPV Roofs +
2030 Energy Grid
SB2030 80% BuildingsPV Roofs +Renewable Energy Grid
SB2030 80% BuildingsOn-Site Renewables
Renewable Energy Input
Solar Energy Used:5%
Thermal Storagein Ground Solar Energy Used:
0% Hydro Energy Used:
100%
Solar Energy Used:8%
Solar Energy Used:8%
Solar Energy Used:58%
Solar Energy Used:58%
Renewable Energy Used:
42%
Solar Energy Used:40%
Extra Solar Energy Produced:
+15%
ATES Energy Used:60%
OFFICE PROTOTYPE
RETAIL
OFFICE
ENVELOPE: Tightly insulated walls (R42), windows (U-0.24), and roof (R35). Insula�on values exceed building code by 30-55%.18.9 kBtu/sf / year EUI44% reduc�on in energy demand969 metric tons CO2 saved
HUMAN POWERED LIVING: Open and a�rac�ve stair encourages occupants to use stairs instead of electricity-driven elevators.50% reduc�on in elevator trips can save 6,701 kWh per year, equivalent to 4.6 metric tons of CO2
HVAC: Ground source heat pump �ed into aquifer thermal energy storage. Provides hea�ng and cooling using deep underground aquifer.
HUMAN POWERED LIVING: Dense neighborhood with frequent pedestrian and bicycle paths encourages residents and building users to leave cars behind.
INTERNAL LOADS: Ligh�ng power densi�es are limited to 0.4 wa�s / �2.Equipment power densi�es limited to 0.8 wa�s / �2.44% reduc�on in ligh�ng wa�s / �2 from code20% reduc�on in equipment wa�s / �2 from typical building
GREY WATER REUSE: Collect and treat grey water from sinks and use it to ush toilets and urinals. Excess grey water will be used for irriga�on.67,258 gallons of grey water produced each month100% of demand for grey water met
RAINWATER CAPTURE: Collect rainwater from roof, treat and store in cistern for use in building.48,500 gallons of rain water collected each month72% of demand for potable water met
SOLAR ARRAY: Renewable energy generated on site using two-way solar array that maximizes produc�on poten�al.1,394,650kWh produced yearly92% of elec�city demand met962 metric tons CO2 saved
PROGRAM: A mixed-use building with retail and office program.26,865 square feet of retail150,000 square feet of office
IMPROVED CASE - BY THE NUMBERSMulti Family and Retail
BUILDING DETAILS219,096 Total SF7,658 Retail SF on 1st Floor187 Units on 1st-6th Floor37,073 Roof SF
ENERGY PERFORMANCE38.2 kBtu/sf/yr EUI511,870 kW Photovoltaic Array
WATER USE35% of Potable Water Demand met by Rainfall18.13 Gallon Demand per Person per Day
VALUE$000 / SF Baseline$000 / SF Net Zero Energy$000 / SF Net Zero Water$000 / SF Living Building Challenge
MAJOR DESIGN STRATEGIES
53% Potable Water Demand Reduction
Rainwater capture & Greywater reuse
Increased R Values for Walls & Roof
Improved Glazing Performance
Lighting Power Densities reduced 20%
Lights dim when daylighting reaches 45fc
Orientation optimized for performance
RESIDENTIAL PROTOTYPE
STORAGE
RETAIL
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
SOLAR ARRAY: Photovoltaic panels covering the roof area generate 18% of the building’s energy demand.
BUILDING ENVELOPE: Increased insula on in exterior walls (R60) and roof (R80) and improved glazing (U-0.24) reduce energy demands throughout the year.
PROGRAM: Mixed use Residen al and Retail 171,459 SF of Residen al Space7,658 SF of Retail
HUMAN POWERED LIVING: Centrally-located stairs provide views of surrounding neighborhood and encour-age users to use stairs rather than elevator.
HVAC: Ground source heat pump system uses year-round average underground temperature to coolor warm interior spaces.
RAINWATER CAPTURE: Roo op rainwater collec on to treat and used to meet 35% of monthly potable water demand
HUMAN POWERED LIVING: Dense neighborhood with frequent pedestrian and bicycle paths encourages residents and building users to leave cars behind.
INTERNAL LOADS: Reduc on in ligh ng power densi es and equipment power densi es by 20% reduces EUI by 3 kBtu/sf/yr.
GREYWATER REUSE: Basement cisterns collect greywater from within building to reuse for toilets and urinals. Able to provide for 100% of greywater demand.
Sources: http://www.johnweeks.com/bridges/pages/lockdam01.htmlPhoto credit: JERRY CIARDELLI, ERDAHL AERIAL PHOTOS
Hydro Energy Input14.4 MWh / year
Ford Plant1925-2011
Built Up Area:
Total - Approx. 2,000,000 2
St. Paul Ford Site: Twin Cities Assembly Plant to a 21st Century Community
- Opened in 1925, built in St. Paul on the promise of cheap hydropower.- The Ford Dam, part of Lock and Dam No. 1, was completed in 1929 and provided 14.4 Mw of electricity. - Glass was made from 1926 to 1959, and was produced from silica mined on site. The mining tunnels still exist below grade. - Closure of the plant was announced in April of 2006, and the last vehicle was produced on December 16, 2011.
- Site clean up and environmental testing is ongoing to prepare the property for future development. - St. Paul Mayor Chris Coleman has emphasized a desire for “net-zero” community that includes housing, commercial space, park space, and transportation options.
DEMAND: 197,822 kWh / year
ONE STORY OFFICE
PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND328%
DEMAND: 395,645 kWh / year
TWO STORY OFFICE
PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND164%
DEMAND: 593,468 kWh / year
THREE STORY OFFICE
PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND109%
DEMAND: 791,291 kWh / year
FOUR STORY OFFICE
PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND82%
DEMAND: 989,114 kWh / year
FIVE STORY OFFICE
PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND66%
EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year
DEMAND: 314,378 kWh / year
ONE STORY RESIDENTIAL
PV PRODUCTION: 724,581 kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND230%
DEMAND: 628,757 kWh / year
TWO STORY RESIDENTIAL
PV PRODUCTION: 724,581kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND115%
DEMAND: 943,135 kWh / year
THREE STORY RESIDENTIAL
PV PRODUCTION: 724,581 kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND76%
DEMAND: 1,257,514 kWh / year
FOUR STORY RESIDENTIAL
PV PRODUCTION: 724,581 kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND58%
DEMAND: 1,571,892 kWh / year
FIVE STORY RESIDENTIAL
PV PRODUCTION: 724,581 kWh / year
PV ARRAY MEETS
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND46%
EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Small OfficeMedium Office
Large Office
Stand Alone RetailStrip Mall Retail
Supermarket
Primary SchoolSecondary School
HospitalOutpatient Health Care
Full‐Service RestaurantQuick‐Service Restaurant
Small HotelLarge Hotel
Warehouse
Mid‐Rise ApartmentHigh‐Rise Apartment
Prototype OfficePrototype Residential
Square Feet
Build
ing
Use
Area Powered Per Sq.ft. of PV in St. Paul, MN
1 sq.ft. PV Panel
3.3 sq.ft. Office area
1 sq.ft. PV Panel
2.3 sq.ft. Residential area
1 sq.ft. PV Panel
3.3 sq.ft. Office area
1 sq.ft. PV Panel
2.3 sq.ft. Residential area
Center for Sustainable Building Research Center for Sustainable Building Research
From Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development, John Tillman Lyle, 1994
Office Prototype
Design Strategies
Load ProfilesOffice - Code Residential- CodeOffice - Improved Residential - Improved
Rendering Key Plan
Design Strategies
Residential Prototype
1. Office Building Prototype
2. Residential Building Prototype
3. Residential Building Prototype Back Yard with Urban Agriculture
On December 2011, Ford Motor Company closed its Twin Cities Assembly Plant, which had operated in Saint Paul for over 80 years. The 157 acre property is located on the east bank of the Mississippi River, surrounded by a vibrant residential community and business district. The redeveloped Saint Paul Ford site is envisioned to be a global model of ingenuity, cutting edge sustainability, and vibrant, transit-oriented urban living that attracts the generations of tomorrow and today. This project will build on Saint Paul’s demonstrated success of initiatives to improve energy efficiency, reduce fossil fuel use and expand renewable energy generation, but will take it to the next level by striving for a net-zero community. The underpinning of this requires a site-wide,integrated energy system that incorporates renewable energy sources and design efficiencies to reduce demand and reuse energy. The site will be redeveloped from scratch starting in 2018 with installation of new utilities, streets, sewers and water providing a unique opportunity to design an integrated energy system.
A fundamental understanding of the energy goals for the site, demonstrated feasibility and an implementation framework were analyzed for three options to achieve a resilient and sustainable energy system. All options assumed very energy efficient buildings with performance guided by the Sustainable Buildings 2030 program the state of Minnesota adapted from Architecture 2030. The pathway to a Net Zero community is an integrated energy design concept that could serve as a model of future sustainable development.
This chart describes the relationship between energy use intensity and photovoltaic panel production potential in St. Paul, Minnesota. Various building uses are listed on the left, and the square feet of building powered by 1 square foot of PV panel is indicated by the bar. The building type highest floor-to-pv ratio is warehouse, at 3.6 sq.ft. of floor to 1 sq.ft. of PV. The building type with the lowest ratio is supermarket, at 1.25 sq.ft. of floor to 1 sq.ft. of PV. These EUI numbers are based on SB2030 80% reduction targets established for each use type.
This parametric study examines the relationship between one square foot of PV panel and the area of building able to be powered by it. The PV generated numbers calculated were established with NREL’s PV Watts software and assume a premium, roof mounted module with an 18% efficiency. This results in 73.8 kBtu (21.63 kWh) per square foot per year potential to be generated. 100% of the roof area is assumed to be available for PV generation - 33,500 ft2 for the residential building and 30,000 ft2 for the office building. The building energy use values are the result of the energy efficiency measures established above. The residential building consumes 32.0 kBtu/ft2/year (9.38 kWh/ft2/year). The office building consumes 22.5 kBtu/ft2/year (6.59 kWh/ft2/year).
THE PATH TO NET-ZERO Richard Graves, AIA - CSBRLiz Kutschke - CSBR
CARRYING CAPACITY AND NET ZERO DEVELOPMENTATES System
PV Panels
Efficiency, 57%
Hea�ng,
4%
Cooling, 5%
Fans, Pumps, and Controls, 6%
Lights, 8%
Equipment, 14%
Hot Water, 6%
Hea ng, 30%
Cooling, 5%
Fans, Pumps, and Controls, 12%
Lights, 3%
Equipment, 50%
Energy Grid
ATES System
PV Panels
Efficiency, 66%Hea�ng ,
3%
Cooling,
2%
Fans, Pumps, and Controls, 5%
Lights, 12%
Equipment 6%
Hot Water, 7%
Net-ZeroPV Electricity Poten al: 10,448,449 kWh / year55% of Roof Area, 100% Of Non-Hea ng and Cooling Demand40% of Total Energy
Net-Posi vePV Electricity Poten al: 15,219,152 kWh / year100% of Roof Area, 145% of Non-Hea ng and Cooling Demand4,770,703 kWh back to grid, electricity for 491 single family homes
Hea ng and Cooling Energy Transferred by Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System
15,672,673 kWh / year60% of Total Energy
Total Energy Use:26,121 MWh / year
SB 2030 80% Better BuildingsOn-Site Renewable EnergyBuilt Up Area:Low Density Housing - 534,000 2Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 2High Density Housing - 570,000 2Civic - 50,000 2Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 2Ins tu onal - 194,000 2
Total - 3,019,000 2
source sinks
efficiency waste
inputs outputs
consume
EXISTING THROUGHPUT SYSTEMS
· Efficiency as end goal · Degenerative linear flows