the romans
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The Romans
Founding of Rome
• 753 BC Traditional date of Rome’s founding in Latium
• Romulus and Remus• Rape of the Sabine
Women• Aeneas
Etruscans
• Greeks established themselves in Italy in the 7th Century BC
• Tarquinius Priscinus became first king of Rome in 7th Century BC
• Etruscans contributed many of the amenities that Romans enjoyed
• 510 BC Last of the Etruscan kings defeated after Junius Brutus avenged the rape of Lucretia
Political Structure
• Senate• Consuls• Praetor• Centuriate Assembly• Council of the Plebs
(471 BC)
Struggle of the Orders
• Patricians and Plebeians • 494 BC First secession of
the plebeians; creation of the office of tribune of the plebs
• 471 BC Creation of the Council of the Plebs
• 450 Publication of the Twelve Tables
• 445 Canuleian law: right of plebeians to marry patricians
• 367 Licinian-Sextus laws: one consul may be a plebeian
• 342 One consul may be a plebeian, but one must be
• 287 Hortensian law: laws passed by Council of the Plebs are binding to both classes
Conquest of Italy
• 493 Latin alliance• 396 Fall Veii• 390 Rome sacked by
Gauls• 343-290 Samnite Wars• 340-338 Revolt of Latin
allies• 338 Creation of the
Roman confederation• 281-267 Pyrrhic War
The Early Republican Army
• Roman legions• Citizen soldiers• Quincunx• Velites• Hastati• Principes• Triarii• Centurion• Cavalry
First Punic War 264-241
• Began as a result of Rome sending an army to support the city of Messina in Sicily
• 262 Battle of Agrigentum• Siege and naval warfare• 260 Battle of Mylae• 255 & 253 Fleets lost to
storms• 241 Battle of Aegates
Islands• Results
Second Punic War 218-201BC
• 238 Sardinia and Corsica seized
• Hamilcar Barca began conquest of Spain
• Hannibal Barca• 218 Siege of
Saguntum• War declared
War
• Hannibal crossed the Alps
• Nov 218 Battle of Ticinus River
• Dec. 218 Battle of the Trebia River
• June 24, 217 Battle of Trasimene
• Dictatorship of Fabius
Crucial Events
• Gaius Varro• Lucius Paullus• Aug. 2, 216 Battle of
Cannae• Macedonia joins
Hannibal as do numerous Gallic and Italian cities
• Change in strategy
Turning Points
• Scipio invaded Spain• Hannibal recalled to
Africa• Oct. 19?, 202 Battle
of Zama• Carthage besieged• Surrender• Aftermath
Third Punic War 149-146
• “Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam”
• False provocation• Siege of Carthage• End of Carthaginian
independence
Rome vs. Macedonia
• First Macedonian War 215-205 Inconclusive
• Second Macedonian War 200-196
• 197 Battle of Cynoscephalae• Greece came under Roman
control• Third Macedonian War 172-
167• Macedonia divided into 4
republics• Fourth Macedonian War 151-
146• Macedonia annexed to Rome
Rome in Transition
• Pergamum annexed in 133
• Latifundia• Reforms of Tiberius
Gracchus 163-133• Reforms of Gaius
Gracchus 153-121
Gaius Marius 157-86
• Jugurthine War 112-105
• Novus homo• First consulship 107• Held six more in his
lifetime
Marian Reforms of the Roman Army
• Legionary eagles• Removed property
requirements• Professional army• Foreign auxiliary• Allegiance given to
commanding general
Marius vs. Sulla
• Lucius Sulla 138-78• Social War 91-88• War with Mithridates
VI of Pontus• Marius allied himself
with a tribune and had Sulla replaced in 88
• Sulla marched on Rome; Marius fled to Africa
Roman Civil War 84-82
• 84 Marius returned to Rome; died 2 weeks later
• Proscription lists• 83 Sulla and Pompey
the Great• Nov 82 Battle of the
Colline Gate• 83-80 Sulla as
dictator
Pompey and Crassus
• Pompey 106-48 sent to Spain
• Marcus Crassus 115-53
• 73-71 Spartacus Revolt
• 70 Pompey and Crassus as consul
• 63 Pompey took Jerusalem
Julius Caesar
• Born July 100• Early life• Political career• 62 First Triumvirate;
Pompey, Crassus, Caesar
• Caesar in Gaul 58-51
Caesar and Pompey
• 53 Crassus killed at Carrhae
• 52 Pompey ruled as sole consul due to social unrest
• 50 Caesar requests second consulship in absentia
• 49 Pompey declared for the Senate and Caesar recalled to stand trial
Great Civil War 49-44
• Jan. 11, 49 Rubicon• Pompey to Greece;
Caesar to Spain• Jan. 4, 48 Caesar in
Greece• Aug. 9, 48 Battle of
Pharsalus• Pompey to Egypt
Great Civil War
• Oct. 2, 48 Caesar in Egypt
• Cleopatra• Aug. 2, 47 Battle of
Zela• April 46 Battle of
Thapsus• 45 Battle of Munda
Caesar in Power
• Dictator for life• Twice offered
kingship• Reforms• Ides of March 44 BC• Assassination
Marc Antony and Octavian
• Funeral of Caesar• Octavian named
Caesar’s heir• Second Triumvirate• Oct. 3 & 23, 42 Battle
of Philippi• Antony to the east;
Octavian Rome
Civil War
• 31 War between Octavian and Antony
• Sept. 2, 31 Battle of Actium
• Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
• Octavian sole ruler of Rome
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