ubiquitous computing - ppt
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Research Issues inUbiquitous Computing
Syed Imran JamiPhD Student
FAST-NU
Outline
What is Ubiquitous Computing
Scenarios
Computer Science Issues inUbiquitous Computing
Labs working on UbiComp
Web Sites / Conferences / Magazinesand Journals
Some good books
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What is Ubiquitous ComputingWhat is Ubiquitous Computing
Vision
Also known as Pervasive Computing
Some Visions are
“Computing Everywhere for Everyone”
“Embed Computing devices in the
environment” “Keep the computers in the background
presence”
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Definitions
It is the trend towards increasingly ubiquitous,connected computing devices in the environment.
a trend being brought about by a convergence ofadvanced electronic technologies and the Internet.
• Wireless enabled
Ubiquitous computing devices are not personalcomputers, but very tiny - even invisible – devices.
Can be either mobile or embedded in almost any type
of object imaginable. This may include cars, tools, appliances, clothing and
various consumer goods - all communicating throughincreasingly interconnected networks.
According to Dan Russell, director of the User Sciences andExperience Group at IBM's Almaden Research Center,
“By 2010 computing will have become so naturalized within the environmentthat people will not even realize that they are using computers”
“In future smart devices all around us will maintain current information abouttheir locations, the contexts in which they are being used, and relevant dataabout the users”
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Mark Weiser is the founder of this idea. According to him:
The goal of Ubiquitous computing is to enhance computeruse by making many computers available throughout thephysical environment, but making them effectively invisibleto the user.
Ubiquitous computing envisions a world of fully connecteddevices, with cheap wireless networks everywhere.
You need not carry anything with you, since informationwill be accessible everywhere.
Ubiquitous computing envisions computation primarily in
the background where it may not even be noticed. Ubiquitous computer gives the feeling as though you did it
yourself.
Definition: by Mark Weiser [4]
Ubiquitous Systems require Embedded processors
In everyday objects
Small cheap and light weight
Wireless Communications
Sensors
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Characteristics
Ubiquitous Systems
Can remember pertinent events
• they have a memory
Show context-sensitive behavior
• they may have sensors
• location / situation awareness
Are responsive
• communicate with their environment• networked with other smart objects
Main Theme
With ‘Ubiquity’ of Computers Information processing moves to the
background• human centered: concentrate on the task, not the
tool
• the notion „computer as a tool“ does no longerhold
New picture of computing as an invisible,ubiquitous background assistance specialized, invisible computers will become
an integral part of the natural humanenvironment
“Computing without Computers”
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Some reasons for this
revolution As per Moore’s law
Processing speed and storage capacity doubleevery 18 months• cheaper, smaller, faster
This leads to the fact that most importanttechnology parameters double every 1 – 3years: computation cycles
memory, magnetic disks
bandwidth
New devices
Smart papers
E – Ink
Live boards
Some reasons for thisrevolution
Philips prototype for smartpaper and E-Ink
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Progress in Communication Technologies Fiber optics: from Gbit/s to Tbit/s
Powerline technique coffee maker automatically connected to the Internet
Wireless mobile phone: GSM, UMTS wireless LAN (> 10 Mbit/s)
Body area networks A set of mobile and compact units (on body) enable transfer of parameters between the bodies. The data flow passes a chain of BAN modules from
each sensor to a main body station, which consolidatesthe data streams of all sensor modules attached.
Transmits the data to a home base station, from wherethey can be forwarded via telephone line or internet.
Wide application in remote health care
Some reasons for this
revolution
Better Sensors Very small cameras and microphones
• pattern recognition, assisted by heuristics• user is in a meeting
• speaker recognition, speech controlled devices
Fingerprint sensor on mobile objects
Many other types of sensors (e.g. location)
Autonomous perception of the user‘senvironment
• establishing contextual relations• recognition of objects
Some reasons for thisrevolution
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ScenariosScenarios
WatchPad1.5 by IBM
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Use as a Universal Remote Controller
WatchPad 1.5
Use as a Personal Identificator
Automated check-in at hotel and air counter
Cashless payment at restaurant and station
Medical history and prescription retrieval
Specify your preference
Use as a Display for Location Based Services Provide personalized advertisement and offering
information
Timetable and flight schedule at station and airport
Navigate you at stations
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Radio Sensors
Applications
Mobile devices
Wireless lightswitch
Fire detectors
Temperature
surveillance Remote control
Computer Science Issues inComputer Science Issues in
Ubiquitous ComputingUbiquitous Computing
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Ubiquitous Computing is an emergingdiscipline bringing together different areasof Computer Science. This includes:
Mobile Computing
Sensors & Ad hoc Networks
Computer Architecture
HCI
Data Management
Privacy & Security
ComputerArchitecture/Hardware
the computer artifact is of many sizes andshapes, including tiny inexpensive ones thatcould bring computing to everyone.
three new kinds of hardware devices arerequired: [4]
very low power computing,
low-power high-bits communication, and
pen devices.
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Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems
Several famous projectsare going on in this area
Famous Research labsare working on this area
Software CompetenceCenter Hagenberg(SCCH) Austria,
• www.scch.at
Computer Scienceand ArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory, MIT
Enables pervasive, human-centered computing through acombination of specific user and system technologies
Speech and vision technologies enable to communicatewith Oxygen as if we're interacting with another person,
Working on collaboration technologies Oxygen's device, network, and software technologies
dramatically extend range by delivering user technologies athome or at work.
Computational devices embedded in homes, offices, andcars sense and affect immediate environment.
Handheld devices empower us to communicate andcompute anywhere
Dynamic, self-configuring networks help machines locateeach other as well as the people, services, and resources
Software that adapts to changes in the environment or inuser requirements help us do what we want when we wantto do it.
Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems:Oxygen[1]
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Vision: Bringing togetherPeople, Information and Things
Investigation and evaluation ofmiddleware for: Supporting social interaction
among people Mobile ad hoc cooperation
among team members Taking into account the very
dynamic execution context ofapplications running on mobiledevices
Development of experimentalprototypes Mobile meeting agenda Location aware reminder
Mobile and UbiquitousSystems: Hydrogen [2]
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Where I am?
Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems:
Location awareness
Lot of labsworking on it
Lot ofopportunitiesfor
collaborations
Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems:Location awareness
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The central theme is totry and hide the impact ofmobility
Borrowed on notions ofdistribution transparencypopular at the time(access, location,
migration, replication,failure etc.)
Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems
Privacy
What is Privacy? An ability of an individual or group to stop information
about themselves from becoming known to peopleother than those they choose to give the informationto. [Wikipedia]
Can be seen as an aspect of Security Different Facets of privacy [3]
Bodily Privacy• Strip Searches, Drug Testing, …
Territorial Privacy• Privacy Of Your Home, Office, …
Privacy Of Communications• Phone Calls, (E-)mail, …
Informational Privacy• Personal Data (Name, Address, Hobbies, …)
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DifferentUbiquitoussystems arecoming that willcompromiseprivacy
Privacy: Issues
CommunicationPlatform for wirelessTransmission ofBody SensorReadings
Bodymedia DataCenter translates
Raw Data intoLifestyle Data whichis accessible viaWeb Interface onCompany-Site
Privacy: Bodymedia [3]
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Road Safety International Sells “Black Box” for Car
Detailed Recording of Position, Acceleration, etc.
Audio Warnings When Speeding, Cutting Corners
Continuous Reckless Driving is Reported Home
Sold as Piece of Mind for Parents
“Imagine if you could sit next to your teenager everysecond of their driving. Imagine the control you wouldhave. Would they speed? Street race? Hard corner?Hard brake? Play loud music? Probably not. But how
do they drive when you are not in the car?” Source: http://www.roadsafety.com/Teen_Driver.htm
Privacy: Virtual Dad
Car Monitoring ACME Rent-A-Car, New Jersey
• Automatically Fines Drivers US$450.-at Speeds Over 79mph– • GPS Records Exact Position of Speed Violation
AutographSystem• Pilot Program 1998/99, Houston, TX• Insurance based on individual driving habits (When, Where, How)• GPS Tracking, Mobile Communication, Data Center
Future: Tracking Your Personal Mobile Phone Source: Insurance& Technology Online, Jan 2nd 2002
(http://www.insurancetech.com/story/update/IST20020108S0004)
Other Examples Electronic Toll Gates Consumer Loyalty Cards Electronic Patient Data Computer Assisted Passenger Screening (CAPS)
• Improved Systems in the Works (post 9/11)
Plans: Link Travel Data, Credit Card Records, AddressInformation, …
Privacy
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Privacy: Some partial solutions
No hidden data collection!
Legal requirement in many countries
Establish privacy policies
How to publish policies in Ubicomp?
Periodic broadcasts
• Too many devices?
• Countless announcements an annoyance
Use Anonymous data for analysis and experiment comes cheap no consent, security, access needed
Pseudonyms allow for customization user can discard at any time
Sometimes one cannot hide No anonymizing cameras & microphones Real-world data hard to anonymized
Even pseudonyms can reveal true identity Real-world has complex situation-dependant
security requirements Free access to medical data in emergency
situations
Privacy: Some partial solutions
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Identifiable data must be accessible
Users can review, change, sometimesdelete
Collectors must be accountable
Try some Privacy-aware storagetechnology?
Ubicomp applications need lots of data
Increased need for accounting andaccess
Privacy: Some partial solutions
No spying, please (Proximity)
Devices only record if owner ispresent
Rumors should not spread(Locality)
Local information stays local Walls and Flower-Pots can talk (but
won‘t do so over the phone)
Privacy: Some partial solutions
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Sensors in Ubiquitous
Computing Issues [3]
Why sensing is important forUbiquitous computing
Examples of how sensing featuresused in ubicomp projects
Some new trends in Sensing
Issues in distributed sensing
Why we need Sensing
Ubiquitous Computing need systems that adapt topeople, as opposed to people adapting to systems
Reactive to what people do
Proactive, anticipating what people want to do
Situated, sharing context with human user
Necessary for interaction between people and systems
All this requires ability for observation of human activity
“if a computer merely knows what room it is in, it canadapt its behaviour without even a hint of AI”
Sensors in UbiquitousComputing
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Enabling Technology
As per Moore’s Law
‘sensors in overdrive’
dramatic drop in price
Drop in size
Require energy
Sensors in Ubiquitous
Computing
Examples of Sensing inUbiquitous Computing
Location Sensing [4]
Active Badge System
• ORL, Cambridge/UK,
• 1989-92
• Locating people (and devices)• Room-level accuracy
• Badges worn by people emitbeacons
• Sensors with known location
Sensors: Examples
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The Bat Ultrasonic LocationSystem [3]
Highly accurate indoorpositioning
95% of readings within 3cm
Bat device emits short pulse ofultrasound
Ceiling mounted sensor array
Sentient Computing [3]
Use sensors to construct model
of the environment Shared view of the world
between system and user
Sensors: Examples
“Weight Lab” [3]
An environment inwhich all surfaces areload-sensitive
Floor, tables,
chairs,shelves, trays Activity tracking with
infrastructure
Sensors: Examples
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Orientation-awareNewton MessagePad [5]
Sensors as UI element
Sensors: Smart device
The Aware Home [3]
Research initiative atGaTech
‘A Living Lab for UbicompResearch’
Large-scale deployment
of sensors for perceptionof everyday activities
Smart Home
Sensors: Smart device
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Smart Palm PC
Microsoft Research Hinckleyet al
Sensors to improve userinteraction
Detecting simple percepts• holding & duration
• tilt, orientation etc
Detecting simple motion• “dictaphone” gesture
• scrolling
Sensors: Smart device
TEA Mobile Phone [3]
Integration of diverse simplesensors (light, audio, acceleration,temperature, touch)
Sensor fusion for perception ofdevice context (car, meeting, home,...)
Shared context among phone users
context call context phonebook
Sensors: Smart device
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Wearable Sensing
StartleCam [3]
MITMediaLab
Example for sensing theuser
Sensing generally
important in wearables
Sensors: Smart device
The Mediacup [3]
TecO Karlsruhe, 1999-2000
Wireless sensor device embedded inordinary coffee cup
Movement, weight, temperaturesensing
On-board computation of user-levelcontext:
“filled up”, “gone cold”, etc.
>95% reliable context prediction ineveryday use
Sensors: Smart device
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Device-based sensing (Portable, Wearable)
Sense the user, the location, the immediateenvironment
• Enable proactive/reactive behaviours, novel UItechniques
Environment-based sensing• Homogeneous sensing infrastructure to supply devices
• Smart environment control, responsive rooms etc
Wireless sensor devices and networks• Heterogeneous sensors, ad hoc organized
• Large-scale observation of the physical world• Deep embedding in physical objects
Sensors in Ubiquitous
Computing
Issues
In current trends we require distributed sensing
To facilitate combination of distributed observations
Factoring out sensing from devices into infrastructure
Separation of sensing and application into distributedentities
Some implications
Location and time need to be considered
Data delivery from sensor to application Where to sense: device vs. infrastructure
Sensors: Distributed
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There are real-time and “real-place” issues Real-time issues
Value of observation time-dependent• e.g. can become irrelevant after some time
Latency can contribute to inaccuracy• e.g. location reading of moving objects
Synchronization of distributed observations
“Real-place” issues Arising with mobile/flexible sensor nodes Value of observation location-dependent
• e.g. less relevant the greater the distance betweensensor node and observed entity
Location also relevant for combination of sensors Localization hot issues for wireless sensor networks!
Sensors: Location and Time
Application-level Delivery Models Continuous: sensors communicate their data at pre-
specified rate Event-driven: report data only if event of interest occurs Request-reply: report only response to an application
request
Network-level Routing Models Flooding: broadcasting observations to neighbors, who
rebroadcast until application is reached
Directed Diffusion: data-centric protocol• Data is named by attribute-value pairs• Applications submit queries, diffused through the network• Nodes satisfying the query start transmitting data
Sensors: Sensor Data Delivery
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Where to Sense Smart Device vs Smart Environment
e.g. location sensing• ‘GPS model’: infrastructure sends it’s coordinates,
device computes it’s position• ‘Active Badge model’: device/client sends beacon,
infrastructure computes position
Privacy issues: who’s in control over locationinformation
Distributed systems issues System-wide location management
Client reliance on infrastructure Protocols to talk about location
Sensors
Conclusion: What will happen
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Labs & ProjectsLabs & Projects
The Labscape Project - Ubiquitous Computing in the Cell Biology Laboratory Larry Arnstein, Research Assistant Professor, Department of Computer
Science & Engineering, University of Washington
Stephen S. Intille's work on ubiquitous sensing Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ubiquitous Computing research at Yano Lab, Tokushima university, Japan Ubiquitous Chip Research Laboratory
Internet Systems Research Laboratories, NEC Corp. and Osaka Universitycollaboration lab
The Handheld Devices for Ubiquitous Learning Project (HDUL) Project Aura - Distraction-free Ubiquitous Computing
CMU
The Ubiquitous Communications (UbiCom) program at Delft University. Ubiquitous Networking Laboratory.
Harvard
Ubiquitous Computing research - The Intelligence Engineering Lab (IEL) of Instituteof Software, Chinese Academy of Science (ISCAS)
Ubiquitous Computing Lab Department of Information Systems and Multimedia Design School of Engineering,
Tokyo Denki University UC Lab, Keio University M-Lab - The Mobile And Ubiquitous Computing Lab Ubiquitous Networked Media Computing Projects.
Nara Institute of Science and Technology
Ubiquitous Computing & Communication Laboratory, Keio University, Japan Multi-Agent Distributed Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing Lab
at the Computer Science Department University of Saskatchewan
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BooksBooks
Pervasive Computing: Technology and Architecture of Mobile InternetApplicationsby Horst Henn, Stefan Hepper, Klaus Rindtorff, Thomas Schack (Editor),
Provides both a theoretical overview and a practical guide The first part of the book walks through the essential protocols, standards
and architectures involved The second part uses a continuous real-world example to present an end-to-
end architecture for implementing pervasive computing applications. first book to offer an understanding of the scope and the implications of
pervasive computing Good for IT managers, professionals, architects, consultants, developers,
and students concerned with internet and web technologies.
Contents of Pervasive Computing include: Introduction to pervasive devices and their applications Overview of the key technologies and protocols Web application concepts WAP and beyond Voice Technology Server-side programming in Java Pervasive web application architecture Device-independent example application Accessing the example application via PC, PDA, WAP and voice
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Books
Mobile and Ubiquitous Information Accessby Fabio Crestani, Mark Dunlop, StefanoMizzaro
Contains thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the International Workshop onMobile and Ubiquitous Information Accessheld in Udine, Italy in September 2003 duringMobile HCI 2003.
The 21 articles in the book are organized intopical sections on foundations: concepts, models, and
paradigms; interactions; applications and experimental evaluations; context and location.
Security for Ubiquitous Computing)by Frank Stajano
Focuses on two very hot topics: ad-hocwireless networking and security
Covers security issues for well-established and widely usedtechnologies such as GSM, Bluetooth,and IP
Includes basics on security andcryptography
Describes the security issues in peer-to-peer networking
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UbiComp 2005: UbiquitousComputing: 7thInternational Conference,UbiComp 2005, Tokyo,Japan, September 11-14,2005, Proceedings (LectureNotes in Computer Science)(Paperback)by Michael Beigl (Editor),Stephen Intille (Editor), Jun
Rekimoto (Editor), HideyukiTokuda (Editor)
Fundamentals of Mobile and PervasiveComputingby Frank Adelstein, Sandeep KS Gupta,Golden Richard III, Loren Schwiebert
Provide engineering principles underlyingmobile computing
Good as a text book for graduates and seniorundergraduates.
Contains extensive Exercises, projects, andsolutions.
Gives the preview of the latest research thatwill help realize the full potential of pervasivecomputing
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References
[1] MIT Project Oxygen, Computer Science and ArtificialIntelligence Laboratory, MIThttp://oxygen.lcs.mit.edu/index.html
[2] The Hydrogen Project at Software CompetenceCenter Hagenberg, Austriahttp://www.scch.at/index.jsp
[3] Lecture notes and presentations, Summer School onUbiquitous and Pervasive Computing August 7-14,2002 Schloss, Dagstuhl, Germanyhttp://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/events/dag2002/
[4] Mark Wieser, Computer Science Laboratory at XeroxPARC, http://www.ubiq.com/weiser/
[5] Newton MessagePad, Newton Team, Apple.http://www.msu.edu/~luckie/gallery/mp100.htm
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