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UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY 10TH EDITION
By Robert Feldman
Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman
Revised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt
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Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
CHAPTER 03
NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
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MODULE 7: Neurons:
The Basic Elements of Behavior
Why do psychologists study the brain and nervous system?
What are the basic elements of the nervous system?
How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another?
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The Structure of the Neuron
Neurons (Nerve Cells)
› Basic elements of the
nervous system
› As many as 1 trillion
Glial cells
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The Structure of the Neuron
Dendrites
› Clusters of fibers that receive messages from
other neurons
Axon
› Carries messages received by the dendrites to
other neurons
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The Structure of the Neuron
Terminal buttons
› Sends messages to other neurons
Impulses
Myelin sheath
› Protective coating of fat and protein that wraps
around the axon like links of sausage
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How Neurons Fire
Transmit an electrical
impulse along the axon
› All-or-none law
› Resting state
› Action potential
› Mirror neurons
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Where Neurons Meet:
Bridging the Gap
Synapse
› Space between two
neurons where the axon
of a sending neuron
communicates with the
dendrites of a receiving
neuron by using
chemical messages
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Where Neurons Meet:
Bridging the Gap
Neurotransmitters
› Chemicals that carry messages across the
synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron
Excitatory messages
Increase likelihood that neuron will fire
Inhibitory messages
Decrease likelihood that neuron will fire
Re uptake
Reabsorption by the terminal button
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) reducing
the symptoms of depression9
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Neurotransmitters:
Multitalented Chemical Couriers
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Glutamate
Gamma-amino butyric
acid (GABA)
Dopamine (DA)
Serotonin
Endorphins
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Neurotransmitters:
Multitalented Chemical Couriers
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RECAP
Why do psychologists study the brain and nervous system?
• A full understanding of human behavior requires knowledge of the biological influences underlying that behavior, especially those originating in the nervous system. Psychologists who specialize in studying the effects of biological structures and functions on behavior are known as behavioral neuroscientists. (p. 60)
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RECAP
What are the basic elements of the nervous system?
• Neurons, the most basic elements of the nervous system, carry
nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.
Information in a neuron generally follows a route that begins
with the dendrites, continues into the cell body, and leads
ultimately down the tubelike extension, the axon. (p. 61)
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RECAP
How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another?
• Most axons are insulated by a coating called the myelin sheath.
When a neuron receives a message to fi re, it releases an
action potential, an electric charge that travels through the
axon. Neurons operate according to an all-or-none law: Either
they are at rest, or an action potential is moving through them.
There is no in-between state. (p. 62)
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RECAP
How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another?
• Once a neuron fires, nerve impulses are carried to other
neurons through the production of chemical substances,
neurotransmitters, that actually bridge the gaps—known as
synapses—between neurons. Neurotransmitters may be
either excitatory, telling other neurons to fire, or inhibitory,
preventing or decreasing the likelihood of other neurons fi
ring. (p. 65)
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RECAP
How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another?
• Endorphins, another type of neurotransmitter, are related to the
reduction of pain. Endorphins aid in the production of a
natural painkiller and are probably responsible for creating the
kind of euphoria that joggers sometimes experience after
running. (p. 68)
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1. The …………. is the fundamental element of the nervous
system.
Neuron
2. Neurons receive information through their ………… and
send messages through their ……….. .
Dendrites axons
3. Just as electrical wires have an outer coating, axons are
insulated by a coating called the …………….. .
myelin sheath
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4. The gap between two neurons is bridged by a chemical
connection called a ………….. .
synapse
5. Endorphins are one kind of …………… , the chemical
“messengers” between neurons.
neurotransmitter
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1. How might psychologists use drugs that mimic the
effects of neurotransmitters to treat psychological
disorders?
2. From the perspective of a health care provider: How
would you explain the placebo effect and the role of
endorphins to patients who wish to try unproven
treatment methods that they find on the Web?
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MODULE 8: The Nervous System & the Endocrine System
Communicating Within the Body
› How are the structures of the nervous system
linked together?
› How does the endocrine system affect behavior?
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The Nervous System:
Linking Neurons
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
› Central nervous system
Spinal cord
Reflex
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Interneurons
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The Nervous System:
Linking Neurons
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
› Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic division
Voluntary movements
Autonomic division
Controls organs that function automatically
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Activating the Divisions of the
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division
› Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful
situations by engaging all of the organism’s
resources to run away or confront the threat
“Fight or flight”
Parasympathetic Division
› Calms the body after emergency ends
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The Evolutionary Foundations of
the Nervous System
Evolutionary Psychology
› Branch of psychology that seeks to identify how
behavior is influenced and produced by our
genetic inheritance from our ancestors
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The Evolutionary Foundations of
the Nervous System
Behavioral Genetics
› Studies the effects of heredity on behavior
Molecular genetics and psychological disorders
Genetic markers
Behavioral genetics, gene therapy, and genetic
counseling
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The Endocrine System:
Chemicals and Glands
Chemical
communication network
that sends messages
throughout the body via
the bloodstream
› Hormones
› Pituitary gland
“Master gland”
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MODULE 9: The Brain
How do researchers identify the major parts
and functions of the brain?
What are the major parts of the brain, and for
what behaviors is each part responsible?
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Watch
1. Brain Structure and Functions video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI
2. Know Your Brain video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMgnBGoUxHA
MODULE 9: The Brain
How do the two halves of the brain operate
interdependently?
How can an understanding of the nervous
system help us find ways to alleviate disease
and pain?
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Studying the Brain’s Structure and Functions
Spying on the Brain
› Electroencephalogram (EEG)
› Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
› Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
› Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
Central Core
› Hindbrain
Medulla
Breathing and
heartbeat
Pons
Transmitter of motor
information
Cerebellum
Balance
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The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
Central Core
› Reticular formation
Passes through the midbrain and into the forebrain
Activates other parts of the brain to produce bodily
arousal
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The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
Central Core
› Thalamus
Relay station for information about the senses
› Hypothalamus
Homeostasis
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The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
The Limbic System:
Beyond the Central
Core
› Amygdala
› Hippocampus
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The Cerebral Cortex:
Our “New Brain”
Cerebral Cortex
› Gives the ability to think,
evaluate, and make
complex judgments
Lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
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The Cerebral Cortex:
Our “New Brain”
The Motor Area of the Cortex
› Largely responsible for the body’s voluntary
movement
The Sensory Area of the Cortex
› Corresponds to body sensations
Somatosensory area
Touch
Pressure 38
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Somatosensory Area
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The Cerebral Cortex:
Our “New Brain”
The Association Areas of the Cortex
› Executive functions
Higher mental processes such as planning, goal
setting, judgment, and impulse control
Phineas Gage
Aphasia
Broca’s aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
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Neuroplasticity and the Brain
Neuroplasticity
› The brain continually reorganizing itself
Neurogenesis
› New neurons created in certain areas of the brain
during adulthood
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The Specialization of the Hemispheres
Two Brains or One?
Left and right symmetrical halves› Lateralized
Left
Verbal competence
Processes information sequentially
Right
Spatial relationships
Recognition of patterns and drawings
Music
Emotional expression
Processes information globally 42
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The Split Brain:
Exploring the Two Hemispheres
Split-brain patients
› Corpus callosum
surgically cut
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