utilization of coconut shell as fine … · utilization of coconut shell as fine aggregate in...
Post on 18-Jul-2018
216 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
UTILIZATION OF COCONUT SHELL AS FINE AGGREGATE
IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE AC14
NURFATIN AQEELA BINTI MIRON
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering(Civil-Transportation & Highway)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2015
iii
To my beloved parents for love and support
Miron & Asmaliah
To all the siblings for pray and motivation
Radzi, Nazri, Amin, Hani, Fahmie, Nurul, Muhammad, Syafiq
To all the niece & nephew, you are my strength
Darwisy, Damia, Dhia, Dhaifullah, Hanis, Hilman, Harraz, Aril
To all family members
To my supervisor for advice and motivation
Dr Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
To my other half
Muhammad Raihan bin Samuri
To my lab partners
Amiera, Hafizah
To my UTM’s siblings
Hayati, Hidayah, Nabiela, Naemah, Najwa
To all my friends and colleagues for assists and ear toward this study
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“In the Mighty Name of Allah, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful”
First and foremost, I am grateful to Allah for giving me the strength and will
in completing my research study. Thank you for giving me guidance and courage to
complete this Master Project. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my only
parents, Miron bin Taarol and Asmaliah binti Mohd Sahid and also my entire family
who give consistent love and support to me during my study.
I would like to express my grateful and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya for being the most helpful, understanding, and patient in
guiding and advising me in order to finish this Master Project.
Apart from that, I am very thankfull to all technicians of Highway and
Transportation Laboratory of UTM, Mr Azri, Mr Sahak and Mr Azman for their
assistance and helpfulness during laboratory work. Special thanks also to my lab
partners, Amiera, Hafizah, Azim and Amirul for their cooperation while doing
laboratory work.
Besides that, big thank you to my faithful UTM’s sibling who have always
been there for me and give me their strength toward the completion of this study.
v
ABSTRAC
Many previous studies have been done to carry out the waste material that
can use to increase the performance of road pavement. Oil palm kernel shell, scrap
tyre, and building waste material are the example of waste material that have been
investigate to replace aggregate in road construction. Another alternative is to use
coconut shell. Coconut shell is by product from agriculture activity. This study
present the laboratory evaluation of aggregate properties on coconut shell and the
performance of asphaltic concrete that use coconut shell to replace the fine
aggregate. Only AC14 and 80/100 PEN bitumen were consider in this study. The
investigations on the aggregate properties containing coconut shell are aggregate
impact value (AIV) and specific gravity & water absorption. While, tests for
performance of conventional asphaltic concrete AC14 and ACCS are volumetric
properties, indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus and dynamic creep test. The
result of the test shows that conventional asphaltic concrete AC14 give better
volumetric properties than ACCS. For mechanical properties, replacement 10% of
coconut shell as fine aggregate (ACCS10) shows better result than conventional
asphaltic concrete AC14. Since this pavement has low strength, it will be only
suitable for low traffic volume and at rural area.
Keywords: Coconut Shell, Asphaltic Concrete, Fine Aggregate, Waste Material
vi
ABSTRAK
Terdapat banyak kajian lampau telah dilakukan terhadap bahan buangan yang
boleh digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualiti turapan jalan raya. Tempurung kelapa
sawit, tayar sekerap, dan bahan buangan binaan adalah contoh buangan yang telah
dikaji untuk menggantikan batu baur dalam pembinaan jalan raya. Alternatif lain
adalah dengan menggunakan tempurung kelapa. Tempurung kelapa adalah produk
hasil daripada aktiviti pertanian. Kajian ini membentangkan penilaian makmal
hartanah agregat pada tempurung kelapa dan prestasi konkrit asfalt yang
menggunakan tempurung kelapa untuk menggantikan agregat halus. Hanya AC14
dan bitumen 80/100 PEN yang digunakan dalam kajian ini. Siasatan ke atas sifat-
sifat agregat yang mengandungi tempurung kelapa adalah nilai hentaman agregat
(AIV) dan spesifik graviti & penyerapan air. Sementara itu, ujian untuk prestasi
konvensional AC14 konkrit asfalt dan ACCS termasuk perlakuan isipadu, kekuatan
tegangan tidak langsung, modulus berdaya tahan dan ujian rayapan dinamik.
Keputusan ujian menunjukkan bahawa konvensional AC14 konkrit asfalt
menunjukkan sifat volumetric adalah lebih baik daripada ACCS. Bagi sifat mekanik,
penggantian 10% daripada tempurung kelapa sebagai agregat halus (ACCS10)
menunjukkan keputusan yang lebih baik daripada konvensional AC14 konkrit asfalt.
Oleh kerana turapan ini mempunyai kekuatan yang rendah, ia akan hanya sesuai
untuk jumlah trafik yang rendah dan di kawasan luar bandar.
Kata Kunci: Tempurung Kelapa, Konkrit Asphalt, Agregat Halus, Bahan Buangan
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION OF THESIS STATUS
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF APPENDICES xiii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective of Study 3
1.4 Scope of Study 4
1.5 Significant of Study 4
viii
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Flexible Pavement 6
2.2.1 Bitumen Binders 7
2.2.2 Aggregates 9
2.2.2.1 Size of Aggregates 9
2.2.2.2 Grading of Aggregates 10
2.3 Coconut Shell 12
2.4 Application of Coconut Shell in Civil Engineering 13
2.5 Waste Material Used as Aggregates in Road
Construction 14
3 METHODOLOGY 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Operational Frame Work 17
3.3 Preparation of Coconut Shell as Aggregate 17
3.4 Aggregate Separation 19
3.5 Aggregate Properties Testing 21
3.5.1 Aggregate Impact Value 21
3.5.2 Specific Gravity and water Absorption 23
3.6 Theoretical Maximum Density (TMD) 27
3.7 Asphalt Concrete Properties Testing 30
3.7.1 Marshall Mix Design 30
3.7.2 Marshall Test 34
3.7.2.1 Analysis of Air Void in the
Compacted Mix (VTM) 37
3.7.2.2 Voids Filled with Bitumen (VFB) 37
3.7.2.3 Flow and Stability Test 38
3.7.3 Determination of Optimum Bitumen
Content (OBC) 38
3.7.4 Indirect Tensile Strength 39
3.7.5 Resilient Modulus 41
3.7.6 Dynamic Creep Test 43
ix
4 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS 45
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Aggregates Sieving 46
4.3 Properties of Aggregate Analysis 46
4.3.1 Theoretical Maximum Density 47
4.4 Marshall Test Analysis 48
4.4.1 Determination of Optimum Bitumen
Content 48
4.4.2 Result of Volumetric Properties 49
4.4.2.1 Density Analysis 50
4.4.2.2 Voids in Total Mix Analysis 51
4.4.2.3 Voids Filled with Bitumen
Analysis 52
4.4.2.4 Stability Analysis 53
4.4.2.5 Flow Analysis 54
4.4.2.5 Stiffness Analysis 54
4.5 Indirect Tensile Strength Analysis 55
4.6 Resilient Modulus Analysis 56
4.7 Dynamic Creep Test Analysis 57
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 59
5.1 Introduction 59
5.2 Conclusions 59
5.3 Recommendation 61
REFERENCES 62
Appendices A-H 64
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
Table 2.1 Sieve designation 11
Table 3.1 Gradation limit for AC14 (JKR, 2008) 20
Table 3.2 Mixing and compaction temperatures (ASTM D1559) 33
Table 3.3 Test and analysis parameters (JKR, 2008) 39
Table 4.1 Aggregates testing results 47
Table 4.2 Marshall test result for obtaining OBC 48
Table 4.3 Volumetric properties of AC14 and ACCS 49
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
Figure 2.1 Load transfer for flexible pavement 6
Figure 2.2 Layers of flexible pavement 7
Figure 2.3 Five grading aggregates 11
Figure 2.4 Coconut shell 13
Figure 2.5 Coconut shell as aggregates 13
Figure 3.1 Flowchart of Methodology 18
Figure 3.2 Coconut shell being crush using aggregate crushing value 17
Figure 3.3 Graphical gradation limit of asphaltic concrete AC14
(JKR,2008) 20
Figure 3.4 Specimen was compacted by 25 strokes of the tamping
rod 23
Figure 3.5 Specimen was subjected to 15 blows 23
Figure 3.6 Fine aggregate was immersed in 6% of moisture 25
Figure 3.7 Fine aggregate retain the molded shape 25
Figure 3.8 Coconut shell immersed in water 27
Figure 3.9 Sample after dried in oven 27
xii
Figure 3.10 Sample during vacuum and agitation for 15 ± 2 min 30
Figure 3.11 Compaction hammer that being used 32
Figure 3.12 During cooling process 36
Figure 3.13 Loading strips are parallel and centered on the vertical
diametral plane 41
Figure 3.14 Vertical compressive ramp load was applied 41
Figure 4.1 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to density 50
Figure 4.2 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to voids in
total mix 51
Figure 4.3 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to voids filled
with bitumen 52
Figure 4.4 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to stability 53
Figure 4.5 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to flow 54
Figure 4.6 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to stiffness 55
Figure 4.7 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to tensile
strength 56
Figure 4.8 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to resilient
modulus at different test temperature 57
Figure 4.9 Effect of different percentage coconut shell on creep
modulus 58
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Distribution of Mass Aggregate of AC14 66
A1 Amount of coconut shell being replaced
according to their percentage
66
B Aggregate Properties Test Result 67
C Theoretical Maximum Density for Marshall Test 70
C1 Theoretical Maximum Density for Volumetric
Properties for ACCS
71
D Marshall Test Analysis Result for Determining
the Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC)
72
D1 Graphical for Determining the Optimum
Bitumen Content (OBC)
73
E Volumetric Properties for Asphaltic Concrete
Containing Coconut Shell (ACCS)
74
F Indirect Tensile Strength Test Result 75
G Resilient Modulus Test Result 76
H Dynamic Creep Modulus Test Result 77
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Malaysia is a country which economic growth rapidly. Therefore, Malaysia
must have good roadway and transportation to cater the demand on the road. There
have many factors that can give good highway such as material used to construct the
road, road furniture, infrastructure and drainage.
Basic materials that being used in road pavement construction for wearing
course are aggregates, bitumen and filler. Aggregate is the main material that makes
up about 93% of the mix. The strength is resulted from the interlocks between the
aggregate and assist to distribute loads from the traffic in the pavement. While,
bitumen or known as asphalt is a binder to glue the aggregate together to form an
improved mix. Next, filler will fill the voids between aggregate and helps stiffening
the binder to produce a stronger and stiffer mix could last longer.
Nowadays, there are so many researches that has been done to improve and
upgrading the materials for preparing hot mix asphalt. The utilization of waste
2
material as a replacement in materials for producing hot mix asphalt can give a lot of
benefit to the humans. Coconut shell is a one of the alternative that can be used to
replace aggregate in preparing a flexible pavement.
Coconut is grown in more than 93 countries. South East Asia is
regarded as the origin of coconut (Maninder and Manpreet, 2012). India is the third
largest, having cultivation on an area of about 1.78 million hectares. Annual
production is about 7562 million nuts with an average of 5295 nuts per hectare. The
coconut industry in India accounts for over a quarter of the world's total coconut oil
output and is set to grow further with the global increase in demand. However, it is
also the main contributor to the nation's pollution problem as a solid waste in the
form of shells, which involves an annual production of approximately 3.18 million
tones. Coconut shell represents more than 60 % of the domestic waste volume.
Coconut Shell, which presents serious disposal problems for local environment, is an
abundantly available agricultural waste from local coconut industries. In developing
countries where abundant agricultural and industrial wastes are discharged, these
wastes can be used as potential material or replacement material in the construction
industry. This will have the double advantage of reduction in the cost of construction
material and also as a means of disposal of wastes.
1.2 Problem Statement
The construction of a local two-lane highway consumes more than 15,000
tonnes of aggregates per kilometer while six-lane asphalt freeway consumes over
48,000 tonnes of aggregates for each kilometer of roadway (Khabiri, 2010). These
facts show that the demand of the natural aggregate is very high. Furthermore,
aggregates are not only use for new construction, but also in maintenance process
like reconstruction and rehabilitation. Since of that, more hills have been
3
exhaustingly exploited to get natural aggregate. However, should be known that
aggregates are finite natural sources in which shortage of aggregates will occur
because of depletion of sources. As a result, other resources of aggregates need to be
searched and more cost is needed.
Therefore, others waste material can be used to replace natural aggregate and
also to save the environment. Coconut milk which produces from coconut meat is
needed to produce good and quality taste of food in Malaysia. After the coconut meat
are taken, coconut shells being useless. Then, it will increase the generation of
coconut shell. These coconut shells will be dispose at their backyard (by burning) or
throw it at the landfill area and it will increase the environmental problem. Besides of
dispose it, coconut shell also can be used to replace natural aggregate in the
construction of wearing course. It is one way to sustain our environment and world.
1.3 Objective of Study
The study on utilization of coconut shell as fine aggregate in asphaltic
concrete AC14 have some objective as the guideline for the overall study which are:
• To investigate the performance of AC14 containing coconut shell,
• To determine the optimum percentage of coconut shell as fine aggregate
in asphaltic concrete.
4
1.4 Scope of Study
All the samples are prepared in accordance with the JKR specifications
(JKR/SPJ/2008) using Marshall design procedures. This study was focus on the
performance of coconut shell as aggregate in asphaltic concrete with 14mm nominal
aggregate size. The size of coconut shells that being used was retained on 3.35mm.
Coconut shells that replace aggregate are 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. This study used
standard penetration grading which is 80-100 PEN and only use one optimum
bitumen content (OBC) for all the samples include the sample which have coconut
shell as fine aggregates replacement (ACCS). Value OBC is following the result of
conventional sample OBC.
Coconut shell was added in the mixes by using dry process method where the
coconut shell was added as part of the aggregate component before it was mixed with
asphalt cement. Marshall test was done to give the volumetric properties of each mix
design. Besides, resilient modulus test, dynamic creep test and indirect tensile
strength test was conducted to identify the best percentage of coconut shell that can
be replace in asphaltic concrete.
.
1.5 Significant of Study
From this study, the feasibility and performance of AC14 using coconut shell
as fine aggregate replacement can be obtained. Marshall samples will determine with
JKR specification either the mixes meet the specification or not. Coconut shell
samples will be compare with natural aggregate based on their performance and then
determine the best application for that performance. The coconut shell production
can generate money by producing it for highway material construction. It also can
reduce the cost for dumping area to dispose the agriculture waste like coconut shell.
REFERENCES
American Society for Testing and Materials (2012). Standard Test Method for
Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse
Aggregate. Philadelphia, ASTM C127-12.
American Society for Testing and Materials (2012). Standard Test Method for
Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate.
Philadelphia, ASTM C128-12.
American Society for Testing and Materials (2012). Standard Test Method for
Indirect Tensile (IDT) Strength of Bituminous Mixtures. Philadelphia, ASTM
D6931-12.
American Society for Testing and Materials (1995). Standard Test Method for
Indirect Tension Test for Resilient Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures.
Philadelphia, ASTM D4123-82 (Reapproved 1995).
American Society for Testing and Materials (2006). Standard Test Method for
Marshall Stability and Flow of Bituminous. Philadelphia, ASTM D6927-06.
American Society for Testing and Materials (1992). Standard Test Method for
Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus.
Philadelphia, ASTM D 1559.
American Society for Testing and Materials (2011). Standard Test Method for
Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving
Mixtures. Philadelphia, ASTM D2041/ D2041M-11.
B.Damodhara Reddy, S.Aruna Jyothy, Fawaz Shaik (2014). Experimental Analysis
of the Use of Coconut Shell a Coarse Aggregate.
British Standard (2010). Bituminous Mixtures – Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt –
Part 25: Cyclic Compression Test. BS EN 12697-25 rev 2013.
63
British Standard (2010). Testing Aggregate – Part 2: Method for Determination of
Aggregate Impact Value (AIV). BS EN 1097-2:2010.
Coconut Research Centre (2014). Coconut (Cocos Nucifera). Retrieved from
http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/index.htm
E.A. Olanipekun, K.O Olusola, O. Ata (2005). A Comparative Study of Concrete
Properties Using Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell as Coarse Aggregates.
Building and Environment 41 (2005) 297-301.
JKR (2008), Standard Specification for Road Works Section 4: Flexible Pavement.
Khabiri, M. M (2010). The Influence of Waste Construction Materials Usage on
Highway Subbase Layer. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.
15:1887-1894
Maninder Kaur, Manpreet Kaur (2012). A Review on Utilization of Coconut Shell as
Coarse Aggregates in Mass Concrete. Research India Publications.
Mohd Rosli Hainin, Che Ros Ismail, Haryati Yaacob (2013). Highway Engineering.
Desktop Publisher.
Ramesh Gavva, Kasarla Shanthan (2013). Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams
with Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregates. Retrieved from
http://1000projects.org/behaviour-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-with-coconut-
shell-as-coarse-aggregates.html
Teoh Cherh Yi (2008). Performance Evaluation of Steel Slag as Natural Aggregates
Replacement in Asphaltic Concrete.
Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (2013). Restored Historic Houses to be
Journey Back in Time for Tourist. Retrieved from
http://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/index.php/items/6042/49
top related