an introduction to health and physical education ted temertzoglou paul challen isbn 1-55077-132-9...
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An Introduction to Health and Physical EducationAn Introduction to Health and Physical EducationTed TemertzoglouTed Temertzoglou Paul Challen Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9ISBN 1-55077-132-9
Exercise ScienceExercise ScienceSection 2: Section 2: The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Learning Objectives for Chapter 2
• The differences between the human male and female skeletons• The role and functions of the skeleton in the human body• The human skeleton’s basic structure and composition• The five types of human bones• The names and locations of the body’s key bones and bone structures• The concepts of bone landmarks and insertions, and key landmark/insertion sites throughout
the body• The process of ossification and bone formation• The process of bone remodelling• Epiphyseal or growth plates of bones• Bone fractures and their three main categories• How bones heal• Bone disease, stress fractures, and the effects of aging on bone
Musculoskeletal System• Composed of 3 distinct yet
interdependent components; bones, joints, muscles
• Each have own contribution- the interaction of these systems allow human movement
• Bones form a rigid skeletal framework with numerous joints that can be moved as a result of the forces produced by the attaching muscles
• As the muscles pull against the bones, the bones act as levers.
The Skeleton- ‘skeletal’- greek for skeletos= ‘dried up,’ truth it only appears this way as they are actually composed of living tissue- fat, bone cells and blood vessels and nerves- non-living material- water and minerals
-made up of bones
- 300 at birth 206 by adulthood. WHY?
-some fuse over time as growth takes place (ex. Plates in the skull and lower parts of the vertebral column)
The main functions of the skeletal system are:
Structural support -support for muscles and skin
Protection -protects the sensitive/delicate parts of organs(brain, heart, lungs,etc)
Growth centre for cells -red blood cells and platelets
Reservoir for minerals -stores calcium and phosphorus
Movement - Muscles attach to bones by tendons. Muscles contract and move bones to facilitate movement
Shape Example Skeleton-purpose
Long Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges
- Proximal and distal enlargements
- appendicular
Short Carpals, tarsals (bones of the wrist and ankle)
- Serve as good shock absorbers
- Appendicular
Flat ScapulaClavicalRibs, sternumFrontal, parietal, occipital, mandible- Bones of skull and scapula
- Appendicular- Appendicular- Axial- Axial- Protect underlying
organs and provide areas for muscle attachment
Sesamoid Patella -Shaped like a pea and found wrapped in tendons- glide over surfaces-appendicular
Irregular Facial bones of skull, vertebraePelvis
- Axial- Appendicular
Bone Shape Cont…
• Workbook Exercise 2.4-pg.22 Using page 11 in your text, label each one of these bones, and provide a short description
Long bone
-found in arms and legs
Short bones
-commonly found in wrists & ankles
-serve as shock absorbers
Flat bones
-flat and thin
-protect vital organs
Irregular bones
- “odd-looking” bones not otherwise classified
Sesamoid bones
-small, flat and wrapped in tendons
-glide over body surfaces
Axial Skeleton: comprised mainly of the vertebral column (spine), much of the skull, and the rib cage. -most of the body’s muscles originate from the axial skeleton, since it is medially located with respect to the appendicular skeleton. -Most muscles anchor or originate here and insert on the appendicular skeleton.-muscles which attach here are referred to as “core muscles” as they are centrally located and provide the body with stability and support.
Appendicular Skeleton: Includes movable limbs and supporting structures (girdles) -Plays a key role in allowing us to move-upper limbs attached to pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) lower limbs attached to the pelvic girdle (hip girdle)
About Bone …About Bone …
Bone is very strong for its light weight Major components- calcium carbonate, calcium
phosphate, collagen, zinc, magnesium, fluorine, iron, chlorine and water
Calcium Compounds- make up approx. 60-70% of bone weight- provide much of bones stiffness and resistance to pressing or squeezing forces.
Collagen(protein)- gives bone its flexibility, and contributes to its ability to resist pulling and stretching forces Bones of children are significantly more pliable than those of
adults With aging, collagen is lost progressively and bone becomes
more brittle Human body consists of 60% of water, bone only contains
approx. 20% (20-25%) total bone weight Resists compression and tension Bound by joints (through ligaments) Muscles attach to bone (through tendons) to produce
movement
Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone Complete Workbook Exercise 2.3 on Pg.21
Cartilage
Compact bone
Periosteum
Cancellous bone
Medullary cavity
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
Cartilage
Compact bone
Periosteum
Cancellous bone
Medullary cavity
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Workbook Exercise 2.2
• Write the definitions of the seven terms from the above diagram in the chart on Pg.19
Anatomy of a Long Bone• Articulating Cartilage – allows smooth movement (articulation) within joints while
protecting the ends of the bones-no blood supply or nerve endings• Periosteum – outer connective tissue of bone(covers entire length of bone), does not connect
to articulating cartilage, periosteum fibres and those of ligaments and tendons unite to connect bone to bone or muscle to muscle.
• Medullary(marrow)Cavity – inside the diaphysis(shaft) of the bone and filled with red(blood-cell formation) and yellow(adipose-fat) bone marrow
• Compact Bone/Cortical Bone – 5-10% porous(low), VERY strong and stiff,- less flexible and can resist greater stress- responsible for structural integrity of the bone.
• Epiphysis – ends of the bone- outer surface made up of compact bone, and the part that articulates with another bones is covered with cartilage.
• Diaphysis – thickest part of the bone, the shaft• Cancellous/Spongy Bone/trabecular – very porous (50-90%)there fore how it gets
its spongy name- NOT dense- very weak and not stiff- found at ends of long bones and areas where shock absorption and a better ability to change shape are important i.e. vertebrae
• Mineral storage, red blood cell regeneration• Interior core- contains network of bony plates and rods (trabeculae) that results in
a lattice look- mesh with blood vessels and the bone marrow• Cortex- exterior layer of bones- dense and smooth- varying thickness depending on
type of bone.
• What bones strengthen with exercise?
Bone Landmarks
• Workbook Exercise 2.5 (Pg.25-35)– Using your textbook (Pg.16-28) start familiarizing
yourself with the major bone landmarks and muscle origins and insertions associated with these landmarks
Cont’d…
Bone Landmarks (Cont’d)
• Workbook Exercise 2.7– Colour code the important landmarks– Pay attention to the names of the landmarks ex
Supraspinous fossa, Infraspinous fossa, Medial border, Lateral border
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright
protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise
Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education
(Temertzoglou/Challen) is the
The Skull – Anterior ViewThe Skull – Anterior View
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Maxilla
Nasal bone
Mandible
Zygomatic bone
The Skull – Lateral ViewThe Skull – Lateral View
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process
Nuchal line
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Mandible
The Vertebral Column – Lateral ViewThe Vertebral Column – Lateral ViewAtlasAxis
Seventh cervical vertebra
Intervertebral disk
Twelfth thoracic vertebra
First lumbar vertebra
Fifth lumbar vertebra
Sacrum
Coccyx
Cervical region
Thoracic region
Lumbar region
Sacral and coccygeal region
Composed of 36 bones.-7 cervical (neck) vertebrae- first two named atlas (C1) and the axis (C2)-12 Thoracic (chest) vertebrae-5 Lumbar (lower back) vertebrae-1 Sacrum- (midline region of buttocks) made up of 5 fused vertebrae-1 coccyx (tail bone) made up of 4-5 fused vertebrae
Vertebral Column• Arranged in cylindrical column
interspersed with fibrocartilaginous (intervertebral) discs
• Forms a strong and flexible support for the neck and trunk
• Point of attachment for back muscles• Protects the spinal cord and nerves, but
also provides support for the body and the ability to keep the body erect.
• Intervertebral discs- absorb shock when the load increases- allowing the vertebrae to move without causing damage to other vertebrae or the spinal cord.
Thoracic Cage – Anterior ViewThoracic Cage – Anterior View
Seven true ribs
Three false ribs
Two floating ribs
Xiphoid process
Sternal Body
Manubrium
Sternum
First thoracic vertebra-12 pairs of ribs- made up of bone and cartilage thus giving strength to the chest cage and permit it to expand-Upper 7- true ribs (attaching to both the vertebrae and the sternum)-8-20- 3 pairs are false ribs- (attaching to the sternum indirectly)-11-12= floating ribs- only attach to the vertebrae column-All 12 ribs articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae, posteriorly
Left Scapula – Anterior ViewLeft Scapula – Anterior View
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Subscapular fossaLateral border
Medial border
Inferior angle
Left Scapula – Lateral ViewLeft Scapula – Lateral View
Coracoid process
Supraglenoid tubercle
Acromion
Glenoid fossa
Infraglenoid tubercle
Subscapular fossa
Lateral border
Inferior angle
Left Scapula – Posterior ViewLeft Scapula – Posterior View
Coracoid process
Acromion processScapular notch
Glenoid cavity
Infraglenoid tubercle
Infraspinous fossa
Lateral border
Superior angle
Supraspinous fossa
Scapular spine
Medial border
Left Humerus – Anterior ViewLeft Humerus – Anterior ViewGreater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular (bicipital) groove
Shaft
Lateral epicondyle
Capitulum
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Head
Deltoid tuberosity
Left Humerus – Posterior ViewLeft Humerus – Posterior View
Shaft
Lateral epicondyle
Trochlea
Head
Deltoid tuberosity
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Left Ulna – Anterior ViewLeft Ulna – Anterior ViewOlecranon
Trochlear (semilunar) notch
Radial notch of ulna
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
Ulna tuberosity
Styloid process of ulna
Left Radius – Anterior ViewLeft Radius – Anterior View
Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process of radius
Left Hand – Anterior ViewLeft Hand – Anterior View
UlnaScaphoid bone
Lunate bone
Triquetrum bone
Pisiform bone
Carpals (proximal)
Metacarpals
Phalanges (Digits)
Radius
Hamate bone
Capitate bone
Trapezoid boneTrapezium bone
Carpals (distal)
Sesamoid bone
Proximal phalax (of thumb)
Distal phalanx (of thumb)
Proximal phalanx (of finger)
Middle phalanx (of finger)
Distal phalanx (of finger)
Pelvis (Male) – Anterior ViewPelvis (Male) – Anterior View
Sacrum
Sacroiliac joint
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Symphysis pubis
Crest of ilium
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Superior ramis of pubis
Inferior ramis of pubis
Os coxae
Pelvis (Male) – Posterior ViewPelvis (Male) – Posterior View
Fifth lumbar vertebra
Coccyx
Sacrum
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Right Femur – Anterior ViewRight Femur – Anterior View
Neck
Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter
Shaft
Adductor tubercle
Medial condyle
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar groove
Medial epicondyle
Head
Right Femur – Posterior ViewRight Femur – Posterior View
Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanterGluteal tuberosity
Pectineal line
Linea aspera
Adductor tubercleIntercondylar fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Medial epicondyle
Intertrochanteric crest
Shaft
Right Fibula and Tibia – Anterior ViewRight Fibula and Tibia – Anterior View
Lateral condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior crest
Tibia
Medial malleolus
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral condyle of tibia
Head
Fibula
Lateral malleolus
Medial condyle of tibia
Intercondylar eminence
Medial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Right Foot – Superior ViewRight Foot – Superior View
Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiformLateral cuneiform
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanxProximal phalanx (of great toe)
Distal phalanx (of great toe)
Phalanges(Digits)
Bone FormationOssification (Osteogenesis): the process by which new bone is produced
Osteoblasts –bone forming cells
2 Forms:1) Compact bone (long bones)
-begins as cartilage
3 steps:
1)hormones excite osteoblasts
2) gelatin-like(osteoid) substance discharged from osteoblasts in cartilage
3) minerals deposited in gel and harden into bone
2) Cancellous bone (flat bones of skull)
-begin as fibrous membranes
-osteoblast release osteoid into membrane which forms a sponge-like bundle of fibres
-new bone forms “outward” from centre of bundle
- converts “soft spots” at birth into bone because bone formation is still incomplete
Bone Remodelling • Bones do not just grow by osteoblasts laying down new bone. Instead, it is more a process of give and take
• Actually, it’s more TAKE and GIVE
OSTEOBLASTS
OSTEOCLASTS
• bone-resorbing cells
• remove old bone by releasing acids and enzymes
• protein secreting cells (osteoblast) deposit new tissue (bone)
Birth to ~ 35 deposition > removal = growth
After 35 deposition < removal = shrink
Epiphyseal Plates and LinesEpiphyseal Plates and Lines
Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) Occur at various locations at the
epiphyses of long bones Growth possible X-rays pass through cartilage and they
appear as black spaces between the diaphysis and epiphyses
Epiphyseal lines Occur when epiphyseal plates have fused
or come together Growth not possible X-ray shows a solid epiphysis Epiphyseal
plate
Epiphyseal line
Bone Fractures Bones, like all other structural supports need to contend with 4 different types of forces:
TENSION: pulling apart or stretching force
COMPRESSION: pushing together
TORSION: twisting force
SHEAR:
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright
protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise
Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education
(Temertzoglou/Challen) is the
Bone Fractures::
• Problems with the skeletal system can be associated with many factors; nutrition, infection, physical accidents.
• Young children have weaker bones since calcification is still incomplete, older people have weaker bones because of the loss of calcium associated with aging.
• Fractures are bone “breaks,” and are normally divided into two types:
1. Simple Fractures there is no separation of the bone into parts, but a break or crack is detectable “hairline/greenstick fracture”- bone is not exposed to the air through the skin.
2. Compound Fractures Occurs when the bone breaks into separate pieces. Bones is exposed to the air through the skin. Result of a major blow.
• If bone breaks through the skin there is usually more serious complications i.e. muscle and ligament damage
3. Comminuted Fracture Occurs when the broken ends of the bone have been shattered into many pieces.
Bone Fractures:
SYMPTOMS
• sharp pain and tenderness when palpated
• swelling and discolouration
• grinding sound on movement
• inability to use
HEALING OF BONES
•bones heal using the same process as remodeling
•if dealt with correctly, the process will go smoothly
•result may be an even stronger bone
-video- Bob and Claude
Types of FracturesTypes of Fractures
Compound fracture•Bone breaks into separate pieces
Comminuted fracture•Bone shatters into many pieces
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wxebhExcTk
Types of FracturesTypes of Fractures
Stress Fracture•Most difficult to detect
•Muscles become too fatigued to absorb shock•Transfers impact to bone which results in tiny crack
Simple fracture•No separation (hairline/greenstick fracture)
Effects of Aging – Skeletal SystemEffects of Aging – Skeletal System
Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward Process of bone remodelling reverses – resorption occurs Results in a 5–10% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade Affects overall calcium levels in the body
Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption Leads to bone fragility Increased susceptibility to bone fractures
Preventative measures include: Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle Weight-bearing exercises Bone density testing and medication when appropriate