anatomy chapter (2)

7/21/2019 Anatomy Chapter (2)

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PowerPointLecture Slides

prepared by

Janice Meeking,

Mount Royal College

C H A P T E R

Copyright 2! Pearson "ducation, #nc$

2Che%istry

Co%es &li'e(Part &


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Matter

&nything that has %ass and occupies space

States o) %atter(

!$ Solid*de)inite shape and 'olu%e2$ Li+uid*de)inite 'olu%e, changeable shape

$ -as*changeable shape and 'olu%e


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Energy

Capacity to do work or put %atter into %otion

.ypes o) energy(

/inetic*energy in action Potential*stored 0inacti'e1 energy

PLAY

PLAY Animation: Energy Concepts
http://energy_concepts.mov/http://energy_concepts.mov/http://energy_concepts.mov/


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Forms of Energy

Che%ical energy*stored in bonds o)che%ical substances

"lectrical energy*results )ro% %o'e%ent o)

charged particles

Mechanical energy*directly in'ol'ed in

%o'ing %atter

Radiant or electro%agnetic energy*ehibits

wa'elike properties 0i$e$, 'isible light,

ultra'iolet light, and 34rays1


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Energy Form Conversions

"nergy %ay be con'erted )ro% one )or% toanother

Con'ersion is ine))icient because so%e

energy is 5lost6 as heat


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Composition of Matter

"le%ents

Cannot be broken down by ordinary che%ical %eans

"ach has uni+ue properties(

Physical properties

&re detectable with our senses, or are

%easurable

Che%ical properties

7ow ato%s interact 0bond1 with one another


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Composition of Matter

&to%s

8ni+ue building blocks )or each ele%ent

&to%ic sy%bol( one4 or two4letter che%ical

shorthand )or each ele%ent



Major Elements of the Hman !o"y

9ygen 091

Carbon 0C1

7ydrogen 071 :itrogen 0:1

&bout ;



Lesser Elements of the Hman !o"y

&bout $;= o) body %ass(

Calciu% 0Ca1, phosphorus 0P1, potassiu% 0/1,

sul)ur 0S1, sodiu% 0:a1, chlorine 0Cl1,

%agnesiu% 0Mg1, iodine 0#1, and iron 0>e1



Trace Elements of the Hman !o"y

? $!= o) body %ass(

Part o) en@y%es, e$g$, chro%iu% 0Cr1,

%anganese 0Mn1, and @inc 0An1



Atomic #trctre

Beter%ined by nu%bers o) subato%icparticles

:ucleus consists o) neutrons and protons



Atomic #trctre

:eutrons

:o charge

Mass ! ato%ic %ass unit 0a%u1

Protons

Positi'e charge

Mass ! a%u



Atomic #trctre

"lectrons

9rbit nucleus

"+ual in nu%ber to protons in ato%

:egati'e charge

!D2 the %ass o) a proton 0 a%u1



Mo"els of the Atom

9rbital %odel( current %odel used byche%ists

Bepicts probable regions o) greatest electron

density 0an electron cloud1

8se)ul )or predicting che%ical beha'ior o)

ato%s



Mo"els of the Atom

Planetary %odel*o'ersi%pli)ied, outdated%odel

#ncorrectly depicts )ied circular electron paths

8se)ul )or illustrations 0as in the tet1


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(a) Planetary model (b) Orbital model

Helim atom

$ protons 'p()

$ netrons 'n*)

$ electrons 'e+)

Helim atom

$ protons 'p()

$ netrons 'n*)

$ electrons 'e+)

,cles ,cles

Proton ,etron Electron

clo"

Electron



-"entifying Elements

&to%s o) di))erent ele%ents contain di))erentnu%bers o) subato%ic particles

Co%pare hydrogen, heliu% and lithiu% 0net

slide1


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Proton

,etronElectron

Helim 'He)

'$p(. $n*. $e+)

Lithim 'Li)

'/p(. 0n*. /e+)

Hy"rogen 'H)

'&p(. *n*. &e+)




&to%ic nu%ber nu%ber o) protons innucleus




Mass nu%ber %ass o) the protons andneutrons

Mass nu%bers o) ato%s o) an ele%ent are not

all identical

#sotopes are structural 'ariations o) ele%ents

that di))er in the nu%ber o) neutrons they

contain




&to%ic weight a'erage o) %ass nu%bers o)all isotopes


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Proton

,etron

Electron

1eterim '$H)

'&p(. &n*. &e+)

Tritim '/H)

'&p(. $n*. &e+)

Hy"rogen '&H)

'&p(. *n*. &e+)



Ra"ioisotopes

Spontaneous decay 0radioacti'ity1

Si%ilar che%istry to stable isotopes

Can be detected with scanners


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Ra"ioisotopes

Ealuable tools )or biological research and%edicine

Cause da%age to li'ing tissue(

8se)ul against locali@ed cancers

Radon )ro% uraniu% decay causes lung

cancer


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Molecles an" Compon"s

Most ato%s co%bine che%ically with otherato%s to )or% %olecules and co%pounds

Molecule*two or %ore ato%s bonded

together 0e$g$, 72or C


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Mi2tres

Most %atter eists as %itures

.wo or %ore co%ponents physically inter%ied

.hree types o) %itures

Solutions

Colloids

Suspensions


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#oltions

7o%ogeneous %itures

8sually transparent, e$g$, at%ospheric air or

seawater

Sol'ent

Present in greatest a%ount, usually a li+uid

Solute0s1

Present in s%aller a%ounts


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Concentration of #oltions

"pressed as

Percent, or parts per ! parts

Milligra%s per deciliter 0%gDdl1

Molarity, or %oles per liter 0M1

! %ole the ato%ic weight o) an ele%ent or%olecular weight 0su% o) ato%ic weights1 o)

a co%pound in gra%s

! %ole o) any substance contains


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Colloi"s an" #spensions

Colloids 0e%ulsions1

7eterogeneous translucent %itures, e$g$,cytosol

Large solute particles that do not settle out

8ndergo sol4gel trans)or%ations

Suspensions(

7eterogeneous %itures, e$g$, blood

Large 'isible solutes tend to settle out


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Solution

#olte

particles

#olte

particles#olte

particles

Solute particles are very

tiny, do not settle out orscatter light.

Colloid

Solute particles are larger

than in a solution and scatterlight; do not settle out.

Suspension

Solute particles are very

large, settle out, and mayscatter light.

Ex mp e

Mineral 3ater

Ex mp e

4elatin

Ex mp e

!loo"


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Mi2tres vs% Compon"s

Mitures

:o che%ical bonding between co%ponents

Can be separated physically, such as by

straining or )iltering

7eterogeneous or ho%ogeneous

Co%pounds

Can be separated only by breaking bonds

&ll are ho%ogeneous


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Chemical !on"s

"lectrons occupy up to se'en electron shells0energy le'els1 around nucleus

9ctet rule( "cept )or the )irst shell which is

)ull with two electrons, ato%s interact in a%anner to ha'e eight electrons in their

outer%ost energy le'el 0'alence shell1


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Chemically -nert Elements

Stable and unreacti'e

9uter%ost energy le'el )ully occupied or

contains eight electrons


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Helim 'He)

'$p(. $n*. $e+)

,eon ',e)

'&*p(. &*n*. &*e+)

$e $e

6e

(a) Chemically inert elements

Outermost energy level (valence shell) complete


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Chemically Reactive Elements

9uter%ost energy le'el not )ully occupied byelectrons

.end to gain, lose, or share electrons 0)or%

bonds1 with other ato%s to achie'e stability


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$e0e

$e6e

&e

(b) Chemically reactive elements

Outermost energy level (valence shell) incomplete

Hy"rogen 'H)

'&p(. *n*. &e+)

Car7on 'C)

'8p(. 8n*. 8e+)

&e

92ygen '9)

'6p(. 6n*. 6e+)#o"im ',a)

'&&p(. &$n*. &&e+)

$e8e


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Types of Chemical !on"s

#onic

Co'alent

7ydrogen


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-onic !on"s

#ons are )or%ed by trans)er o) 'alence shellelectrons between ato%s

&nions 0G charge1 ha'e gained one or %ore

electrons

Cations 0H charge1 ha'e lost one or %ore

electrons

&ttraction o) opposite charges results in anionic bond


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#o"im atom ',a)

'&&p . &$n*. &&e)

Chlorine atom 'Cl)

'&;p . &6n*. &;e)

#o"im ion ',a ) Chlori"e ion 'Cl)

#o"im chlori"e ',aCl)

!

(a) Sodium gains stability by losing one electron, and

chlorine becomes stable by gaining one electron.

(b) "#ter electron trans#er, the oppositely

charged ions #ormed attract each other.


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Formation of an -onic !on"

#onic co%pounds )or% crystals instead o)indi'idual %olecules

:aCl 0sodiu% chloride1


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C-+

,a(

(c) $arge numbers o# %aand Cl!ions

associate to #orm salt (%aCl) crystals.


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Covalent !on"s

>or%ed by sharing o) two or %ore 'alenceshell electrons

&llows each ato% to )ill its 'alence shell at

least part o) the ti%e


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Hy"rogenatoms Car7onatom Molecle ofmethane gas 'CH0)

#trctral

formla

sho3s

single

7on"s%

(a) &ormation o# #our single covalent bonds'

carbon shares #our electron pairs ith #our

hydrogen atoms.

or

esulting moleculeseacting atoms


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or

92ygen

atom

92ygen

atom

Molecle of

o2ygen gas '9$)

#trctralformla

sho3s

"o7le

7on"%(b) &ormation o# a double covalent bond' *o

oxygen atoms share to electron pairs.



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or

,itrogen

atom

,itrogen

atom

Molecle of

nitrogen gas ',$)

#trctralformla

sho3s

triple

7on"%(c) &ormation o# a triple covalent bond' *o

nitrogen atoms share three electron pairs.



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Covalent !on"s

Sharing o) electrons %ay be e+ual or une+ual

"+ual sharing produces electrically balanced

nonpolar %olecules

C92


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Covalent !on"s

8ne+ual sharing by ato%s with di))erentelectron4attracting abilities produces polar

%olecules

729

&to%s with si or se'en 'alence shell

electrons are electronegati'e, e$g$, oygen

&to%s with one or two 'alence shellelectrons are electropositi'e, e$g$, sodiu%


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H " ! "


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Hy"rogen !on"s

&ttracti'e )orce between electropositi'ehydrogen o) one %olecule and an

electronegati'e ato% o) another %olecule

Co%%on between dipoles such as water

&lso act as intra%olecular bonds, holding a

large %olecule in a three4di%ensional shape

PLAYPLAY Animation: Hy"rogen !on"s
http://hydrogen_bonds.mov/http://hydrogen_bonds.mov/http://hydrogen_bonds.mov/


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(a) *he slightly positive ends () o# the ater

molecules become aligned ith the slightly

negative ends (

) o# other ater molecules.

!

!

!!

!

Hy"rogen 7on"

'in"icate" 7y

"otte" line)

Figre $%&*a


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(b) " ater strider can al+ on a pond because o# the high

sur#ace tension o# ater, a result o# the combined

strength o# its hydrogen bonds.

Ch i l R ti


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Chemical Reactions

9ccur when che%ical bonds are )or%ed,rearranged, or broken

Represented as che%ical e+uations

Che%ical e+uations contain(

Molecular )or%ula )or each reactant and

product

Relati'e a%ounts o) reactants and products,

which should balance

E l f Ch i l E ti


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E2amples of Chemical E=ations

7 H 7 720hydrogen gas1

I7 H C C7I0%ethane1

0reactants1 0product1

P tt f Ch i l R ti


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Patterns of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis 0co%bination1 reactions

Beco%position reactions

"change reactions

# th i R ti


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#ynthesis Reactions

& H & &lways in'ol'e bond )or%ation

&nabolic


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Example

Amino aci"s are joine" together to

form a protein molecle%

(a) Synthesis reactions

Smaller particles are bonded

together to #orm larger,

more complex molecules.

Amino aci"

molecles

Protein

molecle

1ecomposition Reactions


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1ecomposition Reactions

& & H Re'erse synthesis reactions

#n'ol'e breaking o) bonds

Catabolic


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Example

4lycogen is 7ro>en "o3n to release

glcose nits%

onds are bro+en in larger

molecules, resulting in smaller,

less complex molecules.

(b) -ecomposition reactions

4lcose

molecles

4lycogen

E2change Reactions


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E2change Reactions

& H C &C H &lso called displace%ent reactions

onds are both %ade and broken


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Example

ATP transfers its terminal phosphate

grop to glcose to form glcosephosphate%

onds are both made and bro+en

(also called displacement reactions).

(c) Exchange reactions

4lcose A"enosine triphosphate 'ATP)

A"enosine "iphosphate 'A1P)4lcose

phosphate

92i"ation Re"ction 'Re"o2) Reactions


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92i"ationRe"ction 'Re"o2) Reactions

Beco%position reactions( Reactions in which)uel is broken down )or energy

&lso called echange reactions because

electrons are echanged or shared di))erently "lectron donors lose electrons and are

oidi@ed

"lectron acceptors recei'e electrons andbeco%e reduced

Chemical Reactions


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Chemical Reactions

&ll che%ical reactions are either eergonic orendergonic

"ergonic reactions*release energy

Catabolic reactions

"ndergonic reactions*products contain %ore

potential energy than did reactants

&nabolic reactions

Chemical Reactions


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Chemical Reactions

&ll che%ical reactions are theoretically re'ersible & H &

& & H

Che%ical e+uilibriu% occurs i) neither a )orward norre'erse reaction is do%inant

Many biological reactions are essentially irre'ersible

due to

"nergy re+uire%ents

Re%o'al o) products

Rate of Chemical Reactions


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Rate of Chemical Reactions

Rate o) reaction is in)luenced by( te%perature rate

particle si@e rate

concentration o) reactant rate

Catalysts( rate without being che%ically

changed "n@y%es are biological catalysts

anatomy chapter (2)

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