ancient greek verb

ANCIENT GREEK VERB: A. ENDINGS 1

Greek Finite Verb Endings

Person and Number distinguishing features1 sg. 1 pl.2 sg. 2 pl.3 sg. 3 pl.

PRIMARY ACTIVE ENDINGS

I-A-pr Prehistoric1 I-A-ath Athematic 2 I-A-them Them3 I-A-Subj Subj 4

1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.

Tenses: Pres. Indic.Act. of verbs

Tenses: Pres. Indic.Act. of verbs; Futureofall verbs.

Tenses: Pres., Aor.,Pf. Subj. Act. of allverbs; also Aor. Subj.Passive

1 I-A-pr Prehistoric: These endings correspond to those found in other ancient Indo-European languages andare the starting-points for explaining the historical forms. Note the characteristic -marker of the primaryactive added the the person/number signs in all forms except the 1st and 2nd persons plural.

2 I-A-ath Athematic : These endings are attached directly to present stems ending in vowels.3 sg.: Prehistoric has become (Indo-European followed by or becomes ).2 sg.: The secondary active ending has replaced to distinguish this from the 3 sg. ending.3 pl.: Here too before has become , yielding ; then the which falls between the vowel of

the verb-stem and changes to its vocalic equivalent , yielding .3 I-A-them Thematic: These endings result from combination of the thematic vowel with the prehistoric

endings, appearing before and , appearing elsewhere.1 sg.: Here instead of we find the thematic vowel lengthens to .3 sg.: The of the older becomes , yielding ; then the invervocalic evanesces, leaving asthe ending.2 sg.: Here too the of evanesced, yielding ; in order to distinguish this from the 3 sg. ending, thesecondary active ending was added (compare athematic 2 sg. above), yielding .3 pl.:As in the 3 sg., so here the of changed to , yielding ; then between and evanesced and the was compensatorily lengthened to , yielding .

4 I-A-Subj Subjunctive : Here the thematic vowel appears in lengthened form as .3 sg.: loses intervocalic ; then and contract, yielding .2 sg.: As in the indicative thematic endings, the secondary active ending is added to the form resulting formloss of intervocalic and contraction of and , yielding .3 pl.: became , then lost between and , yielding .


Greek Finite Verb Endings

Person and Number distinguishing features1 sg. 1 pl.2 sg. 2 pl.3 sg. 3 pl.

PRIMARY MIDDLE-PASSIVE ENDINGS

I-MP -Athematic5 I-MP-Them-Indic. 6 I-MP-Them-Fut.P7 I-MP-Them-Subj8

1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.Tenses: Present andPerf. M-P Indic. of verbs; (Perf. of all verbs)

Tenses: Pres. Indic. M-P of verbs, Fut. M-PIndicative of all verbs

Tenses: FutureIndicative Passive of allverbs

Tenses: Present M-PSubj. of all verbs, Aor.Middle Subj. of all verbs

5 I-MP -Athematic: These are the prehistoric endings, preserved intact in conjugation of the verbs in thePresent Middle-Passive and Perfect Middle-Passive Indicative. Endings are attached directly to vowel-stems, butin the Perfect Middle-Passive, a consonant stem will assimilate to its ending.6I-MP-Them-Indicative : These endings result from combination of the thematic vowel with theoriginal endings ( appearing before or - ; appearing in all other instances.2 sg.: Intervocalic evanesces from , then and contract into a diphthong normally spelled ,although the earlier spelling is not infrequently seen.

7 I-MP-Them Future Passive: These endings are simply forms combining the or passive markerwith the I-MP-Them-Indicative endings.

8 I-MP-Them Subjunctive: Here the thematic vowel appears in the lengthened form as .2 sg.: Intervocalic evanesces from ; then the vowels are contracted, yielding .


SECONDARY ACTIVE ENDINGSII-A-Athematic 9 II-A-Alpha Aorist 10 II-A-Pluperfect 11 II-A-Thematic 12

1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.Tenses: Imperfect Indic.Act. of verbs, AoristIndic. Active of Athem.Verbs, Aorist Indic. Pass.of all verbs

Tenses: I Aorist Indic.Active, Aorist Indic.Active of aoristverbs

Tense: PluperfectIndic. Active of allverbs

Tenses: ImperfectIndic. Active of verbs, Aorist Indic.Active of II Aoristthematic stems

9 II-A-Athematic : These endings are attached directly to stems ending in a vowel.1 sg.: Indo-European final always becomes Greek -n following a vowel.2 sg.: The more ancient ending is seen in the imperfect and pluperfect of some irregular verbs, as in

.3 sg.: Indo-European final is always lost, leaving the vowel stem only as the 3 sg. verb form.3 pl.: Indo-European final is lost here also in the ending found in some Homeric and older forms. In the

historical period, the taken from the I Aorist Active 3 pl. ending has become standard.10 II-A-Alpha Aorist : These endings have evolved from combinations of stems ending in a consonant and the

1 sg. ending and 3 pl. ending , the and vocalizing into an which then became standard in allforms except the 3 sg., where the is apparently carried over from the thematic 3 sg. ending.1 sg.: The primitive final has vocalized to following the consonant stem.3 pl.: The primitive final has vocalized into following the consonant stem; then the final was lostas elsewhere. The form in is actually a primary ending, as the perfect is, properly speaking, a primarytense: here the combines with the 3 pl. primary ending to yield .

11 II-A-Pluperfect : These forms derive from combinations of a perfect stem in with alpha-endings in thesingular, athematic endings in the plural. Hellenistic variants in the 1 sg. and 2 sg. developed from the 3 sg.ending to bring a superficial regularity to the entire set of endings; sometimes the element is found in theplural forms also in Hellenistic texts.1 sg.: The is a contraction of the perfect stem in and the 1 sg. alpha ending. The Hellenistic form isformed by analogy with the 3 sg. form, viewed as a stem to which the athematic 1 sg. is added.2 sg.: Here too the is a contraction of and the 2 sg. alpha ending. The Hellenistic form is

constructed in the same way as the 1 sg.: athematic 2 sg. is added to the stem.3 sg.: The is a contraction of perfect stem in and the 3 sg. alpha ending.1, 2, 3 pl.: These endings are simple combinations of perfect stem in with athematic endings.

12 II-A-Thematic : These endings result from combination of the thematic vowel with the primitiveendings.1 sg.: The primitive following became as in the athematic ending.3 sg.: The primitive fell away as a final consonant, leaving the thematic vowel as the ending.3 pl.: Here too the final of the primitive ending fell away, leaving as the historical 3 pl. thematicending.


SECONDARY ACTIVE ENDINGS (CONTINUED)

II-A-Athem. Opt. 13 IIAAlphaAor.Opt. 14 II-AAor.Pass.Opt.15 II-A-Them.Opt. 16

1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.Tenses: PresentOptative Active of verbs, Aor. OptativeActive of Athem. Aoriststems

Tense: I Aor. OptativeActive

Tense: Aorist OptativePassive of all verbs

Tenses: PresentOptative Active of verbs, Aor. Opt. Act. ofthem. aorist stems; Perf.Opt. Act. of all verbs

13 II-A-Athematic Opt. : These forms are combinations of the optative marker with the athematic endings.In the 3 pl. the optative sign is weakened from to before the original ending, from which the final was lost. A variant 3 pl. form is sometimes seen which combines with the 3 pl. athematic ending toyield .

14 II-A-Alpha Aorist Optative : These endings derive from combination of the alpha stem, the shorteroptative marker and the secondary active endings. In the 2 sg., 3 sg. and 3 pl. a second type is morecommonly found; it consists of an optative sign to which alpha aorist personal endings have been added.

15 II-A-Aor. Pass. Optative: These forms are clearly simple combinations of the passive marker andthe athematic optative endings.

16 II-A-Thematic Optative : These forms are combinations of the thematic vowel , the shorter optativesign and the same secondary active endings seen in the alpha aorist optative. The alternate forms in the 1sg., 2 sg.., 3 sg., and 3 pl. are commonly used with thematic contract verbs with stems in , and ,yielding , , and by contraction with and stems, and , , and by contractionwith stems.


SECONDARY MIDDLE-PASSIVE ENDINGS

II-MP-Athematic 17 II-MP-Alpha Aor. 18 II-MP-Thematic 19

1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.

Tenses: Imperf. Indic.MP of verbs, AoristIndic. M of Athem. Aor.stems; Pluperf. Indic. MPof all verbs

Tenses: I AoristIndicative Middle

Tenses:Imperf.Indic.MP of verbs; Aor. Indic. M of2 Aor.them. stems

17 II-MP-Athematic : These endings are attached directly to stems ending in a vowel.18 II-MP-Alpha Aorist : These endings are all constructed on the alpha stem which had already become

standardized throughout the secondary active forms. The alpha stem is combined with the original athematicendings.

2 sg.: Intervocalic in the earlier form has evanesced, after which the adjacent vowels contracted into .

19 II-MP-Thematic : These endings result from combination of the thematic vowel with the originalathematic endings.2 sg.: As in the secondary alpha aorist forms, so here too intervocalic in the earlier form has evanesced,after which the adjacent vowels contracted into .

II-MP-Ath. Opt. 20 II-MP-Alpha Opt. 21 II-MP-Them. Opt. 22

1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.

Tenses: Imperf. Opt.MP of verbs, Aor.Opt. M of Athem. Aor.stems

Tenses: I Aor. Indic. M Tenses: Pres. Opt. MPof verbs; Fut. Opt. Mof 2 Aor. them. stems

20 II-MP-Athematic Opt. : These forms are combinations of the shorter optative marker with the athematicsecondary MP endings.2 sg.: Here again intervocalic has evanesced.

21 II-MP-Alpha Optative : These forms are combinations of the standardized alpha stem and the athematicoptative endings. Here too intervocalic has evanesced from an earlier form .

22 II-MP-Them. Opt. : These forms are combinations of the thematic vowel and the athematic optativeendings. Here too intervocalic has evanesced from an earlier form .


Greek Imperative Endings

ACTIVE ENDINGS

(A-ath-imp) Athematic23 (A-alph-imp) Alpha Aorist 24 (A-them-imp) Thematic25

2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.

Tenses: Present Imptv Act. of verbs; Aor. Imptv Act. of

athem. aor. stems; Aor. ImptvPass. of all verbs; Perf. ImptvAct. of a few verbs.

Tenses: I Aor. Imptv Act. of verbs; Aor. Imptv act. of them.aor. stems; Perf. Imptv Act ofmost verbs.

Tenses: Present Imperative Act.of verbs.

23 (A-ath-imp) Athematic : These endings are attached directly to athematic vowel stems.2 sg.: Stems in have no ending at all, as and . Stems in and add an ending to

form the 2 sg. Aorist Imperative Active, as and . Stems in and in consonants add , as and . Aorist passive stems add , but by the phonological principle of dissimilation of aspirates, the

of is muted to , yielding as the actual ending.3 pl.: The variant ending is clearly a combination of the 3 sg. ending and the secondary active 3 pl. ending.

24 (A-alph-imp) Alpha Aorist : These endings are combinations of the alpha stem and the athematicimperative endings.2 sg.: The ending is of obscure origin.

25 (A-them-imp) Thematic: These endings are combinations of the thematic vowel and the athematicimperative endings.

MIDDLE-PASSIVE ENDINGS

(MP-ath-imp) Athem.26 (M-alph-imp) Alpha Aor, 27 (MP-them-imp)Them28

2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.

Tenses: Pres. Imptv MP of verbs; Aor. Imptv M of athem.aor. stems; Perf. Imptv MP of allverbs.

Tenses: I Aor. Imptv M stems. Tenses: Pres. Imptv MP of verbs; Aor. Imptv M of them.aor. stems.

26 (MP-ath-imp) Athematic : These endings are attached directly to athematic vowel stems.27 (M-alph-imp) Alpha Aorist : These endings are combinations of the standardized alpha stem and athematic

MP endings.2 sg.: The ending is of obscure origin.

28 (MP-them-imp) Thematic: These endings are combinations of the thematic vowel and the athematicMP endings.2 sg.: Intervocalic in the earlier form evanesced; then the adjacent vowels contracted: to .


Greek Infinitive Endings

ACTIVE ENDINGS

(A-ath-inf) Ath. Act. (A-pf-Inf) Perf. Act. (A-alph-inf)Alph.Aor. (A-them-inf) Them.

Tenses: Pres. Infin. Act.of i verbs; Aor. Infin.Pass. of all verbs.

Tenses: Perf. Infin. Act.of all verbs; Aor. Infin.Act. of athemataic aor.stems

Tense: 1 Aor. Infin.Active

Tense: Pres. Infin. Act.of verbs; Fut. Infin.Act. of all verbs; Aor.Infin. Act. of them. aor.stems.


(MP-ath-inf) Athem. (M-alph-inf) Alph. Aor. (MP-them-inf) Them.

Tenses: Pres. Infin. MPof verbs; Aor. Infin. Mathem. aor. stems; Perf.Infin. MP of all verbs.

Tense: 1 Aorist Infinitive Middle. Tenses: Pres. Infin. MPof verbs; Fut. Infin. Mof all verbs; Fut. infin. Pof all verbs; Aor. Infin. Mof them. aorist stems.

Greek Participial Endings

ACTIVE ENDINGS

(A-ath-ptc) Athem. (A-alph-ptc)AlphaAor (A-pf-ptc) Perf. Act (A-them-ptc) Them.

Declension Declension Declension Declensionnom. sg. m. nom. sg. m. nom. sg. m. nom. sg. m.nom. sg. f. nom. sg. f. nom. sg. f. nom. sg. f.

nom. sg. n. nom. sg. n. nom. sg. n. nom. sg. n.g. sg.m.n. g. sg.m.n. g. sg.m.n. g. sg.m.n.

dat. pl.m.n dat. pl.m.n dat. pl.m.n dat. pl.m.nTenses: Pres. Ptc. Act. of

verbs; Aor. Ptc. Act. ofathem. aor. stems; Aor.Ptc. Pass. of all verbs

Tenses: Pres. Ptc. Act. ofathematic stems in ;Aor. Ptc. of alpha stems.

Tense: Perf. Ptc. Act. ofall verbs

Tenses: Pres. Ptc. Act. of verbs; Fut. Ptc. Act. of

all verbs; Aor. Ptc. Act. ofthem. aor. stems.


(MP-ath-ptc) Athematic (M-alph-ptc) Alpha Aorist (MP-them-ptc)Thematic

Tenses: Pres. Ptc. MP of verbs;Aor. Ptc. M of athem. aor. stems;Perf. Ptc. MP of all verbs.

Tense: 1 Aor. Ptc. M of alphaaorist stems.

Tenses: Pres. Ptc. MP of verbs;Fut. Ptc. M of all verbs; Aor. Ptc.M of athem. aor. stgems.

ANCIENT GREEK VERB: B. SIX TENSE SYSTEMS 8

The Six Tense Systems of the Greek Verb: Formation and Synopsis

Major Types of Greek Verbs, illustrated with principle parts:

(in what follows, the principal parts of those verbs showing the peculiarities characteristic of their type are printed inbold characters)

(a) Regular Thematic Verbs

(b) Contract Thematic Verbs

(c) Athematic or -mi Verbs

(d) Liquid Thematic Verbs

(e) Thematic Second Aorist, Second Perfect (i.e. w/o characteristic -ka ending)

(f) Athematic Second Aorist (or "Third Aorist")

(g) Second Future, Second Passive

C. W. Conrad, Overview of the Ancient Greek Verb. ©Carl W. Conrad, 2004


I. PRESENT SYSTEM (PRESENT AND IMPERFECT TENSES, ACTIVE AND MIDDLE -PASSIVE)

2 types: Regular Thematic including Contract VerbsAthematic or Verbs

A. Regular Thematic including Contract Verbs29

PRESENT STEM: from first principal part:

fromfromfromfrom

RULES FOR FORMATION AND SYNOPSIS (3rd singular)

ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE-PASSIVE VOICEPresent Stem + I-A-Them endings Stem + I-MP-Them-Indicative endings

IndicativePresent Stem + I-A-Sub endings Stem + I-MP-Them-Subjunctive endings

SubjunctivePresent Stem + II-A-Thematic Optative endings Stem + II-MP-Them. Opt. endingsOptativePresent Stem + A-them-imp endings Stem + MP-them-imp endings

ImperativePresent Stem + A-them-inf ending Stem + MP them-inf ending

InfinitivePresent Stem + A-them-ptc endings Stem + MP-them-ptc endings

ParticipleImperfect Augment + Stem + II-A-Them endings Augment + Stem + II-MP-Thematic endingsIndicative

29NOTE: Contract verbs are thematic, but of stems contracts with vowels of the mood infix ( )as follows:

+=

+ oi= oi

+=



B. Athematic ( ) Verbs

PRESENT STEM: from first principal part:

from

NOTE: Athematic stems have long-vowel and short-vowel forms. The long-vowel stemappears in the singular of the indicative active tenses, the short-vowel stem in mostother places. Note also that in the imperfect singular, some athematic verbs have partlyassimilated to the thematic forms of inflection: .

RULES FOR FORMATION AND SYNOPSIS (3rd plural)

ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE-PASSIVE VOICEPresent Stem + I-A-Athematic endings Stem + I-MP-Athematic endings

IndicativePresent Stem + I-A-Subjunctive endings Stem + I-MP-Them-Subjunctive endings

SubjunctivePresent Stem + II-A-Athematic Optative endings Stem + II-MP-Athematic Opt. endingsOptativePresent Stem + A-ath-imp endings Stem + MP-ath-imp endings

Imperative (Hellenistic) (Hellenistic)Present Stem + A-ath-inf ending Stem + MP ath-inf ending

InfinitivePresent Stem + A-ath-ptc endings Stem + MP-ath-ptc endings

ParticipleImperfect Augm + Stem + II-A-Athematic endings Augment + Stem + II-MP-Athematic endingsIndicative

II. FUTURE SYSTEM (FUTURE TENSE, ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)

FUTURE STEM: from second principal part:

fromfromfrom uncontracted)

RULES FOR FORMATION AND SYNOPSIS (1st plural)

ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE-PASSIVE VOICEFuture Stem + I-A-Thematic endings Stem + I-MP-Them-Indicative endings

IndicativeFuture Stem + II-A-Thematic Optative endings Stem + II-MP-Them. Opt. endings

OptativeFuture Stem + A-them-inf ending Stem + MP-them-inf ending

InfinitiveFuture Stem + A-them-ptc endings Stem + MP-them-ptc endings

Participle

30Note that liquid verbs follow the pattern of typical e-stem contractions observed in the conjugation of verbs inthe present tense. So also do verbs (e.g. )

31Note that some verbs with -stems have a future following the pattern of verbs in the present tense, as forexample: from .



III. AORIST SYSTEM (AORIST TENSE, ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)

3 types: First or Sigmatic AoristSecond or Thematic AoristThird or Athematic "Second" Aorist

A. First or Sigmatic Aorist

FIRST AORIST STEM: from third principal part:

fromfrom

RULES FOR FORMATION AND SYNOPSIS (1st plural)

ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE-PASSIVE VOICEAorist Augm+ Stem + II-A-Alpha Aor. endings Augment + Stem + II-MP-Alpha Aor. endings

IndicativeAorist Stem + I-A-Subjunctive endings Stem + I-MP-Them-Subjunctive endings

SubjunctiveAorist Stem + II-A-Alpha Aorist Opt endings Stem + II-MP-Alpha Optative endings

OptativeAorist Stem + A-alph-imp endings Stem + MP-alph-imp endings

Imperative (3 sg.) (3 sg.) Aorist Stem + A-alph-inf ending Stem + MP-alph-inf ending

InfinitiveAorist Stem + A-alph-ptc ( ) endings Stem + MP-alph-ptc endings

Participle

B. Second Aorist, Thematic Type

SECOND AORIST STEM: from third principal part:

from

RULES FOR FORMATION AND SYNOPSIS (2nd sg.)ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE-PASSIVE VOICE

Aorist Augm + Stem + II-A-Thematic endings Augment + Stem + II-MP-Thematic endingsIndicative

Aorist Stem + I-A-Subjunctive endings Stem + I-MP-Them-Subjunctive endingsSubjunctive

Aorist Stem + II-A-Thematic Optative endings Stem + II-MP-Them. Opt. endingsOptativeAorist Stem + A-them-imp endings Stem + MP-them-imp endings

ImperativeAorist tem + A-them-inf ending Stem + MP-them-inf ending

InfinitiveAorist Stem + A-them-ptc (o-nt) endings Stem + MP-them-ptc endings

Participle

32Note: liquid verbs have lost medial sigma between liquid and alpha; loss of the sigma is usually indicated bycompensatory lengthening of the vowel preceding the liquid-sigma complex. So, e.g., the stem is to beunderstood as deriving from ; with loss of the , the lengthened into .



C. Third or Athematic "Second" Aorist

THIRD AORIST STEM: from third principal part

fromfromfrom

RULES FOR FORMATION AND SYNOPSIS (3 sg.)ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE-PASSIVE VOICE

Aorist Augm + Stem + II-A-Athematic endings Augment + Stem + II-MP-Athematic endingsIndicative

Aorist Stem + I-A-Subjunctive endings (contr.) Stem + I-MP-Them-Subjunctive endings (contr.)Subjunctive

AoristOptativeAorist Stem + A-ath-imp endings Stem + MP-athem-imp endings

ImperativeAorist Stem + A-ath-inf ending (contr.) Stem + MP-athem-inf ending

InfinitiveAorist Stem + A-ath-ptc ( ) endings Stem + MP-ath-ptc endings

Participle

IV. PERFECT ACTIVE SYSTEM (PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT TENSES, ACTIVE)

PERFECT ACTIVE STEM: from fourth principal part

(First Perfect): from(Second Perfect): from

RULES FOR FORMATION AND SYNOPSIS (3 pl.)

MOOD RULES FOR FORMATION FIRST PERFECT SECOND PERFECTIndicative Stem + II-A-Alpha Aorist endings34

Subjunctive Stem + I-A-Subjunctive endingsOptative Stem + II-A-Thematic Opt endings

Imperataive Stem + A-them-imp endingsInfinitive Stem + A-pf-Inf endingParticiple Stem + A-pf-ptc endings

Pluperfect Indicative Augm + Stem + II-A-Plupf endings

33Note: these athematic stems have long-vowel forms that tend to appear in the indicative and short-vowelforms that tend to appear elsewhere, contracted in the subjunctive and also in the active infinitive.

34Note that since this is a primary tense, the third plural ending is (not ).



V. PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM (PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT TENSES,MIDDLE)

PERFECT MIDDLE STEM: from fifth principal part:

fromfromfrom

FUTURE PERFECT MIDDLE STEM:

( )( assimilated)( assimilated)

RULES FOR FORMATION AND SYNOPSIS (2 sg.)

MOOD PERFECT MIDDLE FUTURE PERFECT MIDDLEPerfect Stem + I-MP-Athematic endings Stem + I-MP-Them-Indicative endings

Indicative(but 3 pl.: plural participle +

Perfect Perfect MP Participle + Subj. of NoneSubjunctive (etc.)

Perfect Perfect MP Participle + Opt. of efim€ Stem + II-MP-Them-Opt. endingsOptative (etc.)Perfect Stem + MP-ath-imp endings None

ImperativePerfect Stem + MP-ath-inf ending Stem + MP-them-inf ending

InfinitivePerfect Stem + MP-ath-ptc endings Stem + MP-them-ptc endings

ParticiplePluperfect Augm. + Stem + II-MP-Ath endingsIndicative

35Note that in the perfect middle a consonant-stem assimilates to the consonant of the ending.36Note that in the perfect MP infinitive a consonant-stem assimilates to the of the - infinitive ending

while the is squeezed out phonetically.37Note that in the perfect MP participle the accent is always on the syllable.



VI. PASSIVE SYSTEM (AORIST AND FUTURE TENSES, PASSIVE)

AORIST PASSIVE STEM: from sixth principle part:

(First Passive): from(Second Passive): from

FUTURE PASSIVE STEM: AORIST PASSIVE STEM + s

(First Future Passive):(Second Future Passive):

RULES FOR FORMATION AND SYNOPSIS (3 sg.)

MOOD AORIST PASSIVE FUTURE PASSIVEIndicative Augm + Stem + II-A-Athem endings FP Stem + I-MP-Them-Indicative endings

Subjunctive Stem + I-A-Subj endings None

Optative Stem + II-Aor. Pass. Optative endings FP Stem + II-MP-Them-Optative endings

Imperative Stem + A-ath-imp endings39 None

Infinitive Stem + A-ath-inf ending FP Stem + MP-them-inf ending

Participle Stem + A-ath-ptc endings FP Stem + MP-them-ptc endings

38Note that the passive stem has a long-vowel form which appears in the indicative, imperative, and infinitive --and a short-vowel form which appears in the subjunctive, optative, and participle.

39Note that in the second singular imperative becomes after the passive marker (i.e. .


ancient greek verb

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