Ancient Rome

-Early Rome-Famous Places of Rome-Daily life and entertainment-The Roman Army

Rev-3/6/08

Rome in the “old days” is Italy

Vocabulary pgs. 1-16

• Greeks-

• Etruscans-

• Latins-

• Peninsula-

• Rome-

• Palintine Hill-

• Capitoline Hill-

• The Aenieid

• Romulus + Remus

• Tiber River-

• Via Salaris-Salt road

• Patres Familiarem

• Senex, Comitia Curiata

Geography

• Modern Rome1. Southern Italy2. Italian peninsula = 3. 683 x 155 miles(at

widest point)4. Center of Med.basin5. ¾ = mountainous

-Alps-Northern-Apennines-N Spine of Italy

1. volcanoes

7. Western plains=ideal farm land

8. Eastern side= drier9. Rivers = Po, Arno, Tiber

Founding of Rome stories

Two main stories:

1) Virgil- 1st Cent. BC poet

wrote in his Aenid”-

Romans were descendants of a Trojan prince (Aeneas)

“Romulus and Remus”

More popular story:

Livy- 1st Cent. B.C.- historian

Romulus and Remus were sons of war-god Mars, and raised by a she-wolf until discovered by a farmer who raises them to man-hood.

While deciding where to build a city they quarrel and Romulus kills Remus.

Settlement on Palentine Hill becomes Rome.

Advantages of Rome’s site geographically

• Overlooks shallow section of Tiber; control trade

• City located on “Via Salaria” (salt road)

• 16 miles from mouth of river at coast-close for using the ocean but safely far away from raiders like pirates

Rome

ROME

Rome

Unlabeled City of Rome

Etruscans

• Came from north of Latium

• Modern day Tuscany• Cleared land, drained

marshes, = farmland• Highly civilized,

artistic, orderly cities• Wealthy traders with

Med.world• Fierce warriors

ETRUSCANS

• Etruscan kings controlled Rome for close to 70 years. Under these rulers, the Romans developed an alphabet, and learned how to use the arch in building design.

Etruscan influences in Farming

• Use of fertilizers• Crop rotation• Methods of draining

swamps• Introduced grapes,

olives

Ex. Of canal system

Other Etruscan influences

-Introduced Greek religion and idea of

“Augury”

-Use of metal for weapons, tools

-New fashions

-Alphabet 21 letters adopted to make the Latin language.

- Eventually 26 to be basis of our alphabet

- The Etruscan language not understood today.

Republican Form of Government

vocabulary

• Res publica• Aristocracy• Patricians and

Plebians• 2 Consuls• 300 senators• 10 tribunes• Citizen assemblies

• Political ladder of success:

Assembly of Tribes and Assembly of Centuries

-Quaestors-

-Aediles-

-Praetors-

-Censors

-Priests

Special occasions:

-Dictator-

The Republic

• Once the Etruscans were overthrown, Roman leaders set up a new form of government =

“Republic”- where citizens elect their leaders.

• There were two classes of citizens, PATRICIANS and PLEBEIANS.

• Patricians came from wealthy families.

• Patricians formed the bulk of society, craftspeople, peasants, etc..

The Forum, a place where the business of the Republic could be discussed. The laws of the Roman republic, "the Twelve Tables", were displayed in the Forum.

Patricians• Patricians = rich landowners – • City house and a country house.• Rich Romans had little furniture/

mainly couches and tables• Banquets

– shellfish, hardboiled eggs, olives, smoked fish, sweet wine, several meat courses, desserts, music, dancing

• Children of patrician– own bedrooms, toys, personal

slaves to help with books, play with, take care of them

• Hairstyles – slaves would do them• Slaves sleep on floor or in

basements

Plebians• Plebians shared apartment-type buildings

• No bathrooms- chamber pots emptied on streets.

• Rare to have a kitchen- had to buy food: typically bread, soup, porridge.

-Very rare to get a meat in their meal.

• Little schooling, followed their parent’s careers

Government

Post Etruscans- Romans organized “Republic” type of government

• Assembly of Tribes and Assembly of Centuries vote on issues and laws

• Consuls- highest officials

-elected by assemblies

-2 consuls each year

-enforced laws, commanded army during war

• Magistrates- all kinds of officials that assist consuls

- Assembly of Centuries elect them

-Quaestors- census, determine property values,taxes

-Aediles- like a mayor, took care of some public buildings

-Praetors- like a judge- did the trials

-Censors- file names for taxation, conscription, position in Assembly

-Dictator- for emergencies could be elected by senate / 6 month term /temporarily take place of the consuls

Senate

• Most powerful of the government bodies• 300 appointed by the 2 consuls• life terms; originally only patricians, then later included

plebians• proposed laws(but did not pass them),• controlled the finances, foreign affairs• Senate was where the real power of Rome lay

Roman Law

• Very effective law code

• laws written down on “12 tablets”

• children had to memorize the law

• laws changed as empire grew

• court records kept throughout empire- became international law

American Law and Roman Law

• Our laws are largely influenced by Roman LawExamples:

1. All citizens equal under the law2. person is innocent until proven guilty 3. person has a right to know their

accuser4. person should not be punished for what he/she believes

The End of the Republic &The Beginning of the Empire

• The people of Rome gradually respected their leaders less and less due to corruption and other factors.

• 49 B.C., Julius Caesar, a Roman general, marched his army on Rome, seizing control of the government, and declaring himself dictator for life.

Augustus, or Octavian, brought a time of peace to the Roman Empire, known as the "Pax Romana

The emperor Constantine made Christianity permissible in the Roman Empire c. 313 A.D.

Circus Maximus –

Where the citizens would go to watch chariot races

Colosseum –

where the citizens would go to watch gladiators battle

Pantheon - a temple dedicated to all of the Roman gods (Jupiter, Juno, Venus, Mars, Mercury, Minerva, Saturn,

Neptune, Pluto, etc.)

Pantheon –modern day view

The City of Rome

• seven hilltops. • Marshy land in between• One million people• 1,000,000 people• Police force-during reign of

Augustus – 4,500 police called “urban cohorts”

Rome’s traffic problems

• -skinny streets• -”Julius Caesar’

wagons” were banned during daylight hours.

• At night people used carts to resupply shops, do work etc…noise on cobblestones at night was terrible.

• After Fire of A.D. 64 –Emperor Nero redesigned streets- parallel streets

Some famous places of Rome

City is known for many famous structures.

Including:

• The Circus Maximus

• The Coliseum

• The Roman Forum

• Roman Theaters

The Circus Maximus

The Circus Maximus• The Circus Maximus was a large chariot track located in the valley

between two of Rome's seven hills. The size of the track was 656 feet wide and 1,969 feet long (Lewis 1980, pg 48). It was developed in the sixth century A.D. with stands of wood, and it could hold about 100,000 people. Emperors Titus and Trajan rebuilt it with concrete at the end of the first century. By the fourth century A.D., the stands were expanded to hold up to 350,000 people.

• Chariot races were the most commonly held event at the Circus Maximus. It was also the site for large attacks on Christians by wild animals and gladiators.

• Four teams, designated by colors, competed in the races. A race consisted of seven laps around the track at very high speeds. Sometimes, as many as twenty races were run in a day. Often a chariot would collide with another or hit the inside wall adding to the excitement. Injury or death to a horse or rider was not uncommon.

The Roman Coliseum

• The building of the Roman Coliseum (Colosseum) was begun in 72 A.D. by Emperor Vespasian.

• The dedication ceremony included the slaughtering of 5,000 animals. That was followed by 100 days of games.

• It was named in the Middle Ages The "Colosseum" after a large statue of Nero which used to stand beside it.

The Coliseum (“Amphitheater”)• It is 465 feet long, 386 feet wide and

118 feet high. The foundation of cement measures 23 feet thick.

• Built on the site of an artificial lake which had to be drained. Some of those drains are still in use today. (If those drains were closed the amphitheater could be flooded for mock sea battles)

• Exterior was made up of three tiers of arches. The first set of arches were Doric, the second Ionic, and the third were Corinthian. The amphitheater was equipped with 240 masts. On the masts a large canvas would be attached which could be a cover for all the spectators.

The Coliseum

•   The seating in the Coliseum was divided by classes. 1.The Imperial court were in

the lower tier. 2. Behind them the

aristocratic families. 3. The next set of seats were

occupied by the commoners.

4. Finally, women, were seated at the very top tier. From most accounts very few women attended the events.

It falls into ruins

Gladiator fights were outlawed in 438 A.D. and the last animal show was in 523 A.D.

Part of the wall of the Coliseum was destroyed by an earthquake. The Coliseum fell into disrepair.

It was scavenged for materials for use in St. Peters, Palazzo Venezia, Palazzo Barberini, and Plazzo Farnese.

Pope Benedict XIV finally stopped the looting of the arena in 1744 when he made the site a holy site.

Interior shots of the Coliseum

• The main area was made of a removable wooden floor that was covered with dirt for easy cleanup. Some have suggested that the Romans may have removed the floor and flooded the area for mock naval battles.

• Under the floor was a set of tunnels and holding places for gladiators and wild animals used for entertainment. Under the floor was a lift system and trapdoors from which people or animals below could enter the arena.

• When the Colosseum opened, 100 straight days of games were held. The Colosseum was used for large events. For example, in one day, over 5000 animals were killed. An other day over 1000 gladiators fought in a single afternoon (Lewis 1980, pg 48).

The Roman Forum• The Roman Forum was the

center of the city and all its activities. It was a large area where shops and markets were set up.

• The government buildings surrounded the Forum, and it was there that the Senate of Rome met.

• Above the Forum was the Temple of Jupiter, the king of the Roman gods. Other temples dedicated to important gods of the Roman religion were also located near the Forum.

Famous Places-questions-What was the Circus Maximus?-How many people did it hold at its largest form?-What kind of materials were used to build it?-What is another name for Rome’s coliseum?-What was it used for? -In what order were the classes of people seated there?-What were some unusual features of its design? What was

the floor made up of? Did it have a roof?- What was the Roman Forum?- What Roman God had a large temple near it?

Roman Entertainment• Romans worked from dawn until about

noon ever day of the week. After the noon hour, and on holidays they often looked for entertainment.

• Free time-go to a public bath, visit the theater, see a gladiator fight at the Coliseum or a chariot race at the Circus Maximus. Most of these events were free for the common Roman.

• In the economic good times of the empire, wealthy Romans sponsored the events to gain public prestige. Later, the cost was picked up by the government to keep the people of the city in good spirits.

• Seating at many of the events was segregated by social class. For example, at the Coliseum seating was divided by classes. (see previous slide)

Roman Theaters• Early theaters were temporary and set

up for specific religious festivals. One theater held over 27,000 people.

• The Theater of Marcellus, was built around A.D. 12 and held 14,000 people. This theater is still standing.

• Unlike the openness of the Greek stage, the Romans built two or three-story backdrops behind the stage. The theaters may have had an awning, which shaded some or most of the audience.

• The Romans borrowed heavily from the Greeks in both the style and the content of their plays. Actors wore masks like in Greek theater and they and played multiple roles.

• They performed tragedies and comedies written either by the Greeks or their own playwrights. Actors were usually slaves or freed slaves, because acting was not seen as a respectable career.

 

Daily Life Questions

• When did the typical work day start and end?

• What were ways Romans entertained themselves?

• What were two things Roman theater had in common with that of the Greeks?

• Who were the actors in Roman theater?

The Roman Army

Characteristics:• Highly Organized• Disciplined• Duty to leaders and

Republic

A chance for another life• Poor Romans often joined the army. • 18 years old, 5 and ½ feet tall• Served for 25 years, then got a pension.

land• Could not marry while in army until A.D.

197• non-citizens could be in army, serve

25 years then get citizenship, pension or land

• “Legions.” =The basic army unit.• 6,000 men; also divided up into smaller units• 35 Legions during Hadrian’s rule • Several different types of soldiers with

different duties, front-line, archers, engineers, etc..

• Legions built most of the roads. They used them to get from place to place quickly. Most legions could travel up to 25 miles a day.

Daily life of the soldier

• well-trained, rugged,

• Capable of marching 18 miles a day for several days in full battle gear

• Could do 25 miles in 5 hours

• Weapons and gear weighed up to 60 lbs.

• Julius Caesar defeated a Gaul army of 250,000 men with only 50,000 Legionnaires

Roman Forts• A Roman Fort• The Romans developed a system

of forts to guard their frontier. • Some forts were large enough to

hold an entire legion of six thousand men.

• The forts were developed in an organized design to allow the soldiers to have quick access to the surrounding walls. The same layout was used for the troops when they were on the move and made camp for the night.

• Around the forts, civilian settlements often developed.

•

Fort layout• A fort would be set up with a large

ditch around the outer edge. Dirt from the ditch was used to build a rampart. On the top of the rampart, a wooden wall would be built.

• If the Romans planned to make the fort permanent, a stone wall would be built to replace the wood.

• The gates would have guard towers on both sides. The Romans also dug deep holes and put in sharpened wooden stakes.

• They also would put sharp branches and timbers in a shallow ditch to make it difficult for infantry to approach the walls.

Fort layout (continued)

• Barracks- eleven rooms held a century (group of eight men)..Best troops were near the main gate.

• Praetorium –The Commander and his family. (Generals and high commanders were allowed to marry in the Roman army.)

• Principia- administrative offices of the fort and where the pay for the soldiers was stored.

• Forts would also have buildings for blacksmiths, carpenters, butchers, shoemakers, storage for grains, and a stable for the horses.

• Outside of each fort, a Roman style bath was built. It was usually outside a forts walls because of the risk for fires.

Army formations and tactics

For an open field conflict-

Infantry in the middle

Auxiliaries on the right and left sides.

Cohorts of calvary formed the rear flanks

Large reserve of infantry men behind the main force.

The “Pig’s Head”

• Another formation was known as the “pig's head.”

• The infantry was placed into a wedge-shaped formation and would push into the enemy with a wall of shields.

Square formation

• When surrounded, the Romans formed a square formation with interlocking shields.

The “Tortoise”

• When laying siege to a fort, they used a formation called the “tortoise.”

• The soldiers in front and sides interlocked their shields.

• The soldiers in the back lines placed their shields over their heads to form a protective "shell" over top of the men.

• "It was so strong that (in training) a chariot could be driven over the top!" (Williams 2003, pg 28).

• You can see this in a scene in the movie “The Gladiator”

Other tactics

• The Romans are known to have built movable towers to capture walled cities.

• They also built dirt ramps to the top of walls.

• The tortoise formation used by the infantry was designed for such sieges.

Siege Machines

• Three weapons developed: onager, ballista, and catapulta.

-onager • type of catapult used for

hurling large rocks up to one thousand feet (three hundred meters).

 

Ballista and Catapulta

• The ballista and catapulta were types of high-powered crossbows which hurled missiles long distances or pierce armor.

The Roman Army- Questions

• Your typical Roman soldier had to serve for how many years before retiring?

• What kind of person was your “typical” Roman soldier?• What was a “legion?”• What were two types of “formations” that were used in battle by the

Romans?• Describe the outer wall of a typical Roman fort.• Define “barracks,” “Praetorium,” and “Principia.”• What is the difference between an “onager” and a “ballista?”• If you had to describe the Roman Army system with one word what

would it be?

Roman Baths• One of the pastimes in Ancient Rome was going to

the baths. In smaller towns, women scheduled times during the day when they could use the baths. Men had the time after work designated for them. In larger towns, the baths had separate areas for the men and women to use. The baths were free in some cases, or very reasonably priced so that most Romans could have access to them. The city of Rome itself had over 800 public baths, including 11 very large imperial baths, which held hundreds of people at the same time. The very wealthy had private baths in their own homes.

• Most baths in Roman times had several common characteristics. There was a changing room called an apodyterium where they left their clothes and took a towel into the bath area. The next room was a warm room know as the tepidarium. Here they sat and allowed their bodies to adjust to the temperature of the next room, the caldarium, which was know as the hot room. This room was not only hot but also steamy. These rooms were heated by a heating system under the floor called a hypocaust. Here the Romans used an instrument known as a strigil to scrape off the dirt on their bodies. After this, they proceeded to the cold room, or the frigidarium, where they took a quick dip into a cold pool of water to wash off the rest of the dirt. After their cool dip, a slave applied scented oils to their bodies. Then the clean Romans went to a courtyard and socialized.

Fresh water and sewer system

• City of Rome needed lots of water-• Designed aqueducts to carry water from highlands

to city• Carried more in gallons than what flows today in

New York City (Snedden 1998, pg 28). • reservoirs or redirected mountain streams into the

aqueducts. • The aqueducts = combinations of pipes that either

ran underground or through a cement lined trough, which would run on top of arch supports.

• Tthe Aqua Claudia ". . . built in A.D. 47, supplied Rome from a source 43 miles (70 km) away. The source was just 820 ft. (250 m) higher than Rome itself. This meant that the aqueduct had to drop no more that 3 ft. (1m) in height for every 920 ft. (280 m) of it's length" (Snedden 1998, pg 26).

• The engineers had a gradual slope • The aqueducts would end on the top of one of the

seven hills of Rome. At the ending point, the water would flow into a distribution basin, which would have a number of smaller pipes to feed public baths, fountains, or a few wealthy homes in that area of the city.

• The Romans also developed a sewer system, which would empty waste from the public bathrooms and laundries into the Tiber River.

Engineering advancements• ARCHES-

-could build higher and stronger structures such as the Coliseum. The Romans extended the idea of the arch into the “dome.” The Pantheon, originally a temple to the Roman gods, was the largest dome built until the twentieth century.

• CONCRETE--Less expensive and very strong material. - Concrete walls were built by pouring a footer at the foundation. After the concrete hardened, they built wooden scaffolding or supporting framework. They lined the scaffolding with bricks and poured the concrete in between. After that layer hardened, the workers extended the scaffolding to make the wall higher.  

Homes in Rome• Homes- wood- until after great fire of AD 64- then

richer people used concrete.

• Apartments- Most of the population in of Rome lived in crowded, multi-story apartment structures that were as high as five or six stories. In cities, such as Pompeii, the apartments were only two stories high since they were less crowded.

• The bottom floor of the apartment buildings often housed shops along the road. The lower floors were occupied by wealthier Romans, while poorer Romans lived in the upper floors. Only the first floor would have running water and under-the-floor heat. Walls on the lower floors were often made of concrete and brick, while the upper floors were made of wood. Some of the apartments were badly constructed and were prone to fires. Those on the upper floors had very little chance of escaping a fire. Conditions in the apartments were often crowded and unsanitary.

• Town HousesOnly richest of Romans-one or two stories tall , no outside windows on the first floor. Windows were limited for security purposes and due to the noise and dirt from the street.-open-air atrium in the middle. -Some of the very rich even had their own private bath area.

Heating your home

• Two types of heating systems-

1. Bronze trays called braziers were used to hold charcoal to heat rooms.

2. A town house was often built with a central heating system called a hypocaust. The hypocaust had a fire in the basement which heated the air below the floor and spaces in the walls.

Cooking / kitchens

• Apartments-– Kitchens were not allowed in many of the apartments

due to being a fire hazards. People living in these structures would buy their meals from local bars or takeout places.

• Townhouses-– Kitchens in town houses consisted of a counter where

slaves boiled or grilled food over a small fire. Brick ovens were also used for baking.

Roman marriage• Marriages often arranged by

the parents.• The favorite month = June. • The girl @13 yrs old• The boy 2-3 yrs older. • The bride would take her

childhood toys and clothing and offer them to either the goddess Venus or to household gods.

• A pig -sacrificed on the day of the wedding, and prayers made to Juno. T

• The father of the bride would sign the marriage contract and gifts from the brides family would be given to the grooms family.

The role of Fathers

• The Father in the Family• Families in Rome were paterfamilias. The

father's authority was absolute.• As long as the father was alive, he controlled all

the property for the children and his wife. • The father could even go as far as whipping his

children, selling them into slavery, or even killing them if they did not obey his wishes.

• After the death of the father, the eldest son would take the role of the head of the family.

The Role of Women• Women in Roman society were not given much power or

influence. Roman men feared strong queens and female rulers. • Wealthy women had slaves to do chores. Rich women spent their

time socializing and planning entertainment.• Few women had it that easy!• Most women had to do it all: chores, raising children, keeping the

house in order, buying food, spinning yarn, hand making clothes. • Clothes were handwashed in lye, and hung on bushes to dry.

Rich women had slaves to do it or take it to a “wash store.”• In countryside- women also made cheese, washed wool

In city- women sometimes worked with their husbands at their craft stores (if they had one).

-There were some stories of women gladiators.

Roman Children

• Early Roman history father decided if child would live or be left to die.

• Father chose name for child at day 8 or 9.• Three names- first is personal name, second

was that of their clan, the last of their family name.

• Girls – one name in early days, later on a second family name was the custom.

Schools

• Schools were in the “forum” of a town.– Children went for 5 years to get basic education.– Wax tablets, abacus– strict discipline

• Secondary Schools– history, astronomy, geometry– later education learned “rhetoric”- art of discussion

and debate– Athens became the place for rich kids to go to

Roman meals• Breakfast= bread and cheese

Lunch = fruit, bread, sometimes meatSupper= sometimes a 3 course meal

-they loved to spice up their food with pepper and spices

• Meat was for special occasions- not eaten everyday

• Utensils =-bronze spoons, knives. The rich might have iron ones. -Forks not used. Ate most food with fingers.-Rich had tin or metal plates, bowls.

Others used wooden or pottery plates and bowls.-Dishes cleaned with water, used sand to scrape off food. No soap used.

Some Roman jobs

• Medicine

• Farming

• Slaves

• Gladiators

• Mining

Medicine• Doctors = men• Treated only those who could pay• Average life span of a Roman = 40 yrs• Only 50% of rich children lived to 20th birthday- much less for poor• High infant mortality rate- (why they wait 8-10 days to name them)• Poor nutrition, poor living conditions reasons why plebians live

shorter lives than patricians• Common childhood sicknesses of today became epidemics back

then• Doctors = advanced for the time

-cataract surgery, artificial limbs, some brain surgeries, some medical tools similar to those of today

• Some slaves became accomplished doctors after freedom

Farming• 90% of people were

connected with farming• Most work done by slaves

and supervised by other Romans

• Wheat = major crop. • Much grain imported from

Africa and Egypt. – Important to control trade

routes

• Olives and grapes next major crops– olive oil– wine

Slavery

• Big role in Roman society• Did all the unwanted work• Few rights• Could buy their freedom

sometimes• Could become slave

holders themselves• Children of freed slaves

could become citizens

Gladiators• “Gladiator” = trained warrior that

fights in contest to entertain the Romans - Slaves, prisoners of war -very expensive to train -did not all fight to death: thumb up or down rule

• 3 types:-samnite, secutor, retiarius -samnite – heavily armed - secutor – special helmet, equipment -retiarius- trident, and a net

• Great gladiators could earn freedom

• The most famous gladiator was Spartacus, who led a two year slave revolt against Rome in 73-71 B.C

Mining

• Craftsman got their ores from the efforts of miners

• Very dangerous job- slaves, criminals• lowered by rope into deep mine shafts• lots of problems- flooding, cave-ins,

bad fumes• Ores raised to surface with baskets• Many ores imported:

Gold, silver = Spain, Greece Tin = Britain Copper= Italy, Spain, Cyprus

• After the ore was mined, it would be processed by smiths into gold, copper, or some kind of metal product.

Stores/shops

• Stores were often located in a town’s main forum. Other markets could be connected to it.

• Shops opened to the street. The owner slept above it.

• Wooden shutters went down over the front at night for security.

• The government set scales, standards, and had inspectors

• Rome’s main forum had over 150 shops in it.

Roman Roads

• Rome was famous for its road system.

• Built over 53,000 miles through empire

• You could start in N.E. Africa, go around the Mediterranean Sea, and up into Rome and never be off a Roman road.

Roman Road construction

Steps to building a road:1. surveyed to keep it straight2. dig 3 feet down, 20 feet across3. put foundation of gravel and

sand4. then a level of smaller gravel,

was laid and leveled5. sides lined with block and

stone6. top of road then fitted with 5

sided stones laid together7. roads sloped for drainage

Roman roads

• Stone mile markers would be placed along the roads to let travels know how far to the next city or inn.

Rome expands

• 343-290 BC Rome expands its borders

• Latin becomes official language of empire

• Extensive road system built to connect to Rome

• Roman navy built up to use

The Punic Wars-

• Rome vs Carthage

-Causes = who will control Mediterranean?

- 3 main wars -off and on between 264-146 BC

-Famous generals=

-Rome- Scipio

-Carthage- Hannibal

Hannibal

• known for his military “smarts”• defeated the Romans in battle • marched 9,000 miles from Spain to Italy

-lost many men, war elephants etc..• lost eventually to Scipio at Zarma• Scipio spared Carthage and Hannibal; unpopular

move with the Roman government• When Scipio died Hannibal had to flee

eventually committed suicide

Scipio

• defeated Hannibal

• became a censor

• 184 BC enemies accused him of crimes

• retired then died

Pompey

• Powerful general and leader-78-48 BC

• organized and firmed up control of empire’s lands

Review• How are the branches of the Roman

Republic and the United States similar and different?

• List the main officials of Roman government.

• What are three examples of Roman principles we have in our legal code today?

Other Famous Romans

Directions- Use a partner and list main accomplishments, or notable characteristics for each of the following leaders:

• Marc Antony-• Octavian-• Augustus-• Caligula-• Nero-• Hadrian-• Marcus Aurelius-• Commodus-

Leaders -continued

• Diocletian-

• Constantine-

Review questions-

• 1. Discuss who Octavian was and why he was later named “Augustus.”

• 2. What does the term “Pax Romana” mean or refer to?

• 3. What does the term “Greco-Roman” culture mean or consist of?

• 4. What are three Roman engineering inventions? How do we use them today?

Review continued-

• 5. What is the emperor Caligula known during his rule?

• 6. Characterize Nero as a leader?• 7. What are some of Hadrian’s

accomplishments?• 8. What is Marcus Aurelius know chiefly

for?• 9. Discuss how the death of

ended “Pax Romana.”

Review continued-

• 10. What leader divided the Roman Empire and why did he feel it necessary?

• 11. Who was Constantine and what are some of the things he accomplished?

• 12. What connection is there between Hannibal and Scipio?

• 13. Why do you think that Julius Caesar is so famous as a leader?

Checks and Balances

• Checks and Balances- when one part of government “checks” the power of another part of government.

• Plebians in Assembly of Tribes have 10 men called Tribunes.

-could veto decisions of Senate and consuls

What were some weaknesses?

• large numbers of officials elected for life• hard to get new ideas going sometimes• dictators sometimes would not stop being a

dictator• power of Senate too much for tribunes to stop

sometimes• fights between plebians and patricians led to

civil wars• Size of empire so great that was very difficult to

lead it effectively