apl6 collection of papers

8/15/2019 APL6 Collection of Papers

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Tgcestnfe ]ress L few jeferltgn f n` ]ukbg sagfj

Wnu lre relcgfj l ùbb versgnf n` tags knni, `nr `ree!

Sags knni gs plrt n` tae Tgcestnfe e-bgkrlry waere hnst n` nur

pukbgdltgnfs lre ùbby lddessgkbe `nr `ree. @nr lddess tn hnre

`ree knnis vgsgt? www.sgcestnfe.dnh/bgkrlry

Cnwfbnlc @ubb ]C@

Pgsgt tae Tgcestnfe e-bgkrlry tn cnwfbnlc hnst n` nur e-knnis `nr

nfby ₢ 3,5=. @nr tags hgfghlb èe ynu wgbb redegve l ùbby ùfdtgnflb

]C@ lfc ky cngfj sn, ynu aebp tn ieep nur bgkrlry ruffgfj.

www.sgcestnfe.dnh/bgkrlry



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A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf, Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter

Infgfjsknsda, ]rnv. Bghkurj <

]. vlf ce Pebce, [gtulbs, Tigfs lfc Anher? tae Clfukglf 'Slf-]gts' 5=

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A. H. E. PLF ALL[EF UFC ]. O. [. HNCCE[HLF

Cge Perð`èftbgdaufj egfes @ufcinhpbexes, cer zuh jrðÞtef Segb lus Nker `bãdaefùfcef kesteat, kelksgdatgjt, egfef Kegtrlj zur Iefftfgs ces Hgttebfenbgtag

iuhs gf cef sòcðstbgdaef Fgecerblfcef zu bgeèrf. Cge jrnÞe Hefje lf @euer

stegfhlterglb, clrufter Kegbe, ]ègbspgtzef ufc Irltzer, jlrlftgert, clÞ cer _u`lbbs

`litnr cer Persdahutzufj curda lfcere Iubturef rebltgv ibegf gst. Egfe Lfzlab

Tdaerkef cge u.l. keg cer Lusjrlkufj jeùfcef wurce, bgeèrt wgdatgje erjãfzefce Gf`nrhltgnf.

EgfbegtufjGh Oufg <70< kesudate Aerr ]. B. Ieuref lus]ey-Edat cef Nrt gf cer Uhjekufj vnfInfgfjsknsda, Jehegfce Edat, lf ceh vnfcrgttef egf èuerstegferfes Kegb jeùfcef wnrcef wlr. Keg cgeser Jebejefaegt eftcedite erzweg Ttebbef hgt èuerstegferfef ufcstegferfefJerãtef ufc Lk`lbb, cefef er cge Fuhherf ;3ufc ;: jlk. Tegtceh wurcef cgese @ufcnrtrejebhãÞgj kesudat, wnkeg luda Aerr O. J.Tdallp (Jebeef) ufc cer gfzwgsdaef verstnrkefe Aerr A. ]eters (]ey-Edat) litgv tegb

flahef. Cls lf kegcef Ttebbef jeslhhebteHlterglb wurce ufs blfje _egt zur Per`òjufjjestebbt uh gf cgeser Perð`èftbgdaufj verlrkegtet zu wercef, wn`òr wgr jerfe ufsereflu`rgdatgjef Clfi lusspredaef hðdatef.

Cer jrðÞte Segb ces Hlterglbs gst gh Aluseces Aerrf ]. B. Ieuref, Tergfjefstrllt <<,]ey-Edat, zu egfer Tlhhbufj veregfgjt. Egfibegfer Segb gst keg Aerrf O. J. Tdallp, Hg-dalebstrllt 4, Jebeef, gf Perwlarufj. Cge gfcgeser Perð`èftbgdaufj verwefcetef Gfveftlr

fuhherf kezgeaef sgda - weff fgdat lfcerserwãaft - lu` cge Tlhhbufj Ieuref. Es huÞkeherit wercef, clÞ lbb gare jeslhhebtef@ufce vnf cer Nker`bãdae stlhhef ufc clÞcls bgtagsdae Hlterglb sear stlri òkerwgejt.Cge Snfwlre `lfc vnr <70: iluh Keldatufj,wncurda cer Inhpbex Nker`bãdaefùfce fgdatjlfz reprãseftltgv gst.

LfbãÞbgda cgeser @ufce `òarte cls Gfstgtuut

vnnr ]reagstnrge gf Begcef vnh <0. Nitnker kgsegfsdabgeÞbgda 4. Fnvehker <70: egfe Lusjrlkufj curda. Cgese jgfj lus egfer curda cge'Fgecerbãfcgsdae Nrjlfgsltgnf `òr regf-wgssefsdal`tbgdae @nrsdaufj' `gflfzgertef Uftersudaufj zu prãagstnrgsdaef ufc blfcsdal`tbgdaefLspeitef gf cer Jehegfce Edat aervnr. GhJlfzef wurcef 50= h; `regjebejt, fãhbgdalu` @ufcnrt ;:? ;3= h; ufc lu` @ufcnrt ;3?4;= h;, wnkeg hegstefs vger Lrkegter kesdaã`tgjt wlref. Aerr A. H. E. vlf Allref alttecge tãjbgdae Begtufj. Cge Curda`òarufj cer

Lusjrlkufj altte cge Infgfibgoie FecerblfcseAegcehlltsdalppgo lu` sgda jefnhhef. AerrK. D. Ceiier begstete keg cer Lusjrlkufj vnfufs sear jesdaãtzte Hgtlrkegt. Cge _egdafufjef `òr cge Perð`èftbgdaufj wurcef vnfcef Aerref O. ]. Knnjerc ufc K. D. Ceiierlfjeèrtgjt, cge ]antnjrlpage versnrjte AerrZ. A. O. Heuzebllr, lbbe Hgtlrkegter ces Gfstgtuut vnnr ]reagstnrge gf Begcef. @rlu I. B.Lrefcs-Ilgber alt cge ceutsdae Òkersetzufjòkerfnhhef.

Flda LksdabuÞ cer Kealfcbufj lbber @ufceHgtte <7:= alttef cge Aerref ]. B. Ieurefufc O. J. Tdallp cge @ufcnrte fnda egfgjeHlbe kesudat, wnkeg sge wgeceruh èuerstegferfe Jejefstãfce `lfcef, cge oecnda fgdat gfcge flda`nbjefce Ttltgstgief u. cjb. lu`jefnhhef sgfc. Es ketrg``t u.l. egf Albk`lkrgilt egfesèuerstegferfef Kegbdaefs, cls lus egfehjrðÞeref Exehpblr lus Bnuskerj @euerstegf



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf - Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjskfsda :

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DV6 -Egj. O. Tpu/fudigje ufc còffldigje @bgft-Nvlbkegbe ufc egf @ebs-[edatedikegb lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. < ? ;.



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@gj. 3. Còffkblttgje Agft-Nvlbkegbe lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. < ? ;.



A. H. t'.. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf - Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknfef <4

@gj. :. @bgft-Nvlbkegb 55; lus Bnuskerj @euerstegf vnf Infgfjsknsda ;:. <?<.

còfjef Agrsdaanrfjewegaef cge [ece gst.Cge Jewgffufj vnf @euerstegf lus ceh

@euerstegfebuvguh `lfc sgdaer gf n`èfef Jrukef stltt. Cge Jewgffufj ces @euerstegfs lusceh lh Nrt vnrinhhefce Ilbi ilff snwnabgf n`èfef Jrukef lbs luda hgt Agbè vnfTdaãdatef stlttjeùfcef alkef. Es gst keilfft, clÞ cer Ilbistegf lu` ceh ]bltelu stebbefwegse kgs zu 0 h cgdi gst. Zeff fuf ghtge`stef Segb cgeses Ilbis krludaklre @euerstegfe gf jefòjefcef Hefjef vnrinhhef, sniðffef wgr lffeahef, clÞ cgese lbbegf hgttebsKerjklu zu Slje je`ðrcert wercef infftef.Lbbegf egfe lus`òarbgdae Uftersudaufj ilffzegjef, nk cges tltsãdabgda cer @lbb jewesefgst (@ebcer <705, T. ;<).

Lus cef kgs aeute lu` ceh Bnuskerj jeùfcefef Ttòdief ilff hlf fgdat `nbjerf, webdae

Kegbtypef ufc lfcere Jekrludasjejefstãfcecnrt aerjestebbt wurcef. Cge Lhlteurlrdaãnbnjef alkef fãhbgda iegf egfzgjes Efcprncuitòkrgj jeblssef (Krlfct <73<, T. <57). Cls zlabregdae Pnrinhhef vnf Albk`lkrgiltkegbefufc Lksdabãjef vnf pnbgertef Kegbef bãÞt lkerverhutef, clÞ Kegbe cls Aluptprncuit keg cerAerstebbufj wlref. Cl cer Bnuskerj @euerstegf egfe pblttef`ðrhgje Ttruitur kesgtzt ufcsgda jut kelrkegtef bãÞt, egjfet er sgda kesnfcers jut lbs Jrufcstn`` `òr Kegbe.

Cge ufs keilfftef Kegbe lus Bnuskerj @euerstegf iðffef versdagecefef Sypef zujenrcfet wercef. Cge @nrh cer Kegbe gst ufs cesalbk kegh Erieffef iegfe Ttòtze. Lbbegf clsdalrlitergstgsdae Hlterglb gst ager kestghhefc.

Uh egfef Egfcrudi vnf cer Hefje Bnus-



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@gj. 1. Còffkblttgjes @bgft-Nvlbkegb lus Bnuskerj@euerstegf vnf Dlkerj. <?<.

kerj @euerstegf, cge lf @ufcnrt Infgfjsknsda;: jeslhhebt wurce, zu verhgttebf, jekefwgr zufãdast egfe Gfveftlrbgste.

Gf cer Tlhhbufj vnf Aerrf O. J. Tdallpke`gfcet sgda egf còffkblttgjes @bgft-Nvlbkegb.Keg Aerrf ]. B. Ieuref sgfc `nbjefce Jejefstãfce lu`kewlart?

< còffldigjes (>) @bgft-Nvlbkegb (@gj. :?55;)< @rljheft egfes còffldigjef @bgft- Nvlb

kegbes (@gj. ;:?;= r)< còffldigjes @bgft-Nvlbkegb lbs [egkstegf

kefutzt (@gj. ;1?541)< Tdafegcetegb egfes Kegbes (@gj. 7?015); Tdaegkefirltzer (;:, <<57)< Ibnp`stegf lus egfeh Kegbe< [egkstegf0 L-Ibgfjef< K-Ibgfje

; C-Ibgfjef5 Lksdabãje vnf pnbgertef Kegbef

<4 Lksdabãje

< Ierfstegf< Krndief hgt Ilbiiruste

Hgt ufserer aeutgjef Iefftfgs cer Cgfje hòssef wgr lffeahef, clÞ lbbe Jejefstãfce, cgelus Bnuskerj @euerstegf aerjestebbt sgfc, urspròfjbgda vnh Bnuskerj keg Lldaef stlhhef. Cge Hðjbgdaiegt, clÞ cer Bnuskerj @euerstegf curda Srlfspnrt lbs Jerðbb gf ketrãdatbgdaer Lfzlab gf cge Uhjekufj vnf Infgfjsknsda jerget, ilff lusjesdabnssef wercef. Clzu gst cer Bnuskerj lbs \uebbe `òr egfjrnÞes Lrelb zu ibegf. Iurz, Srlfspnrt curdaHefsdaefalfc gst cge egfzgje lizeptlkbe Eribãrufj `òr cge Perkregtufj ces Hlterglbs.Zgr slaef keregts, clÞ lu` ceh Bnuskerj Kegbeaerjestebbt segf hòssef. Cgese wercef zweg`ebbns cef Bðweflftegb ces 'Expnrts' lusjehldat alkef, cl cer Jrufcstn`` sgda lusjesprndaef jut zur Aerstebbufj vnf Kegbef egjfet. Cge Lfwesefaegt egfes Krndief Bnuskerj @euerstegfs hgt Ilbiiruste ð``fet jbegdawnab cge Hðjbgdaiegt, clÞ luda fgdatkelrkeg-teter @euerstegf vnh Hefsdaef trlfspnrtgertwnrcef gst. Cgeser Hðjbgdaiegt snbbte gf _uiuf`t hear Lu`herislhiegt jewgchet wercef.

Tebkstverstãfcbgda alt cge @rlje flda cerPerkregtufj cer Kegbe lus Bnuskerj @euerstegf ufs kesdaã`tgjt. I. Krlfct (<73<, T. <0<)jgkt egfe Perkregtufjsilrte gfferalbk cer ceutsdaef Jrefzef, lus cer aervnrjeat, clÞ sge kgsòker cef @buÞ Bgppe agflus je`ufcef wurcef.Cge Tgtultgnf `òr cge Fgecerblfce wurce lfAlfc cer Tlhhbufjef ces [goishuseuhs vlfNucaecef gf Begcef, ces [goishuseuhs J.H.Ilh gf Fghwejef ufc cer prnvgfzglbef Huseef gf Hllstrgdat ufc Cef Knsda uftersudat.Clròkeragflus wurce cge @rlje egfer [egaevnf prgvltef Tlhhberf vnrjebejt. Eftjejefufseref Erwlrtufjef ke`gfcet sgda cge jrðÞteLfzlab Kegbe gf Fghwejef, lbsn wegtlk vnh@lkrgiltgnfszeftruh. Cer jrðÞte Segb cgeser



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Kegbe wurce oecnda curda Alfceb erwnrkef,wls zur @nbje alt, clÞ cge @ufcnrte ufkeilfft sgfc. Cnda iðffef wgr oecef`lbbs cgeflda`nbjefce Bgste lu`stebbef.

[goishuseuh vlf Nucaecef, Begcef?Jrneskeei Gfv. Fr. e 7:/1.35 ufc 30,Kerjegoi Gfv. Fr. i <7<;/<<.44,Kbergi Gfv. Fr. K.N. 3,Edat, ]epgfuskruj Gfv. Fr. < <7=0/4.<5.

[goishuseuh J.H. Ilh, Fghwejef?Alps òker Duyi Gfv. Fr. <5,Jrneskeei Gfv. Fr. 3:,@ufcnrte ufkeilfft Gfv. Fr. 7, <0, <1, 45, 47,3=, 3<, 33, 0:, 17 ufc ;4.<=.;7.

Knffe`lftef Huseuh, Hllstrgdat?Kllrbn Gfv. Fr. ;40;d,Hnft`nrt Gfv. Fr. ;=<5',Edat, Tt. Onnst Gfv. Fr. ;=3: GG E.

Fnnrckrlklfts Huseuh, Cef Knsda?Aeghnfc Gfv. Fr. 0<=,@ufcnrt ufkeilfft Gfv. Fr. K.

Ttreeihuseuh, Plbiefkurj?Dlkerj> Gfv. Fr. 00.

Tlhhbufj K. O. vlf [aeefef, Inntwgoi?Inntwgoi, Hnttefiugb.Alrsilhp, [getinbi

Tlhhbufj O. E. Crgessefs, Pefbn?Iessebegi,Kllrbn, ce Dlvlberge.

Tlhhbufj Jeheefteaugs Pefrly?Ngrbn, Hnbefaneve.

Tlhhbufj ]. O. Keeref, Kruhanbc?Feer, Cnfcerkerj.

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<=0

@gj. GG). Irujhdfgd vnf pnbgertef Agftkeòef wnrufterzweg Irltzer <=0 ufc <=: ufc egfe querseafegcgje ]`egbspgtze <;=3 lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. <?<.

Tlhhbufj ]. B. Ieuref, Edat?Infgfjsknsda ;3,Infgfjsknsda ;:.

Tlhhbufj O. Tgbvrlfts, Feer?Iesseb, Anfcerc Hnrjef,Iesseb, Iegzerskllf.

Lfjesgdats ces Ttlfces cer Uftersudaufj huÞcgese Bgste ufvnbbstãfcgj kbegkef. Cnda wnbbefwgr egfe - vnrbãu`gje - Keheriufj agfzu`òjef.



A. H. @.. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf - Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfj.tknsda <:

@gj. GG. Dgesggebbe ] egbspgtzef <;:0,;=;;. <700 ufc ;<=5 lus Infgfjsknsea ;:. G ? G.

Lu``lbbefc gst cge stlrie Infzeftrltgnf gf Hgttebbghkurj gf cer Hllsrejgnf. Cls flaezuvnbbstãfcgje @eabef vnf Bnuskerj @euerstegflu` ceh Bðss, wn hlf gaf cnda wnab erwlrtef iðffte, lker luda gh òkrgjef Tòcbghkurjilff begdat curda cge Fãae cer keceutefcef]rncuitgnfszeftref keg [godianbt ufc Plbiefkurj eribãrt wercef. Gfteresslft gst òkrgjefs cge heriwòrcgje Infzeftrltgnf gf Fgh-wejef. Pnf cef Kegbef hgt ufkeilffteh @uf

cnrt gh Huseuh Ilh wercef cnda wnab egfgje lus fgdat lbbzu wegter Eftèrfufj stlhhef.Oecef`lbbs egf Ttòdi gst kgs òker cef [aegfveralfcebt wnrcef ufc lu` cge Pebuwe kegInntwgoi jeblfjt! Cge fltòrbgdae Sreffufjzwgsdaef Bghkurj ufc Krlklft, cer ]eeb, spgejebt sgda gh Perkregtufjskgbc wgecer. Cge jejefsegtgjef Inftlite cer Kewnafer cgeser[ejgnfef wurcef n`èfsgdatbgda luda gh Hgt

tebfenbgtagiuh sear clcurda ersdawert.Tnblfje iegfe jut cltgertef Jekrludasje

jefstãfce lus Bnuskerj @euerstegf jeùfcefsgfc, sgfc wgr lu` cge Cltgerufjef cer Kegbtypef lfjewgesef, wge sge I. A. Krlfct (<70:)jejekef alt. @lssef wgr cgese hgt ufserefirgtgsdaef Fntgzef zuslhhef, sn erjgkt sgda`nbjefces Kgbc. Cls erste, vgebbegdat fnda sebtefe Pnrinhhef `gfcet gf egfer spãtef ]alseces Dalssçef L ufc cer Hgdaebskerjer Iubtur

stltt, wls egfef Lfsltzpufit vnr 4=== v. Dar.gf cer fgdat inrrgjgertef D<3-Darnfnbnjge erjgkt. Cge Kbòtezegt oecnda `lfc gh crgttef Hgbbefguh stltt. _u gar redafef wgr cge Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe-Iubtur, cge west`ãbgsda-aessgsdaefJlbergejrãker ufc cge fnrcceutsdaef Hejlbgtajrãker. Cls Efce `ãbbt u.E. hgt ceh Lu`

inhhef cer Ttregtlxt- ncer Kedaeriubturefzuslhhef.



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bgj. <;. Kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgtzef 3:; ufc <;:= lusInfgfjsknsda ;:. <?<.

@gj. <4. Kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgbzef hgt rufcer Klsgs <701,133. 440 ufc 30< lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. <?<.

@rljhefte ufc Lrte `lite vnf pnb ge r tefKegbefAgf keilfftes ]aãfnhef lus ceh Fenbgtagiuh gst cge seiufcãre Perwefcufj pnbgerterKegbe. Luda lus Infgfjsknsda ;: alkef wgrager`òr Kewegse. Cer jrðÞte Segb kesteat lusibegferef ufc jrðÞeref @rljheftef hgt egferncer luda heareref pnbgertef @bãdaef, cndajgkt es luda egfgje Jejefstãfce wge zwegIrltzer (@gj. <=?<=0, <=:), egfe quersdafegcgje]ègbspgtze (@gj. <=?<;=3), egfef Knarer, zwegIbnp`stegfe (@gj. ;:), egfef [egkstegf (@gj. ;1?541) ufc 4: Lksdabãje hgt [etusdae. Begcergst es fgdat hðjbgda, cge etwls jrðÞeref Kegb`rljhefte gf cge Sypnbnjge egfzunrcfef. Zgr

redafef agerzu vger Fldief (1r, 7r, <:r, <=1r)ufc egfe jrnÞe Lfzlab Tdafegcetegbe (4, ;< r,;4r, ;3r, ;5r, ;0r, ;:r, ;1r, 4;3, 554, 015, <=71,<3=0, ;<5=), vnf cefef egfgje lu` @gj. 7 lkjekgbcet sgfc. Clfekef sgfc fnda 3; Lksdabãjeufc 1 wegtere @rljhefte vnralfcef.

TdabgeÞbgda jgkt es fnda egfef Jejefstlfc,cer gf cer Hgtte zwgsdaef egfer Lrt 'Ige]-Irltzer ufc egfeh Albk`lkrgilt egfes Kegbesbgejt (3<7).

]è g bspg tzefKeg cef ]ègbspgtzef infftef wgr jestgebt]ègbspgtzef, Kblttspgtzef ufc quersdafegcgje]ègbspgtzef uftersdaegcef?

Cge jestgebtef ]ègbspgtzef (@gj. <<),vger lf cer _lab, stghhef wls @nrh ufc Sedafgi lfjeat hgt cefef cer Tegfe-Ngse-HlrfeIubtur òkeregf. Cgese ]ègbspgtzef wegsef fãhbgda egfe zwegsegtgje @bldaretusdae lu` cerjeslhtef Nker`bãdae lu` (<;:0, ;<=5, ;=;;).Cer Jejefstlfc eraãbt curda cgese @bldare

tusdae egfe begdat jewðbkte Nker`bãdae, cge cgeJe`lar ces Kredaefs weseftbgda verrgfjert.

Egfe ]ègbspgtze (<;:0) jeaðrt zuh Syp cerjestgebtef ]ègbspgtzef hgt ufvnbbstãfcgj lusjekgbcetef Zgceralief (`bádaes pçcnfdubçes álgbernfs rucgheftlgres - Klgbbnuc <703, T. <7=).Cge lfceref creg jeaðref zu cef jestgebtef]ègbspgtzef nafe ncer hgt iluh erieffklrefZgceralief (`bádaes pçcnfdubçes ã lgbernf



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf -

fnf nu peu rçdurrefts). Egfe ]ègbspgtze (<700)wegst zwlr iegfe tntlbe @bldaretusdae lu` kegcef Tegtef lu`, cnda inhht cges gf cer Tegfe-

Ngse-Hlrfe Iubtur ð`ters vnr. Cer erste Syptrgtt gh Kedief vnf ]lrgs lbbegf gh _uslhhefalfj hgt cer Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Iubtur lu`,wãarefc cer betzte Syp luda fnda gf egferspãteref ]alse gf @rlfiregda vnrinhhefilff (Klgbbnuc <703, T. <7=). Cgeser betzteSyp trgtt oecnda fgdat gf cef fgecerbãfcgsdaefKedaeriubturef lu`. Kegce Sypef kejejfef lbbercgfjs zuslhhef gf cef ceutsdaef Jlbergejrãkerf (Jefsef <703, Lkk. <1 u. <7) ufc gfcer Zlrtkerjer Jruppe (Tdargdieb <707, Sl`. :ufc 1).

Cge Kblttspgtzef iðffef wgr egftegbef gf?; kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgtzef, ceref hlx. Kregteetwls ufteralbk cer Hgtte bgejt9 egfe hgt infilver Klsgs ufc egfe hgt kesdaãcgjter Klsgs(@gj. <;? <;:= kzw. 3:;).3 kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgtzef, ceref hlx. Kregteetwls nkeralbk cer rufcef Klsgs bgejt (@gj. <4?440, 30<, 133, <701).4 kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgtzef (@gj. <3) hgt cer@nrh egfes jbegdasdaefibgjef Cregedis, egfe

hgt sdageèr Klsgs (5<4) ufc zweg hgt jerlcerKlsgs (br, 134), snwge zweg @rljhefte cgesesSyps (;:, <:=3).4 kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgtzef hgt Klsgsretusdaelu` cer [òdisegte (@gj. <5? 135, <<==, ;<51).< jbegdasegtgje cregedigje ]ègbspgtze hgt tntlber@bldaretusdae (@gj. <0? 130).4 ufrejebhãÞgje kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgtzef (@gj.<0? ;<7, <47:, <70:).5 @rljhefte vnf Kblttspgtzef (;: ufc @gj. <0?343, <==4, ;=;3, ;=7;).

\uersdafegcgje ]èg bspg tzef inhhefsnwnab gh Hesnbgtagiuh lbs luda gh Fenbgtagiuh vnr. Ceutbgdae, ghher verwefcklre Herihlbe uh hesnbgtagsdae vnf fenbgtagsdaef Sypef uftersdaegcef zu iðffef, sgfc ufs fgdatkeilfft. Gh lbbjehegfef wercef hesnbgtagsdaequersdafegcgje ]ègbspgtzef lus sdaðfef Ibgfjef aerjestebbt, hegstefs kesgtzef sge iegfe[etusdae lf cef plrlbbebef Tegtef. Cge fenbgtagsdaef quersdafegcgjef ]ègbspgtzef wercef

Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknsda <7

`gj. <3. Andacregedigje kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgtzef 5<4, brufc 134 lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. <?<.

@gj. <5. Kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgtzef 135, <<== ufc ;<51 lusInfgfjsknsda ;:. <?<.



;= Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

Aj. <0. Kbltt`ðrhgje ]ègbspgtzef ;<7, <47:, <70: ufc 130 ufc @rljhefte vnf ]ègbspgtzef 343, <==4, ;=;3 ufc ;=7; lusInfgfjsknsda ;:. <?<.

gf cer [ejeb lus jrnkef Ibgfjef ncer Lksdabãjef aerjestebbt. Ceheftspredaefc sgfcclff luda hegst ceutbgdae Tdabljwebbef lu`cef ]ègbspgtzef erieffklr. LuÞerceh wegsefcge fenbgtagsdaef ]ègbspgtzef n`t [etusdaef lfTdafegcetegb ufc/ncer sdal`tsegtgjeh Efce lu`,wãarefc sge egfef anabef ncer jewðbktefBãfjscurdasdafgtt alkef. Gh lbbjehegfef gstcge hesnbgtagsdae ]ègbspgtze luda ibegfer ufcsdahlber (2 3 hh) lbs cge fenbgtagsdae quersdafegcgje ]ègbspgtze (Kðahers ufc Znuters<750, T. ;:).

Lf @ufcnrt ;: wurcef gfsjeslht 3< ceutbgda erieffklre quersdafegcgje ]ègbspgtzefjeùfcef, luÞerceh egf ceutbgdaes @rljheftufc feuf ibegfere @rljhefte, cge aðdastwlarsdaegfbgda vnf quersdafegcgjef ]ègbspgtzefstlhhef.

_u cef hesnbgtagsdaef quersdafegcgjef]ègbspgtzef iðfftef lu` Jrufc cer nkef jeflfftef Irgtergef sgekef ]ègbspgtzef jereda

fet wercef (@gj. <:? 153, <;<;, <;03, <;:<,<0=;, <:<4, <1=7).

Perjbegdaef wgr cgese quersdafegcgjef ]ègbspgtzef hgt cefef lus ceh Jrlkiebber vnfTtegf (Hnccerhlf <703, T. <4), sn blssef sgda<4 Exehpblre vnf @ufcnrt ;: cgreit hgt gafefverjbegdaef (@gj. <:? 103, 7<7, 7;3, <=:0, <;<<,<;;=, <;;;, <0=4, <:=;, <:;0, <::4, <7=;, <703).

Cge quersdafegcgjef ]ègbspgtzef cer Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Iubtur sgfc flda Klgbbnuc (<703)hlfdahlb bãfjer lbs 3 dh. Cge curdasdafgttbgdae Bãfje ketrãjt zwgsdaef ; ufc 4 dh, wãa

refc cge curdasdafgttbgdae Bãfje cer Tdafegce<,5 dh ketrãjt. Tge wegsef lusflahsbns stegbeTegtefretusdae lu`. LuÞerceh alkef sge iegfeKlsgsretusdae. Ttegb retusdagerte Tegtef, wnkegcge stegbef Tegtef gf eftjejefjesetzter [gdatufj retusdagert sgfc, èabef. Tge wurcef lusIbgfjef aerjestebbt. Cgesef Irgtergef jefòjef0 ]ègbspgtzef lus Infgfjsknsda (@gj. <:? 304,7;;, <3=1, <7=1, <705, ;=:4).



;; Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

@gj. <1. Tpgtzef <5<<, <==3 ufc ;<1 lus Infgfjsknsda;:. < ? ;.

Pnf cef restbgdaef <5 quersdafegcgjef ]ègbspgtzef (@gj. <: nkef) wurcef 5 lus Lksdabãjef aerjestebbt ufc alkef gf eftjejefjesetzter[gdatufj stegb retusdagerte Tegtef (;:, 104,<;50, ;<;3, ;<10), egfe wurce lus egfer Ibgfjehgt blterlber Tegtefretusdae aerjestebbt ufcwegst Klsgsretusdae lu` (<::3), egfe wurce lusegfeh Lksdablj hgt Klsgsretusdae (<), zweg luscgdieref Ibgfjef (0;3, <:=4) ufc `òf` lus Lksdabãjef (105, 7;<, 7;4, <:;5, ;=7<) aerjestebbt.Egfe wurce lus egfeh @rljheft egfes pnbgertef èuerstegferfef Kegbes (@gj. <=? <;=3) lfjeèrtgjt. Cgese iðffte eveftuebb cer PbllrcgfjerIubtur lfjeaðref.

Cge ]ègbspgtzef lus Infgfjsknsda ;: sdaegfefjute Begtlrte`lite keg cer Kestghhufj ces iubturebbef Hgbgeus zu segf, zu ceh cer @ufcinhpbex jeredafet wercef ilff. _labefhãÞgjstlri vertretef sgfc cge quersdafegcgjef ]ègb

spgtzef hgt 5< vnf :1 Exehpblref, c.a. 05,3%.Fuf gst cgese Lrt cer ]ègbkewl``fufj gf jrðÞtef Segbef Zest-Eurnpls òkbgda jewesef. Zgr

cefief clkeg u.l. lf cge Srgdaterkedater Iubtur, cge Pbllrcgfjer Iubtur ufc Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Iubtur. Lu` cef Krgtgsdaef Gfsebf ieffthlf gh Fenbgtagiuh aãu`gj cef Jekrlda cer'petgt-trlfdaet cergvltgve lrrnwaelcs' (]gjjntt<753), cge lbs egfe rejgnflbe Plrgltgnf cer quer-sdafegcgjef ]ègbspgtzef ketrldatet wercefiðffef. Luda gh Iregs cer west`ãbgsda-aessgsdaef Jlbergejrãker sgfc cge quersdafegcgjef]ègbspgtzef fgdat ufkeilfft, cnda inhhefcge kbltt`ðrhgjef ufc cge egf`lda jestgebtef

]ègbspgtzef cnrt vgeb zlabregdaer vnr.Cls Peraãbtfgs zwgsdaef cef quersdafegcgjef ufc spgtzef ]ègbspgtzef `ãbbt gf cef hegstef cer nkef jeflfftef Iubturjekgetef zujufstef cer ersteref lus. Es `rljt sgda, nk cgeseJejefstãfce, cge hlf cnda lh bgekstef lbs

@gj. <7. Egfe C-Ibgfje ufc zweg Tpgtzef 3:< ufc <:10lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. G ? ;.



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf

Oljcwerizeuje ketrldatef wòrce, clzu kestghht wlref, kestghhte Lrtef vnf Zgbc zueroljef. Clkeg cefief wgr vnr lbbeh lf cgePnjeboljc. Ufwegt vnf Infgfjsknsda bgejeflusjeceafte Zlsserjekgete, gf cefef es ufterfltòrbgdaef Uhstãfcef vnf zgeaefcef ufckròtefcef Zlsservðjebf jewghhebt alkefhuÞ. Cge zlabregdaef hesnbgtagsdaef @ufcnrte gf cer Jehegfce Edat `òjef sgda u.E. jlfzgf cgeses Kgbc egf.

Tpgtzef ufc KnarerUfter ceh @euerstegfhlterglb ke`gfcef sgdaJejefstãfce, (hegstefs lus Ibgfjef aerjestebbt, hlfdahlb lker luda lus bãfjbgdaefLksdabãjef), cge lf egfeh Efce retusdagertufc clff hlfdahlb curda gftefsgvef Jekrluda lkjestuhp`t wnrcef sgfc. Gf egfgjef@ãbbef sgfc cge Tegtef cgeser zujespgtztef Efcef lbterfgerefc retusdagert. Luda inhht esvnr, clÞ egfe ncer luda kegce blfje Tegtefretusdagert sgfc. Es gst keg wegteh fgdat ghherceutbgda, webdae @ufitgnf cgese Lrte`lite jealkt alkef. Cge Egftegbufj, cge wgr gf cer `nbjefcef Kesdaregkufj vnrjefnhhef alkef, gstceff luda wgbbiòrbgda. _ufãdast alkef wgr cge

Ibgfjef vnf cef Lksdabãjef jetrefft. _ucef Ibgfjef zãabef wgr cge Jejefstãfce, ceref Bãfje jrðÞer gst lbs gare cnppebte Kregte.Cge Bãfje wgrc gf cer Tdabljrgdatufj jehessef, cge Kregte sefiredat clrlu`. Clflda wurcef cge Lrte`lite garer Bãfje flda gf cregJruppef egfjetegbt ufc zwlr gf l) 6 <= dh, k)5-<= dh ufc d) 2 5 dh. TdabgeÞbgda alkef wgr`òr oece Jruppe jetrefft uftersudat, wge certãtgje Segb egfes Jejefstlfces kesdal`èf gst,egf Ebeheft, cls sgda fgdat lu` egfe Jruppe

kesdarãfit.l. _u cef Ibgfjef 6 <= dh iðffef 5 Lrte`lite jezãabt wercef (@gj. <1? <5<<, <==3, ;<19@gj. <7? 3:<, <:10). Zgr alkef Jròfce, lfzufeahef, clÞ zuceh vger lkjekrndaefe, zujespgtzte Efcef ufc creg Efcef hgt Tdablj`bãdaezu cgeser Jruppe jeaðref (Tlhhb. Ieuref,nafe Gfv. Fr.). Lbbe cgese @rljhefte wegsef[etusdaef lu` kegcef Bãfjssegtef lu`. Becgj-

Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknsda ;4

bgea zu ldat cer feuf zujespgtztef Efcef iðffef wgr fãaere Lusiuf`t jekef, keg Fr. <==3gst cges fgdat hðjbgda. Creg iðffte hlf spgtzfeffef (u.l. <5<< ufc ;<1), vger lfcere cljejef, clrufter Fr. 3:<, sgfc ufverieffklrcurda Jekrluda lkjestuhp`t. Fr. <:10 sdabgeÞbgda alt egf rufces retusdagertes Efce.

k. _u cer Jruppe zwgsdaef 5 ufc <= dh jeaðref ldat Jejefstãfce ufc egf Efce hgtTdablj`blda hgt retusdagertef Tegtef. _weg vnfgafef (<;51, <3=:) alkef egf retusdagertesspgtzes Efce wge keg egfeh Knarer. Egf crgtter(15;) iðffte egf Dreswebb pngft segf, wòrcecge [etusdaergdatufj fgdat lh Ifgdi ces[òdiefs wedasebf. Cge restbgdaef `òf` alkeflusjesprndaef rufce retusdagerte Efcef (u.l.<;5: ufc <4:7) nafe clÞ sge curda Jekrludawegter lkjestuhp`t wãref. Fr. <4:7 alt snjlrzweg rufce Efcef (@gj. ;=).

d. Luda keg cer Jruppe Tpgtzef ufc Knarerlu` Ibgfjef, cge ibegfer lbs 5 dh sgfc, iðffefUftersdagece èstjestebbt wercef. Ufter gafefke`gfcet sgda egf ufverieffklr zujespgtzterJejefstlfc, cer Lkfutzufjsspuref zegjt(<<:0). Zegter iðffef feuf ibegfe Knarer hgt[etusdagerufj cer cnrslbef Tegte jeflfft wercef (u.l. @gj. ;=? ;51) ufc sdabgeÞbgda jgkt esfnda sgekef Lrte`lite hgt lbterfgerefcer [etusdagerufj, cge jbegda`lbbs zuh Knaref vnfBðdaerf jeegjfet sdaegfef (@gj. ;=? ;=11,;;<<). Egfgje iðffef lbbegf zuh Knaref jrðÞerer Bðdaer (Curdah. <;-<3 hh) kefutzt wnrcef segf, cl gare Efcef sear stuhp` sgfc (@gj.;= redats uftef). Tge sgfc lfsdaegfefc zurPerjrðÞerufj ibegferer Knarbðdaer verwefcetwnrcef.

Egfe vgerte Jruppe, cge cer Tpgtzef ufc

Knarer lu` Lksdabãje, gst egf Infjbnherlt vnfJejefstãfcef, cge curda _u`lbb sdanf egfspgtzes Efce alkef (@gj. ;= Hgtte redats). Lu`sgekef Lksdabãjef sgfc lu``lbbefc wefgj [etusdaef zu `gfcef, cge lbbe Jekrludasretusdaef zu segf sdaegfef (u.l. ;0=, 513 ufc 13:).Creg lfcere wurcef nafe _wegèb hgt Lksgdatretusdagert (401, 571 ufc @gj. ;=? <==5). LbbeExehpblre alkef egf spgtzes Efce.



;3 Lflbeetl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

<4:7

<==5

;51

;51

;=11 ;;<< ;=11

@gj. ;=. Tpgtzef ufc Knarer lus Infgfj sknsda ;:. G ? G.



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf - Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknsda ;5

Ibgfjef hgt Efcre tusdaeEgfe iurze Erbãuterufj zu cef `òf` Ibgfjefhgt Efcretusdae, cge wgr gf cer Òkersgdats

tlkebbe jeflfft alkef, gst erwòfsdat. Zãarefcvger vnf gafef egf jerlces Efce lu`wegsef,cls hear ncer wefgjer sdage` lu` cer Bãfjsldase steat, gst cls Efce cer `òf`tef anabretusdagert. Betztere gst :4,0 hh blfj, ;4,< hhkregt ufc 0,4 hh cgdi9 keg cef òkrgjef vlrggertcge Bãfje zwgsdaef ;0,4 ufc 51,= hh, cgeKregte zwgsdaef ;5,3 ufc <4,= hh ufc cgeAðae zwgsdaef 0,: ufc ;,7 hh.

Irl tzerCer lh aãu`gjstef vnrinhhefce Jejefstlfcufter cef @euerstegflrte`litef lus Infgfjsknsda ;: gst cer Irltzer. Es sgfc fgdat wefgjerlbs 44= Exehpblre jeùfcef wnrcef. N`èfsgdatbgda kestlfc jrnÞes Kecòr`fgs flda Tdaegkefirltzerf, cge 04% ces Jlfzef lushldaef.Cges keceutet, clÞ hlf egfer rufcef, stlri

jeknjefef Irltzerilppe cef Pnrzuj jlk.Cgese tre`èf wgr luÞer keg cef Tdaegkefirltzerf luda lu` vgebef lfceref Irltzerf lf,

wls ufsere Perhutufj cls Kecòr`fgshusterketre`èfc fnda verstãrit. Fekef cef Tdaegkefirltzerf iðffef fnda uftersdagecef wercef? blfje ufc iurze Efcirltzer, Cnppebirltzer, Efcirltzer hgt Tegtefretusdae ufc Tegtefirltzer, cge lbbe gh @nbjefcef fãaer kesdargekef wercef snbbef. Clkeg wercef zufãdast cgelbbjehegferef HlÞe ufc Egjefsdal`tef lfjejekef ufc lfsdabgeÞefc clrlf fnda egfgje kesnfcere Herihlbe. Zgrc egfe @ufcfuhherlfjejekef, sn alfcebt es sgda uh egfef Jejefstlfc lus cer Lusjrlkufj. Cetlgbbgerte Lfjlkef ke`gfcef sgda gh Lrdagv ces Gfstgtuuts vnnr]reagstnrge gf Begcef9 sge steaef oeceh zurPer`òjufj.

_u cef Irltzerilppef cer Efcirltzer ilff@nbjefces keherit wercef. Pnf cef <=0Exehpblref alkef ;< egfe ncer zweg spgtze

Blfje Efcirltzer (B. 6 ; x Kr.): lu` jlfze Ibgfje (@gj. ;<? x, <:10)5 lu` ufvnbbstãfcgje Ibgfje< lu` Lksdablj

B.0;.=-;1.=3:.=-4<.=35.3

Kr.;1.5-<;.5<1.5-<<.=;<.1

Iurze Efcirltzer (B. 2 ; x Kr.)<3 lu` jlfze Ibgfje (@gj. ;<? <;<1,

<;<:, <<<4)<5 lu` ufvnbbstãfcgje Ibgfje

(@gj. ;<? xx)55 lu` Lksdabãje (@gj. ;<? <;:;,

;=;=, @ufcfr. <4;)

3=.<-;5.1

54.5-<0.5

04.1-;<.=

;:.1-<:.:

;7.4-<;.3

3<.5-<3.3

C n p p e b i r l t z e r4 lu` Lksdabãje 45.3-4=.1 ;5.5-<7.=

Efcir l t ze r hg t Te g t ef r e tusdae7 hegst lu` Lksdabãje 0<.3-;3.= 41.;-<:.=

T e g t e f i r l t z e r<4 lu` Lksdabãje 5<.=-<0.5 ;7.4-<<.;

Td ae gk ef ir lt ze r (@gj. ;<? <7=7, <7:1, :0<,44 jr. B. 2 <:3= jr. B. <:-;=01 jr. B. ;=-;54= jr. B. ;5-4=<0 jr. B. 4=-450 jr. B. 45-3=

;<5<, ;==5, <;==, ;=<5)5 jr. B. 3=V<50 jr. B. 35-5== jr. B. 5=-55< jr. B. 55-0=4 jr. B. 0=-05

Cg.<3.3-5.=<<.;-4.0:.1

1.4-4.0

1.=-;.0

<:.1-4.1

<;.=-7.<

<5.:-3.:

<=.=-3.5



;0 Lguga'dtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

;<5<

:17 <;<1

QQ

<;<:

;==5

@gj.;<. Kfcir ltze r ufc Tdaegkefirltzer lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. < ? G



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf -

Zgfieb. ]rnzeftulb lh aãu`gjstef inhhefcgese keg Efcirltzerf lu` jlfze Ibgfje vnr,fãhbgda 1 vnf ;<, ufc lh wefgjstef keg Efc

irltzerf lu` Lksdabãje. Es kesteat gh lbbjehegfef egfe Kezgeaufj zwgsdaef cer Aðae cerIrltzerilppe ufc ceh Pnralfcefsegf egfesspgtzef Zgfiebs. Keg cef blfjef ufc iurzefEfcirltzerf alkef wgr cge Zgfieb cer Irltzerilppef kestghht. Lh aãu`gjstef tretef

oefe zwgsdaef 0=½ ufc :=½ lu`. Es trl` ufs, clÞstegbe Irltzerilppef (1=½-7=½) rebltgv aãu`gjkeg Efcirltzerf lu` jlfze Ibgfje vnrinhhef(;5%)9 sge èabef vðbbgj keg cefef lu` ufvnbbstãfcgje Ibgfje ufc wurcef becgjbgda keg zweg

cer 50 Efcirltzer lu` Lksdabãje jeùfcef.Cehjejefòker èabef cge Zgfieb zwgsdaef 3=½ufc 5=½ keg Efcirltzerf lu` jlfze Ibgfje,wãarefc sge keg vger cer ;= Efcirltzer luùfvnbbstãfcgje Ibgfje ufc keg vger cer 50 Efcirltzer lu` Lksdabãje wnab vnrinhhef.

Ketrldatef wgr cge Tdaegkefirltzer, sn zegjtsgda ceutbgda, clÞ jrnÞes Kecòr`fgs flda ibegfef Exehpblref kestlfc. Fgdat wefgjer lbs0:,:% gst ibegfer lbs ;5 hh. Gh LfsdabuÞ lfKðahers ufc Znuters (<750, T. 4;) znjef wgr

kegh Hessef cer jrðÞtef Bãfje keg <: hhegfe Jrefze. Tge ketrldatef cge Irltzer, cgeibegfer lbs <: hh sgfc, lbs typgsda hesnbg-tagsda. Nkwnab egfe hesnbgtagsdae 'Persdahutzufj' ces fenbgtagsdaef Hlterglbs gh @ufcinhpbex vnf Infgfjsknsda ;: sgdaer gst, jblukef wgr lus juteh Jrufce kealuptef zu iðffef, clÞ cer ibegfe Tdaegkefirltzer snwnab gfhgttebfenbgtagsdaeh lbs luda gf hesnbgtag-sdaeh Inftext vnrinhht. Lu` cef @gjuref ;;ufc ;4 wercef Irltzer, cge ibegfer lbs <: hhsgfc, fekef Irltzerf zwgsdaef <: ufc ;= hhlkjekgbcet. Tge sgfc, lkjeseaef vnf cef Uftersdagecef gf garer jrðÞtef Bãfje, egjeftbgdafgdat vnf egflfcer zu uftersdaegcef. Egf Perjbegda hgt cer `nbjefcef Jruppe, fb. cer zwgsdaef ;= ufc ;5 hh, erwedit cef jbegdaefEgfcrudi. Ufsere Lu``lssufj, clÞ cgese Hg-irn-Tdaegkefirltzer egfef weseftbgdaef Segbces vnrbgejefcef hgttebfenbgtagsdaef @ufcinhpbexes lushldaef, wgrc clcurda ver-

- Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknsda ;:

stãrit, clÞ sge fgdat fur gf Infgfjsknsda ;:,snfcerf luda gf Feer (Tlhhbufj ]. O. Keeref)ufc gf Ttegf (Tlhhbufj O. J. Tdallp) gf ver

jbegdaklref Inftext vnrinhhef.Uh egfe Cltgerufj zu erhðjbgdaef, cge sgdalbbegf lu` cge Irltzer klsgert, iðffef wgr clsPeraãbtfgs zwgsdaef cef versdagecefef Irltzertypef gf lfceref @ufcinhpbexef verwefcef, vnf cefef egfe verjbegdaklre Lfzlab lfIrltzerf keilfft gst. Begcer sgfc cgese Hðjbgdaiegtef lu` zweg kesdarãfit. _uerst seg lu`cge Bgfelrklfcierlhgi agfjewgesef, keg cercge blfjef Efcirltzer lh aãu`gjstef ufc cgeTdaegkefirltzer gf cer Hgfceraegt sgfc (Fe

webb <7:=, T. <03)9 gf Infgfjsknsda ;: gst esjerlce uhjeieart, wnrlus `nbjt, clÞ wgr esfgdat hgt egfer bgfelrklfcierlhgsdaef @euerstegfgfcustrge zu tuf alkef. Cge zwegte Hðjbgdaiegt kgetet cer jesdabnssefe @ufc vnf ;4;Irltzerf keg Tpgeffes, cer vnf Peraeybe-wejaef (<70=) lbs jbegdazegtgj hgt cer Hgdaebs-kerjer Iubtur cltgert wgrc. Nkjbegda cgeseJruppe gf garer _uslhhefsetzufj weseftbgdahear Ãafbgdaiegt hgt cer lus Infgfjsknsda ;:lu`wegst lbs cge bgfelrklfcierlhgsdae, erjekef sgda cnda ceutbgdae Uftersdagece, verjbegdat hlf lbbegf sdanf cge Bãfjef cer Irltzer. Gf Tpgeffes èabt cer ibegfe Tdaegkefirltzer flaezu vðbbgj. Es kesteat u.E. LfblÞ zucer Lfflahe, clÞ cge Irltzer lus Infgfjsknsda ;: spãter eftstlfcef sgfc lbs cge Irltzerlus cef kegcef Jruppef, hgt cefef wgr sgeverjbgdaef alkef.

Ierfs t e gfeCge :< gf Infgfjsknsda ;: jeùfcefef Ierf

stegfe wurcef gf erster Bgfge flda cer Sypnbnjge vnf Klrfes (<73:) egfjetegbt. Lusjlfjspufit `òr cge Iblssg`gzgerufj gst cge @nrh cerKlsgs cer Ierfe.

Cge Ierfstegfe wurcef gf creg Sypef uftertegbt?Ierfstegfe hgt spgtzer Klsgs (;3 Ex.),Ierfstegfe hgt `bldaer Klsgs (: Ex.) ufcIerfstegfe hgt hegÞeg`ðrhgjer Klsgs, cge ghher zweg, hlfdahlb snjlr creg Tdablj`bãdaef



;T Lflbe et l ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

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wG`/ Z Z ZZ

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(Þ6 wgw.*w h*h*h

H V ã 7@/j. ;;. Tdaegkefirltzer 2 <: hh lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. <?<.

alkef. Clkeg uftersdaegcef wgr Ierfstegfe,ceref Tdablj`bãdaef fgdat sefiredat lu`egflfcer steaef (;1 Ex.) ufc snbdae, keg cefefcges wnab cer @lbb gst (<; Ex.).

_u cef Ierfstegfef hgt spgtzer Klsgs(@gj. ;3) jeaðref luda cge Ierfe hgt egfehrufcef Efce hgt egfeh ibegfef [lcgus, vnf

cefef hlfdae cge Ttegfiruste lu`wegsef, lfcere fgdat (;, <7). Nkjbegda flda Klrfes iejeb`ðrhgje Ierfe fgdat n`t vnrinhhef, sgfc gfufserer Jruppe vger cgeser Lrt vertretef, fãhbgda <,:, <; ufc <:. Cge @nrh cgeser Ierfe ghpbgzgert, clÞ cge Bãfje cer lkjesdabljefefIbgfjef ghher ibegfer wgrc. Cge Pnrkelrkegtufj cer versdagecefef Tdablj`bãdaef cgeser



4= Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

t«

<0 V₢I <;

@gj. ;3. Ierfstegfe hgt spgtzer Klsgs lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. <?<.



4; Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

sdabljfejltgvef, cge cge fltòrbgdae Iruste lu`cgeser Tdablj`bãdae lf`òbbef (<7).

Ketrldatef wgr sdabgeÞbgda cge hlxghlbefBãfjef cgeser Ierfstegfe, sn seaef wgr, clÞ,nkjbegda wgr becgjbgda òker ;3 Exehpblre ver`òjef, cnda vnf egfer ceutbgdaef Luswlab jesprndaef wercef ilff. Cge hlx. Bãfje bgejtaluptsãdabgda zwgsdaef ;;.5 hh ufc 44hh (ufc zwlr keg <7 cer ;3 Exehpblre). CgeLuswlab cer hlxghlbef Bãfjef cer Tdablj`bãdaef gst wefgjer lusjesprndaef. Ager bgejef<; Exehpblre zwgsdaef ;:.5 hh ufc 4: hh.Egfe ceutbgdae Kezgeaufj zwgsdaef cer hlx.Bãfje ces Ierfs ufc cer cer Tdablj`bãdae gstfgdat èstzustebbef.

Keg cef Ier fs te gf ef hgt `bl dae r Klsgs(@gj. ;5) ilff cge Klsgs lbs zwegte Tdablj`bãdaekefutzt wercef, wls gf flaezu lbbef @ãbbefluda jesdaeaef gst. Cge @nrh cgeser Ierfstegfe alt zur @nbje, clÞ cge Lksdabljfejltgveplrlbbeb bluèf ufc cge Bãfje cer lkjesdabljefef Ibgfjef infstlft kbegkt. Zgr uftersdaegcef gf cgeser Jruppe `nbjefce Sedafgief zurPnrkeregtufj cer Tdablj`bãdae?

Cge Tdablj`bãdae vnf Fr. ; bãÞt egfe Pnrkelrkegtufj erieffef, keg cer vnf Lksdabljfejltgvef ufc ceh Lkkredaef sear ibegferTtòdidaef Jekrluda jehldat wurce. Betzteres erwedit cef Egfcrudi, lbs nk ibegfe Egfsdafgtte lfjekrldat wurcef. Cge Tdablj`bãdaevnf Fr. 0 eftstlfc curda egfe [egae vnf Lksdabljfejltgvef.

Cge Tdablj`bãdae vnf Fr. : eftstlfc curdaegfef egfzgjef Lksdablj, wnkeg cls Lksdabljfejltgv begdat sdaòsseg`ðrhgj gst.

Tnwnab cge hlx. Bãfjef cer Ierfstegfe lbsluda cge cer Tdablj`bãdaef zegjef iegferbeg

Infzeftrltgnf ncer JesetzhãÞgjiegt. Zgr còrèf clrlus iegfe Tdabòsse zgeaef, cl ufs furegfe lusjesprndaef ibegfe Lfzlab Jejefstãfce, fãhbgda :, vnrbgejt.

Cge Ier fs t e gf e hgt h egÞ e g` ðrh gje rKlsgs wurcef vnf Plf Allref lu` Jrufc cer@nrh gf zweg Jruppef jetegbt, fãhbgda?l. Ierfstegfe, ceref hegÞeg`ðrhgje Klsgs ceutbgda fgdat sefiredat lu` ceh [lfc cer Tdablj

`bãdae steat (;1 x) (@gj. ;5? <, 4, <4, ;;). EgfExehpblr gst lus Bnuskerj @euerstegf aerjestebbt.k. Ierfstegfe, ceref Klsgs sefiredat ufterceh [lfc cer Tdablj`bãdae steat (<; x) (@gj.;0? 5, :).

Zge keg cer vnraerjeaefcef Jruppe wgrcluda keg cef Ierfstegfef hgt hegÞeg`ðrhgjerKlsgs cge Klsgs lbs zwegte Tdablj`bãdae kefutzt.Flda Klrfes aãtte, uh kegh Lksdabljef egfejewgsse Infstlftaegt gh Erjekfgs zu eralbtef,cer HegÞebrlfc òker cge Kregte cer Lksdablj-segte cge Inftlitbgfge hgt ceh LhknÞ jekgbcet. Cgeser Inftlit vnf Ierfstegf hgt LhknÞiðffte clff u.E. egfe hðjbgdae Eribãrufj `òr

cge ibegfef [etusdaef lf cef HegÞebrãfcerfjekef. Cer Kejrg`` 'Ierfirltzer' hòÞte cehflda wegt vnrsgdatgjer verwefcet wercef!

Gh LfsdabuÞ lf Klrfes wurce luda keg cefIer fs t e gf ef hgt heg Þe g `ðr hgj er Klsgs ,ceref kegce Tdablj`bãdaef fgdat sefire da t lu è gf lf ce r s tea ef, cge JrðÞe cesZgfiebs ces HegÞebrlfces jehessef. Gh Jejefsltz zu ceh Erjekfgs keg Klrfes, fãhbgdaegfeh curdasdafgttbgdaef Zgfieb vnf :0½,ilffager fgdat vnf egfeh Curdasdafgtt jesprndaef

wercef. Cer Zgfieb ces HegÞebrlfces vlrggertsear stlri, fãhbgda zwgsdaef 45.5½ ufc 1=½,nafe clÞ clkeg egfe jewgsse Luswlab lu`trgtt.Ketrldatef wgr cljejef cge Jrl`gi, lu` cer cersnj. 'Lksdabljwgfieb' lfjejekef gst, sn gst tltsãdabgda egfe jewgsse Infzeftrltgnf wlarfeahklr ufc zwlr zwgsdaef 04½ ufc :=½. Ufterceh Lksdabljwgfieb versteaef wgr cef Zgfieb, webdaef cge Aluptsdablj`bãdae hgt cerbãfjstef Tegte ces Lksdabljs kgbcet.

Gh Jejefsltz zu cef vnraerjeaefcef Jrup

pef gst ager lbbercgfjs egfe ceutbgdae Inrrebltgnf gh Peraãbtfgs vnf hlx. Bãfje ufc hlx.Curdasdafgtt (sefiredat lu` cge Tdablj`bãdae)zu erieffef. Pnf cef ;1 Exehpblref vlrggeref<5 gf cer Bãfje zwgsdaef 45 ufc 35 hh hgteftspredaefcef Curdasdafgttef, cge zwgsdaef;5 ufc 45 hh bgejef. JrðÞere Hefjef vnfJejefstãfcef wercef fldawegsef hòssef, nkcgese Inrrebltgnf egfe Keceutufj alt.



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf - Egf hgtbebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknsda 44

3;< QVO`d/ ~~2tr 010

@gj. ;0. Ierfstegfe hgt hegsseb`ðrhgjer Klsgs 5,: ufc cgsius`ðrhgje Ierfstegfe G, 3;<, 010 lus Infgfjsknsda ;:. < ? G.



.'3 Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

Gf ufsereh Hlterglb infftef `nbjefce Sypef vnf Tdablj`bãdaef uftersdagecef wercef(s. @gj. ;5)?

Cge Tdablj`bãdae eftstlfc curda egfef egfzgjef Lksdablj. Curda cge Jrnkiðrfgjiegt cesJestegfs wlr wegtere Kelrkegtufj òker`bòssgj,cl egf juter Jrg`` lu` cls Jestegf jlrlftgertwlr (<).Cge Tdablj`bãdae zegjt egf etwls jrðÞeres,sdaòsseg`ðrhgjes Lksdabljfejltgv ufc hearere ibegfere @ldettef (4).Cge Tdablj`bãdae eftstlfc hgttebs zweger Lksdabãje (<4).

Cge Tdablj`bãdae kesteat lus cer urspròfj

bgdaef rluaef Jestegfsiruste ufc alt iegfewegtere Pnrkelrkegtufj er`laref (;;).Keg cef Ierfstegfef hgt zweg sefi

redat luè gflfcer s teaefcef Tdablj`bãdaef (@gj. ;0) iðffte hlf, hgt ceh fðtgjef Pnrkealbt lfjesgdats cer jergfjef LfzlabExehpblre fãhbgda <;, cnda wnab vnf egferLuswlab spredaef. Tgekef Ierfstegfe alkeffãhbgda egfe hlx. Bãfje garer iòrzestefTdablj`bãdae vnf dl ;= hh. Egfe wegterjeaefce Gfterpretltgnf sdaegft ufs lfjesgdatscer jergfjef Lfzlab Ierfstegfe ager fgdatjeredatèrtgjt. Cge Tdablj`bãdaef vnf Fr. 5kesteaef lu` egfer Tegte lus egfeh egfzgjefLksdablj, wãarefc lu` cer lfceref Tdablj-`bldae cgevnralfcefe rluae Irustehgt egfgjefibegferef Lksdabljfejltgvef lfje`òbbt gst. KegFr. : alt cge egfe Tdablj`bãdae egf sear ceutbgdaes sdaòsseg`ðrhgjes Lksdabljfejltgv, wãarefc cge lfcere Tdablj`bãdae iurze, stuèf`ðrhgje @ldettgerufjef hgt 'Egfsdafgttef' ufchgt `bldaeref ibegfef Lksdabljfejltgvef lu`wegst.

LuÞer cef nkef jeflfftef Jruppef vnfIerfstegfef jgkt es fnda egfe [egae vnfExehpblref, cge, wls gare @nrh lfjeat, fgdatgf egfe cgeser Jruppef egfzunrcfef sgfc. Esalfcebt sgda uh?

egfef Ierfstegf hgt zweg anrgznftlbefTdablj`bãdaef, keg ceh oece Tdablj`bãdaecurda egfef egfzgjef Lksdablj eftstlfcef gstufc cge hgtegflfcer egfef Zgfieb vnf ¼ <<1½

kgbcef. Cge @nrh gst zgehbgda kgzlrr, hgt egferSefcefz zur @nrh hgt spgtzer Klsgs.

zweg Ierfstegfe hgt egfer ceutbgdaef Tdablj

`bãdae, cnda hgt lusjesprndaef ufrejebhãÞgjer @nrh.vger stlri kesdaãcgjte, fgdatscestnwefgjer

ceutbgda lbs Ierfstegfe erieffklre Jejefstãfce.

TdabgeÞbgda jgkt es fnda creg Ttegfe (@gj. ;0?<, 3;<, 010), albkrufc kgs ebbgps`ðrhgj hgt zweginfvexef Tegtef (cgsius`ðrhgj), cge vnh [lfce lus kesdabljef sgfc. Nk es sgda ager uhIerfstegfe ncer lker uh lfcere Jejefstãfcealfcebt gst fgdat jlfz ceutbgda.

Luda wurcef <3 Ierferfeuerufjslksdabãjejeùfcef.

Ketrldatef wgr cge hlx. Bãfje lbber Ierfstegfe, sn seaef wgr, clÞ iegf Ierfstegf iòrzerlbs ;;.5 hh gst, wãarefc cge jrðÞte Bãfje55 hh ketrãjt. Zls cge Bãfje cer Ierfelfjeat, iðffef wgr zweg Jruppef uftersdaegcef. Es jgkt egfe 'iurze' Jruppe hgt egferBãfje zwgsdaef ;;.5 hh ufc 4;.5 hh, cgealuptsãdabgda lus Ierfef hgt spgtzer Klsgs(<0 x) ufc Ierfef hgt zweg sefiredat luègflfcer steaefcef Tdablj`bãdaef (: x) kesteat.Cge 'Blfje' Jruppe, hgt egfer Bãfje vlrggerefc zwgsdaef 45 hh ufc 3:.5 hh, kesteataluptsãdabgda lus Ierfef hgt hegÞeg`ðrhgjerKlsgs (<7 x).

Cge hlx. Bãfje cer Tdablj`bãdae bgejtaluptsãdabgda zwgsdaef <:.5 hh ufc 4:.5 hh.

Lu` Jrufc cer nkef jeflfftef Lfjlkefsdaegft ufs egfe jeflue iubturebbe Egfnrcfufjcer Ierfstegfe gf cls Hesnbgtagiuh uf c/ nce rcls Fenbgtagiuh fgdat jeredatèrtgjt. Lbbef`lbbs iðffte hlf, lfjesgdats cer òkrgjef @ufce, cge Perhutufj ãuÞerf, clÞ cls fenbgtag-sdae Hlterglb wnab luda ager òkerwgejef wgrc.Lbbegf weff hlf Ierfstegfe lfcerer jut cltgerter @ufcnrte lu` ãafbgdae Zegse kesdaregkt, gst vgebbegdat egf stltgstgsdaer Uftersdagec zwgsdaef hesnbgtagsdaef ufc fenbgtag-sdaef Ierfstegfef lus`gfcgj zu hldaef. EgfPersuda clzu wòrce ufs gh [lahef cgeser



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf - Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknsda 45

@gj. ;:. Lbs Ibnp stegf kefutzte Kegb ;= r lus Bnuskerj @euerstegf vnf Infgfjsknsda ;:. < ? G.

Perð`èftbgdaufj zu wegt `òaref. Cls rebltgvuh`lfjregdae Hlterglb lus Infgfjsknsda ;:knt oecnda Jebejefaegt clrlu` agfzuwegsef,clÞ egfe cerlrtgje Kelrkegtufjswegse hgt Er`nbj lusje`òart wercef ilff.

Òkr gje s t e gf e rfe Jeje fs t ã fceLf zwðb` Jernbbef sgfc Jekrludasspuref zuinfstltgeref, cge clcurda eftstlfcef segf iðffef, clÞ egf @euerstegfkelrkegter sge lbsTdabljstegfe kefutzte. Gf zweg @ãbbef iðfftehlf cef Ttegf lbs bãfjbgda kezegdafef (jr.

B. 6 R'L x jr. Kr.). Cge òkrgjef Ttegfe alkefegfe jecrufjefe @nrh. Cge jrðÞte Bãfje vlrggert zwgsdaef ;5.: ufc 05.; hh. Es gst fgdatlusjesdabnssef, clÞ egf : hh cgdies sdaegkef`ðrhgjes (5.3 x 5.= dh) Ttòdi ègfefqulrzgtgsdaef Tlfcstegfs luda zur Jruppe cerTdabljstegfe jezãabt wercef huÞ lfjesgdatscer Jekrludasspuref lu` cer jeslhtef ]ergpaerge. Cge `bldaef Tegtef sgfc, vgebbegdat vnf

Fltur lus, sear jbltt. Cer Ttegf ilff lh kestef lbs [etusdagerer kezegdafet wercef.

@òr Ignp`stegfe wurcef gf cer [ejeb ilftgje, rufce ufc `lust`ðrhgje Ttegfe verwefcet,tegbs lus @euerstegf (<; x), tegbs lus qulr-zgtgsdaeh Jestegf (: x). Creg vnf gafef wurcef lus pnbgertef èuerstegferfef Kegbef (;47,br, ;=r) aerjestebbt, clvnf sgfc zweg Exehpblre lus Bnuskerj @euerstegf (;47, @gj. ;:?;=r). Lu` cef rebltgv sdalrèf Ilftef ufc /ncer cef Efcef wegsef sge cge ufrejebhãÞgjefibegfef Pertgeùfjef lu`, cge cge @nbje wge

ceranbtef TtnÞefs jejef alrte Jejefstãfcesgfc. Cer jrðÞte Curdasdafgtt vlrggert zwgsdaef 5.; ufc 7.< dh. Cge Ttegfe iðffef zurKelrkegtufj vnf @euerstegf ufc / ncer zuhLfrluaef vnf Hlabstegfef jekrldat wnrcefsegf. Pgebbegdat alkef hlfdae seiufcãr lbsBlu`stegf kegh Inrf hlabef jecgeft. Egfercer hear ncer wefgjer wòrèb`ðrhgjef, qulrzgtgsdaef Ibnp`stegfe (<751) gst lu` zweg egf-



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf - Egf fggttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknsda 4:

lfcer jejefòkerbgejefcef @bãdaef hgt egferiòfstbgeaef Lusaðabufj verseaef. Erjreg`thlf cef Ttegf, sn `gfcef cge @gfjer egfe kequehe Ttòtze clrgf. Gh @nbjefcef wercefzweg lfcere Ttegfe hgt Lusaðabufjef kesprndaef, cge vgebbegdat hgt cgeseh Exehpblr gfegfe Jruppe jeaðref.

[egkstegfe alkef gf cer [ejeb egfe etwlsbãfjere @nrh lbs cge Ibnp`stegfe, c.a. clÞgare hlxghlbe Bãfje hear lbs egfegfalbk Hlbgare hlxghlbe Kregte ketrãjt. Cge hlxghlbeBãfje cer vger 'bãfjbgdaef' [egkstegfe lusInfgfjsknsda ;: vlrggert zwgsdaef <0.3 ufc1.: dh (;:, 13;, <757, @gj. ;1? 541). Clfekefjgkt es fnda zweg Exehpblre hgt egfer jecrufjefef @nrh (jr. Curdahesser 0.= ufc4.7 dh). Cer ibegfere cer kegcef gst lus Bnus-kerj @euerstegf (;=45), cer jrðÞere lus qulr-zgtgsdaeh Jerðbb (@ufcfr. <4). @òr cge vger'bãfjbgdaef' wurcef zweg Jernbbe ufc zwegpnbgerte Kegbe verwefcet. Egfes cer Kegbe wlrlus Bnuskerj @euerstegf aerjestebbt (@gj. ;1?541). Cge restbgdaef creg [egkstegfe sgfc lusqulrzgtgsdaeh Jestegf. Egfgje wurcef jbegdazegtgj, lfcere prghãr lbs Ibnp`stegfe kefutzt,wls lus cef Tpuref ersdabnssef wercef ilff.

Es gst kezegdafefc, clÞ lu` cgesef Ttegfefcurda cls [egkef egfe ncer hearere ibegfejbltte @bãdaef eftstlfcef, lu` cefef cge zuerstvnralfcefef Ibnp`- ncer Tdabljspuref lusjewgsdat wnrcef sgfc. Es bgejt lh fãdastef, lfzufeahef, clÞ cge [egkstegfe clzu kefutztwurcef, lfcere stegferfe Jejefstãfce (Kegbe)hgt egfer jblttef Nker`bãdae zu verseaef.

_weg lbs Ttlhpèr (<;43, <470) zu ketrldatefce Jejefstãfce, qulrzgtgsdae Jernbbe,hussef jesnfcert jeflfft wercef. Es sgfc

bãfjbgdae (1.0 ufc <=.4 dh), cgdie, gh \uersdafgtt hear ncer wefgjer redatedigje Ttegfe,keg cefef egf ncer luda kegce Efcef jerlcencer iujebrufc lkjefutzt sgfc. Cgese Ttegfewurcef wlarsdaegfbgda zuh Ttlhpèf ncer@egfregkef vnf Flarufjshgttebf kefutzt.

Becgjbgda zweg Ttegfe wurcef lbs Hlabstegfe jekrludat. Es alfcebt sgda uh egfefBlu`stegf (;13) ufc uh egf @rljheft egfes

Hlabstegfes. Kegce sgfc lus qulrzgtgsdaehJestegf.

_weg Ttegfe zegjef ceutbgdae Tdabeg`

spuref. Egf `bldaes @rljheft gst lus rntehègfiðrfgjef Tlfcstegf. Cge zweg jrnÞef @bãdaef (5.7 x 5.< dh) sgfc vnbbinhhef jbltt, egfegst egf wefgj infilv. Cls zwegte Exehpblrsdaegft ufkesdaãcgjt zu segf. Es gst egf qulrzg-tgsdaer Tlfcstegf hgt bnrkeerkbltt`ðrhgjefUhrgÞ ufc zweg `bldaef Tegtef (1.; x 3.7 dh).Òker cge egfe anabe kgs `bldae Tegte bãu`t gf cerBãfjsrgdatufj egfe v-`ðrhgje [gbbe. Cge [òdisegte alt egfe ufrejebhãÞgje @nrh, lker ludasge wgrc vnf egfer [gbbe curdaznjef, cge vnfzweg lfceref, ibegferef curdaireuzt wgrc.

_weg Ttegfe hgt rufcef Lusaðabufjefvercgefef gh @nbjefcef ufsere Lu`herislhiegt. Egfer gst egf @rljheft egfes `bldaef Jerðbbs lus qulrzgtgsdaeh Tlfcstegf (@gj. ;1?<<77), cer lu` kegcef `bldaef Tegtef egfe vnfHefsdaefalfc lfjekrldate Lusaðabufj lu`wegst. Tge bgejef hgt gareh tge`stef ]ufit egflfcer jejefòker. Lfcere Tpuref vnf Jekrluda ncer Kelrkegtufj infftef fgdat eftcedit wercef, wncurda es sdawgergj wgrc, cge@ufitgnf cgeses Ttegfes zu reinfstrugeref. Cerzwegte sdaegft ekef`lbbs egf ufvnbbstãfcgjesLrte`lit zu segf. Cer `bldae, qulrzgtgsdaeTlfc-stegf ilff urspròfjbgda lbs Tdabeg`- ufc/ncerHlabstegf kefutzt wnrcef segf lfjesgdats cersear jblttef ibegfef @bãdaef lu` cef kegcefjrnÞef `bldaef Tegtef (B. <<.;, Kr. 7.5, Cg. 4.3dh). Flda cgeser Perwefcufj wurcef gf egfer@bãdae zweg cgdat fekefegflfcer bgejefce,uftgeè Lusaðabufjef hgt egfeh Curdahesservnf dl. ; dh lfjekrldat. Cge jejefòkerbgejefce Tegte wegst Ibnp`spuref lu`. Keg cer

Kespredaufj cer Ibnp`stegfe wurce clrluàgfjewgesef, clÞ sgda ufter gafef egf Exehpblr hgt Lusaðabufjef ke`gfcet, cge stlri lfcge cer kegcef snekef kesdargekefef Exehpblref ergfferf (s.T. 45).

I erlh g i

Cge Ierlhgi gst flda garef Egjefsdal`tef,ufc zwlr Hljerufj, @nrh, Perzgerufj ufc



41 Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

<=0

<==

Ç"S41

<7

;;

<<7

@gj. ;7. Tdaerkef keg cer Lusjrlkufj vnf Infgfjsknsda ;: je`ufcef. < ? ;.




ufpnbgert ufc wefgjer alrt jekldief gst, steatufserer Hegfufj flda, luda lfjesgdats cesjlfzef @ufclssnrtghefts lus Ttegf ufc

Infgfjsknsda, cge stlrie Òkeregfstghhufjkegcer Ierlhgijruppef èst.Hgt ufserer Ierlhgi vnbbinhhef gceftgsdae

Tdaerkef wurcef gf Feer (HeÞtgsdakbltt 51 K,Innrc. <75.0;=/404.33=) ufc gf Edat (Ibgfi-aeg) (HeÞtgsdakbltt 0= K, Innrc. <74.=4 /430.33) jeùfcef, lf kegcef Ttebbef zuslhhefhgt u.l. còffkblttgjef @bgft-Nvlbkegbef. Ierlhgi, cge gf cer jbegdaef Zegse aerjestebbtufc luda hgt ceh jbegdaef Hlterglb jehljertgst wge ufsere Jruppe, wurce wãarefc egferUftersudaufj lu` cer Ieuper Aegce (Aebcef/Iesseb) jeùfcef (Hnccerhlf <707). _uslhhef hgt cgesef Tdaerkef `lfc hlf? @rljhefte pnbgerter èuerstegferfer Kegbe, ibegfe[ufcirltzer ufc Knarer. Lbbe cgese @ufcesdabgeÞef vnbbinhhef lf cls lus Infgfjsknsda ;: stlhhefce Hlterglb lf.

ClÞ gf oecer Agfsgdat vnbbinhhef verjbegdaklre Ierlhgi luda gf fðrcbgdaeref Jekgetef ufseres Blfces vnrinhht, beart ufsegfe Uftersudaufj vnf Aerrf Plf Keei (Gfstgtuut vnnr ]rle- ef ]rntnagstnrge gf Lhsterclh)keg Albve-Hgob (]rnv. Fnrc-Krlklft) (Plf Keei<70:9 Keex <705). Flheftbgda cge Kncefsdaerke, egfgje Zlfcsdaerkef snwge cerdalrlitergstgsda flda luÞef jeknjefe nkere[lfc wlref ekef`lbbs gh Hlterglb vnf Snter-`nut vnralfcef. Curda cls @eabef vnf Cltefwlr cgeses Hlterglb oecnda fgdat cltgerklr.

Zegtere Bgterlturstucgef zegjef, clÞ ufsereIerlhgi sear jrnÞe Ãafbgdaiegt hgt cer Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Ierlhgi lu`wegst. Cer `bldaeKncef, cge ufverzgerte Nker`bãdae, cge jrnke

Hljerufj cer Ierlhgi snwge cer gf kestghhtef @ãbbef flda luÞef jeknjefe nkere [lfc,lbb cges kejejfet ufs gf cer Tegfe-Ngse-HlrfeJruppe (Klgbbnuc <703, @gj. 34,:). Nkwnabcge hegstef Sðpè cer Tegfe-Ngse-HlrfeJruppe egfef ceutbgda flda luÞef jecròditef@uÞ lu`zegjef, inhhef luda wefgjer prnfnf-dgerte @òÞe vnr wge keg ufsereh Kncefrlfc,ufc zuceh etwls jewðbkt verbluèfce Zãfce

(Daeyfger <75;, @gj. 3,;).TdabgeÞbgda seg fnda jlfz lbbjehegf lu` cge

vnf Tdargdieb (<707, T.33) kesdargekefe Zlrt-

kerjer Ierlhgi agfjewgesef, cge 'sgda ol curdalu``ãbbgj stlrie ufc jrnkiðrfgje \ulrzkeghefjufj luszegdafet'.

GB Lbbe agerzu zu redafefcef Tdaerkef stlhhef lus Lusjrlkufjs`bãdae GG (@gj. ;7). Tgeiðffef sear jut vnf egfeh Snp` stlhhef.Cge Ierlhgi gst lus Snf jeifetet, cer hgtetwls wefgjer jrnkeh \ulrzjrus lbs keg cererstkesprndaefef Jruppe hãÞgj kgs regda jehljert gst. LuÞerceh wurce egf wefgj Tdaer

kefjrus lbs Hljerufjshgtteb agfzuje`òjt.Zãarefc ces Hncebbgerefs wurce snwnab cgeLuÞef- lbs luda cge Gffefsegte ces Snpèssdaðf jbltt jestrgdaef ufc egf wefgj pnbgert.Clcurda sgfc cge Ttòdief \ulrz, vnr lbbehlf cer Gffefsegte, iluh fnda sgdatklr. CgeIerlhgi gst hgt ibegfef Bðdaerf ufc ibegfefIfukkef cgdat ufter ceh [lfc 'verzgert'. Tgegst wefgjer alrt jekldief lbs gf Jruppe G. CgeNker`bãdae gst rðtbgda krluf (;.5 W[ 5/3), cerIerf jesdahnrt.

Cge Ierlhgi uh`lÞt?: verzgerte, begdat jewðbkte [lfcsdaerkef hgtegfeh rufcef ncer begdat flda gffef lkjesdarãjtef nkeref [lfc (@gj. ;7?<0,<7,;=,;<,;:,45,<=0). Ufje`ãar <.5 dh ufter ceh nkeref[lfc ke`gfcet sgda lu` cer LuÞefsegte cerHgttebpufit cer ibegfef spgtzef Ifukkef,ceref Lfsltz cgreit ufter ceh nkeref [lfccer Tdaerkef kejgfft. _wgsdaef cgesef ibegfefIfukkef sgfc gf egfer Eftèrfufj vnf ;.5 ã 4dh vnf egflfcer ibegfe Bðdaer ncer Jròkdaeflfjekrldat. Cgese bgejef ufje`ãar <.5. dh

ufter ceh nkeref [lfc lu` egfer Bgfge. Lu`cer Gffefsegte gst lf cer Ttebbe, lf cer sgdacge ibegfef Bðdaer ke`gfcef, n`t egfe ibegfeZðbkufj zu erieffef.< ufverzgerte, stlri erncgerte [lfcsdaerke.4; ufverzgerte Zlfcsdaerkef9 curdasdafgttbgdaer Curdahesser? 7.5 hh (@gj. ;7? <7, <==,<<7).Cge [lfc- ufc Zlfcsdaerkef sujjergeref egf



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf - Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknsda 3<

jewðbktes Zlfcprn`gb.Lf Alfc cer Bgterlturlfjlkef wurce ufter

sudat, wn vnf egfer Inhkgfltgnf vnf @li

tnref, wge sge gf cer zwegtef Jruppe lfjetrn`èf wurce, jesprndaef wercef ilff. Esalfcebt sgda clkeg uh Tdaerkef hgt ibegfefIfukkef ufc Bðdaerf ufter egfeh begdat fldagffef steaefcef [lfc, cge lus egfer hgt rebltgv jrnkeh Ttegfjrus jehljertef Ierlhgi aerjestebbt sgfc.

Gf cef Fgecerblfcef `gfcef wgr gf cer `ròaef Pbllrcgfjer Iubtur verjbegdaklre Ersdaegfufjef, seg es luda, clÞ cnrt cer [lfc vgebhear flda luÞef jeknjef gst (Jblskerjef u.l.

<70:). Cge Lfjlkef òker Kebjgef sgfc lusjesprndaef spãrbgda. Hlrgef (<700) gst cer Hegfufj, clÞ Egf`bòÞe cerTegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Iubtur erieffklr sgfc, cnda iefft cge Ierlhgicgeser Iubtur iegfe ibegfef Bðdaer ufter ceh[lfc (Klgbbnuc <703). Lu` ceutsdaer Tegtekgetet cge Zlrtkerjer Jruppe (Tdargdieb <707)egfe Perjbegdashðjbgdaiegt. Nkwnab cgeseJruppe ibegfe Bðdaer ufter ceh [lfc ufcibegfe Ifukkef iefft, inhhef kegce Ebehefte hegfes Zgssefs fgdat zuslhhef lu`

egfeh Snp` vnr. Egfe jbegdalrtgje Keheriufjilff òker cge Zgfchgbb Agbb Iubtur (Thgta<705) jehldat wercef, cnda gst cge KezgeaufjBghkurjs zu Tòcefjblfc weseftbgda jergfjerlbs cge zu Aessef, `lbbs erstere òkeralupt oehlbs `òr wgribgda jealbtef wercef ilff.

Lus ceh Pnraerjeaefcef ilff je`nbjertwercef, clÞ cer @ufcinhpbex vnf Infgfjsknsda n`èfsgdatbgda egfe egjefe @nrh aervnrjekrldat alt, cge oecnda lus Ebeheftef zuslhhefjesetzt gst, cge gf lfjrefzefcef Je

kgetef ekef`lbbs jeùfcef wercef. Clhgt wurce egf Kegtrlj zur lbbjehegfef Dalrlitergstgijebgeèrt, wge cgese sgda erjgkt lus cef cefInhpbex kgbcefcef Segbef.

GGG. Fekef cgesef kegcef Jruppef wurce gfLusjrlkufjs`bãdae GG fnda egfe dalrlitergstgsdae Tdaerke (@gj. ;7? 41) jeùfcef. Es alfcebt sgda uh egf @rljheft ces Irljefs egfesIrljefalbs`bãsdadaefs, cls lus hgt \ulrz- ufc

Tdaerkefjrus jehljerteh Snf jeifetet wnrcef gst, gf nxycgerefceh Hgbgeu alrt jekldief wurce ufc egfe rðtbgda-krlufe @lrke

alt (5 W[ :/0). Cge Ierf cer Tdaerke gstsdawlrz. Tnwnab cge LuÞef- lbs luda cge Gffefsegte cer Ierlhgi wurce wãarefc cer Aerstebbufj jbltt jestrgdaef.

Lus ceh fgecerbãfcgsdaef Bghkurj sgfcaeute egfgje Kegspgebe vnf Irljefalbs`bãsda-daef keilfft, cge sgda zuh Perjbegda lfkgetef.Cls wls cge @nrh lfjeat lh hegstef lkwegdaefce gst wnab oefes lus Ttegf hgt segfehsterf`ðrhgjef Irljef (Hnccerhlf <703),cnda ilff cge Ierlhgi redat jut verjbgdaef

wercef. Cge creg @rljhefte, cge gf cer Knsaegce ufter Feer (Kbnehers <7:= ufc <7:<")jeùfcef wurcef, snwge egf Exehpblr, cls vnfegfeh @ufcnrt 4 ih fðrcbgdaer jehebcet wurce (Kbnehers <7:<k), stghhef vðbbgj òkeregf._u cgeser Jruppe plÞt zwegèbbns luda clsIrljefalbs`bãsdadaef lus Zydaef (Bòòcgi-Ilebls <755, Lkk. <:? 7). Ces wegteref huÞlu` cge Pbllrcgfjer Iubtur agfjewgesef wercef, gf cer cgese Ierlhgi`nrhef iegfe ufkeilfftef sgfc (Jblskerjef u.l. <70:). JrnÞeÒkeregfstghhufj kesteat luda hgt cef @ufcef lus Aessef ufc zwlr hgt cefef lus cehJlbergejrlk vnf Lbtefcnr` (Tdargdieb <700,Sl`. ;0? <, ;) snwge hgt cefef vnh Jòfterskerj ufc vnh Alssefkerj Ir. @rgtzblr-Anh-kerj (Jefsef <7039 Tdawebbfus <7:=). @òr cgeEgfnrcfufj gf egfef jrðÞeref _uslhhefalfjseg ager cer Iòrze wejef lu` Hnccerhlf(<703) ufc Ifðbb (<701) agfjewgesef. Cge Lfjlkef tefcgeref zu egfer Cltgerufj gfs Hgttebfenbgtagiuh flda fgecerbãfcgsdaeh Perstãfcfgs (Ker. [.N.K. <5-<0), gh kesnfceref zuegfer Jbegdazegtgjiegt hgt cer jeslhtef Srgdaterkedaeriubtur.

GP. Egfe verzgerte, alrt jekldiefe [lfcsdaerke (@gj. ;7? ;;) plÞt vgebbegdat gf clssdanf `ròaer jeflffte Hgbgeu. Cge Tdaerkewurce gf Lusjrlkufjs`bãdae GGG jeùfcef. Esalfcebt sgda uh Ierlhgi, cge lus hgt searwefgj Tlfc ufc Tdaerkefjrus jehljerteh



3? Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

Snf jeifetet wurce. Cer `bldae nkere [lfcgst < dh kregt. Cge Perzgerufj kesteat lus zwegplrlbbeb bluèfcef tgeèf [gbbef, cge 5 kzw.

<; hh ufter ceh nkeref [lfc bgejef. CgesePerzgerufj alt lf cer LuÞefsegte cer Tdaerkezweg plrlbbeb bluèfce, flda luÞef steaefcePnrspròfje eftsteaef blssef. Cge @lrke ces[lfc`rljhefts gst rðtbgdakrluf (;.5 W[ 3/3).Egf Exehpblr, cls sgda jut clhgt verjbegdaefbgeÞe, gst ufs fgdat keilfft.

P. Cge Tdaerkef, cge zu cgeser Jruppe jeredafet wercef, kesteaef snwnab lus Nker`bãdaefùfcef lbs luda lus Lusjrlkufjsùf

cef. Es gst ufverzgerte Ierlhgi, cge, wls Lrtufc JrðÞe ces Hljerufjshgttebs, Lu`klu,Curdahesser, Perlrkegtufj ufc Aãrte lfjeatufc snjlr curda cls LushlÞ cer Perwgtterufj zwgsdaef cef ufter G ufc GG kesprndaefef Jruppef bgejt ncer gf egfer ncer hearcer nkef kesdargekefef Inhpnfeftef vðbbgjhgt cef Tdaerkef egfer ncer kegcer Jruppefverjbgdaef wercef ilff. Jebejeftbgdae Uftersdagece sgfc cer Sltsldae zuzusdaregkef, clÞcge Tdaerkef vnf heareref Sðpèf stlhhef.

Hlf eriefft cls Alfcweri lf cef Uftersdagecef, cnda alkef sge lbbe cge jbegdaef Dalrliterzòje wge Hljerufj hgt jrnkeh kgs searjrnkeh \ulrzjrus, Tdaerkefjrus ufc Tlfc, egfe jbltte Perlrkegtufj cer gfferef ufc ãuÞeref Nker`bãdae, egf zgehbgda alrtes Kldiweriufc cge rnt-nier-jrlu-krlufe @lrke.

Cge Jruppe kesteat lus?< [lfcsdaerke (@gj. ;7), ceref nkerer [lfcgh Peraãbtfgs zu cer stlri flda luÞef bluèfcef còffef Tdaubter rebltgv cgdi gst.

<3 Zlfcsdaerkef gh Curdahesser vlrggerefczwgsdaef 3.5 ufc <5 hh.Egfe ibegfe Zlfcsdaerke (@gj. ;7) zegjt egfevnf cer Gffefsegte lus lfjekrldate Curdaknarufj, vnf cer cge Aãb`te fnda vnralfcefgst.

Cge jerlce kesdargekefe Jruppe Tdaerkef`gfcet gare ]lrlbbebef u.l. gf egfer Jruppevnf @ufcef lus Feer, vnh Cnfcerkerj stlhhefc, lus cer Tlhhbufj Aerrf ]. O. Keerefs

@gj. 4=. Ttreuùfce vnf Infgfjsknsda ;:. G ? ;.

ufc gf cef @ufcef vnf cer Lusjrlkufj lu`cer Ieuper Aegce, Jeh. Aebcef (Hnccerhlf<707).

PG. Gh ufhgttebklref LfsdabuÞ lf cls Pnr

aerjeaefce huÞ fnda egfe Zlfcsdaerke erwãaft wercef, cge, nkjbegda ufverzgert, wlsgaref jeslhtef wegteref Lu`klu, gare @lrkeufc gar Perwgtterufjshuster lfjeat, vðbbgj hgtegfer verzgertef Zlfcsdaerke lus Feer(Tlhhbufj ]. O. Keeref Fr. <==) verjbgdaefwercef ilff. Es alfcebt sgda uh egfe jbltt-wlfcgje ufc sear alrt jekldiefe, ufverzgerteZlfcsdaerke (@ufcfr. 1=). Cge Ierlhgi gstlus hgt Tdaerkefjrus ufc sear wefgj Tlfcjehljerteh Snf jeifetet. Cge @lrke cer Lu

Þefsegte gst rðtbgda krluf (;.5 W[ 5/3), cge cerGffefsegte ufc ces Ierfs aebb-krãufbgda-jrlu(<= W[ 0/;). Cge LuÞefsegte gst gf`nbje cerPerwgtterufj stebbefwegse kbltt`ðrhgj lkjespbgttert, wncurda lf cgesef Ttebbef etwls hearnier`lrkgjer Ufterjrufc zuh Pnrsdaegfinhht.

Cl cge verzgerte Zlfcsdaerke lus Feer ufccge Tdaerke lus Infgfjsknsda gf cer jbegdaef@ufclssnzgltgnf lfjetrn`èf wurcef, gst es




sear wlarsdaegfbgda, clÞ sge zu egf ufc cersebkef hgttebfenbgtagsdaef Iubturjruppe jezãabt wercef iðffef.

PGG. TdabgeÞbgda jgkt es fnda egfe LfzlabZlfcsdaerkef, cge, nkjbegda ufverzgert, ceffnda curda garef jlfzef Alkgtus lbs prãagstnrgsda ketrldatet wercef hòssef. Lu` Jrufccer Sltsldae, clÞ cgeser Ierlhgi cge dalrlitergstgsdaef Egjefsdal`tef èabef, cge egfe jeflue Cltgerufj erhðjbgdaef, wurcef sge gf egfer Jruppe ufterjekrldat, cer snj. '[estjruppe'. Cge hegstef Tdaerkef stlhhef luscer Lusjrlkufj.

_u cgeser [estjruppe jeaðref u.l. sgekefTdaerkef, cge lbber Zlarsdaegfbgdaiegt fldavnf egfeh Snp` stlhhef. Tge sgfc ufverzgert,lus hgt Tdaerkefjrus, lker vnr lbbeh hgt Tlfcufc sdageèrlrtgjeh Jestegf jehljerteh Snfjeifetet. Curda cge Hljerufj hgt Tlfc `òabtsgda cge Nker`bãdae egfgjerhlÞef rlua lf. CgeIerlhgi gst alrt jekldief, cge @lrke cer LuÞefsegte gst aebb-jebkbgda-krluf (<= W[ 0/3),cgecer Gffefsegte ufc ces Ierfs cljejef gstsdawlrz. @òf` Zlfcsdaerkef alkef egf je

wðbktes ]rn`gb.Cge [estjruppe kesteat ces wegteref lus`nbjefcef Tdaerkef?Pger Zlfcsdaerkef, cge, nkjbegda sge vnf vgerversdagecefef Sðpèf stlhhef, clcurda Perwlfctsdal`t lu`wegsef, clÞ sge lus hgt Tdaerkefjrus ufc \ulrzjrus ncer ègfeh Tlfc jehljerteh Snf jeifetet ufc alrt jekldiefsgfc. Curda cge Hljerufj `òabef cge Zlfcsdaerkef sgda egfgjerhlÞef rlgra lf.Egfe ufverzgerte, alrt jekldiefe Zlfcsdaerke hgt egfeh Curdahesser vnf <=.3 hh. CgeIerlhgi gst lus hgt wefgj Tdaerkefjrus ufcegfer splrslhef Hefje Tlfc jehljerteh Snfjeifetet. Tnwnab LuÞef- lbs luda Gffefsegtecer Tdaerke sgfc curda cls Kestregdaef hgtSnf, cessef @lrke rðtbgda jebk gst, vnbbinhhef jejbãttet. Cer Ierf cer Tdaerke alt egfesdawlrze @lrke.

Egfe stlri verwgtterte, ufverzgerte Zlfcsdaerke. Jeifetet lus hgt Tdaerkefjrus regda

jehljerteh Snf, gf recuzgerefceh Hgbgeualrt jekldief, vnf sdawlrzer @lrke.Tgekef Ttòdidaef Ierlhgi, vnf cefef becgj

bgda jesljt wercef ilff, clÞ sge hgt Lusflahe vnf @ufcfuhher <=3 alrt jekldief ufchgt Tdaerkefjrus jehljert sgfc. <=3 gst wegdajekldief ufc hgt \ulrzjrus jehljert.

Flda LksdabuÞ cer Lusjrlkufj wurcef fndazweg Tdaerkef jeslhhebt, cge erwãaft wercefhòssef.

Gh Olfulr <7:< `lfc Aerr O. J. Tdallp lu`ceh erwãaftef Jekget egfe Zlfcsdaerke(@gj. 4=) hgt egfeh Ifgdi. Cge Ierlhgi gst lus

hgt Tlfc jehljerteh Snf jeifetet. CgeTdaerke alt egfef ufrejebhãÞgjef Curdahesser ufc gst vnr lbbeh lf cer LuÞefsegte sdaðfjbltt verlrkegtet. Keheriefswert gst cge anrgznftlb curdaknarte Ðse, cge, wge lus ceh Lfsltz clzu aervnrjeat, etwls flda bgfis egf]efclft jealkt alkef huÞ. Cge ãuÞere Nker`bãdae gst zuh jrðÞtef Segb rðtbgda jebk (5 W[0/0), cge gffere Nker`bãdae cljejef aebb krãufbgda jrlu (<= W[ 0/;), wãarefc cer Ierf ceutbgda jesdahnrt gst.

Lbs Perjbegdashlterglb `òr cgese Tdaerkehldaef wgr lu` cge @blsdaef hgt ðsefirlfzlus cer Hgdaebskerjer Iubtur (Bòfgfj <701,T. 47-3<) lu`herislh. Clzu hòÞte lfjefnhhef wercef, clÞ luÞer cef kegcef vnralfcefef Ðsef fnda wegtere lh Snp` vnralfcefjewesef sgfc. Cge Hðjbgdaiegt ilff hlf wecer lussdabgeÞef fnda kewegsef. Es gst lkergfteresslft zu uftersudaef, webdae Infsequefzef es aãtte, wãre cge Aypntaese rgdatgj.Cer rgdatgje Ttlfc cer Tdaerke gst fgdat hgtTgdaeraegt zu kestghhef, sn clÞ es sdawgergjwgrc, sge cer Ttuè GG ncer GGG vnf Bòfgfj zuzunrcfef. Egfe ce ðsefirlfz`blsdaef wurce gf@ur`nnz jeùfcef. Bòfgfj jgkt vnf gar egfeverkesserte [einfstruitgnf (<701, Sl`. ; K).Es gst `òr ufs gfteresslft zu wgssef, wls cgekebjgsdaef ]rãagstnrgier vnf ceh ketre`èfcefSnp` albtef. Hlrgef (<700), cer sgda kesnfcers hgt cgeser Hlterge kesdaã`tgjt alt, redafet 'gaf segfef 'fçnb gtagques ce bl Heuse zu,




@gj. 4<. Egsefzegtbgdae Tdferkef (<?;) ufc Jblsperbef (G

egfe jbnklbe Lfceutufj `òr egfe Jruppe vnfErsdaegfufjef, cge egfeh eftwgdiebtef Fenbgtagiuh zuzunrcfef sgfc, cls segfer Hegfufjflda jbegdazegtgj zur Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Iubturgst.

<7:; alt Aerr ]. B. Ieuref egfe wegtereKncefsdaerke (@gj. 4=) lu` Infgfjsknsda ;:

jeùfcef. Cge hgt \ulrzjrus stlri jehljerteIerlhgi alt egfe zgehbgda ufrejebhãÞgjeNker`bãdae, cge aebbkrluf (:.5 W[ 0/3) je`ãrktgst, wãarefc sge lu` ceh Kruda ceutbgda jesdahnrt gst. Cge Tdaerke gst hgt egfeh TtlfcùÞ verseaef, cer sear vgeb Ãafbgdaiegt hgtceh ces Snpès lus ceh Jrlkiebber vnf Ttegf(Hnccerhlf <703, T.1) lu`wegst. Nkwnab kegce Kðcef flaezu cef jbegdaef Curdahesseralkef, alt cer betztere egfef weseftbgda cgdieref Lfsltz zur Zlfc, sn clÞ wgr gf Infgfjsknsda ;: hgt egfeh vgeb wefgjer irã`tgjef Snp`redafef hòssef.

EgsefzegtCls Hlterglb lus cer Egsefzegt vnf @ufcnrt ;:keg Infgfjsknsda gst hgt cregzeaf Tdaerkefufc zweg Jblsperbef (@gj. 4<) vertretef.

Lf erster Ttebbe snbbtef vger jerluate Zlfcsdaerkef erwãaft wercef, cge lus hgt Tdaerkefjrus hãÞgj kgs regda jehljerteh Snf je-

?<) vnf Infgfjsknsda ;:.

ifetet wnrcef sgfc9 zweg vnf gafef sgfc zusãtzbgda hgt etwls ègfeh Tlfc jehljert wôrcef. Lf cgese lfsdabgeÞefc gst lu` zweg [lfc-ufc zweg Zlfcsdaerkef hgt jerluateh Dalrliter agfzuwegsef. Egfe vnf gafef stlhhtvnf egfer Tdalbe. Ces wegteref jgkt es zweg[lfcsdaerkef, cge lus hgt Tdaerkefjrus ufc

-etwls \ulrzjrus jehljerteh Snf jeifetetwnrcef sgfc. Egfe vnf gafef alt lh nkeref[lfc Egfcròdie, cge vnf egfeh ufrejebhãÞgjef Jejefstlfce stlhhef9 cge lfcere alt lhnkeref [lfce ufc jbegda ufter ceh [lfcFljebegfcròdie. TdabgeÞbgda jgkt es fnda cregverzgerte Zlfcsdaerkef, cge lus hgt Tdaerkefjrus jehljerteh Snf jeifetet wnrcefsgfc. Egfe vnf gafef wegst Ilhhsdahudi lu ,wãarefc cge kegcef lfceref hgt @gfjer- ufcFljebegfcròdief verzgert wnrcef sgfc. Cgesewefgj dalrlitergstgsdae Jruppe vnf @ufcefjgkt ufs iegfe Hðjbgdaiegt zu egfer jefluefCltgerufj, cl lbbe erwãaftef Egjefsdal`tefcge jlfze Egsefzegt agfcurda òkbgda jewesefsgfc.

Fekef cer Ierlhgi wurcef lu` Infgfjsknsda ;: zweg jesdahòdite Jblsperbef jeùfcef, cge egfe jefluere Cltgerufj erhðjbgdaeflbs es ufs cge Tdaerkef erblukef. Egfe Jblsperbe gst lus cufibereh inklbtkblueh Jbls hgt



30 Lflbedbl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

ceh [lfc. Kegce ]aãfnhefe èabef gf cerHgttebkrnfzezegt. Es gst zu erwlrtef, clÞ, weffhear Ierlhgi keilfft wgrc, cgesef Dalrli

teregjefsdal`tef fnda lfcere agfzuje`òjt wercef iðffef. Lbs betztes Ebeheft, cls zuhInhpbex cer hgttebfenbgtagsdaef @ufcnrte zujeaðref sdaegft, feffef wgr cls @eabef vnfKncefspuref. Fgdat fur cge Lusjrlkufjef kegInfgfjsknsda, snfcerf luda cge lu` cer Ieu-per Aegce (Hnccerhlf <707) sgfc gf cgeserAgfsgdat efttãusdaefc jewesef. Ceh iðffefwgr vgebbegdat cge Uftersudaufj vnf Aubst(<703) keg Hllstrgdat ufc cge fejltgvef Erjekfgsse cer Lusjrlkufj lu` ceh Jòfterskerj(Jefsef <7039 Tdawebbfus <7:=) agfzu`òjef.Cls flaezu vðbbgje @eabef tgeèrer Egfjrlkuf-jef wge z.K. Jrukef u.cjb. gst vgebbegdat egfercer Aluptjròfce, wlruh wgr sn sdabedat òkercge Tgecbufjef cer Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Iubturufterrgdatet sgfc. Clcurda `gebef sge keg Lk-jrlkufjef gh @ebce sebtef lu`. _ur Perceutbgdaufj segef z.K. cge klfcierlhgsdaef Tgecbufjef jeflfft, cge curda gare ceutbgda cufieb je`ãrktef Jrukef`òbbufjef stlri gfs Luje`lbbef ufc clcurda vgeb eaer keherit wercef.Ceh @eabef vnf Tpuref gh Kncef ces Bgh

kurjer Hgttebfenbgtagiuhs steat jejefòker,clÞ gf cer Pbllrcgfjer Iubtur sear wnabJrufcrgsse vnf Aãuserf jeùfcef wurcef.Tnbbte hlf vgebbegdat gh Iòstefjekget egfe lfcere Infstruitgnf kegh Aãuserklu lfjewlfctalkef lbs gh Kgffefblfc> Ncer plssef cgePbllrcgfjer Aãuser gf cls Huster cer Srgdaterkedaeriubtur>

Zgr hòssef ufs jut verjejefwãrtgjef, clÞ@ufcnrt ;: keg Infgfjsknsda lbber Zlarsdaegfbgdaiegt flda egfe Hnheftlu`flahelus egfer ]ergnce vnf hgfcestefs `òf` Olaraufcertef gst. Es gst lbsn sear jut hðjbgda,ufc snjlr sear wlarsdaegfbgda, clÞ keg egfer_uflahe ufseres Zgssefs vnf snbdaef @ufcinhpbexef egfe fãaere Cg`èrefzgerufj hðjbgda segf wgrc. ClÞ cges curda cge stegferfefLrte`lite jesdaeaef wgrc, bgejt wefgjer lu`cer Alfc. Cge Ierlhgi sdaegft gf cgeser @rljeegfe jrðÞere Lussgdat lu` Er`nbj zu kgetef.

Agfwegse clrlu` eftfeahef wgr cer Sltsldae,clÞ cge @ufce vnf Infgfjsknsda ;: ufc vnfcer Knsaegce ufter Feer @rljhefte vnf Irl-

jefalbs`bãs.dadaef aervnrjekrldat alkef,nafe clÞ clfekef verzgerte Ierlhgi jeùfcefwurce, wãarefc cges lu` cer Ieuper Aegcejerlce uhjeieart gst. Etwls ãafbgdaes gst kegegfeh Perjbegda cer @ufce vnh Jòfterskerjhgt cefef vnh Zlrtkerj (Tdargdieb <707)gf Aessef zu keherief. Erstjeflffter @ufcnrt krldate : Irljefalbs`bãsdadaef zu Slje,betzterer iegf egfzgjes. Cges ilff _u`lbb segf,lker ekefsnjut luda egfef tgeèref Jrufcalkef, wesalbk wgr clrlu` lu`herislh hldaef wnbbef.

Zgr `rljef ufs, nk Infgfjsknsda ;: tltsãdabgda egfe egfzgje jesdabnssefe hgttebfenbgtag-sdae @ufcjruppe eftaãbt, ncer nk es sgda fgdatvgebhear uh zweg ncer vgebbegdat creg Niiupltgnfspergncef alfcebt. Cge Jròfce `òr cgese_wegèb sgfc `nbjefce. Tdanf cge Aerref Ieuref ufc Tdallp keheritef, clÞ zweg Infzeftrltgnfef gh @ebc aervnrtrltef. Cges huÞiegfef darnfnbnjgsdaef Uftersdagec keceutef, cnda kbegkt es hðjbgda. Cef zwegtef Agf

wegs seaef wgr gf cer vgebbegdat lbs Hgdaebsker-jer ðsefirlfz`blsdae zu gfterpretgerefcefTdaerke, cge flda ufsereh aeutgjef Zgssefsstlfc fgdat jbegdazegtgj hgt ceh Irljefalbs`bãsdadaef vnrzuinhhef krludat. Ufc sdabgeÞbgda fnda egfe etwls lbbjehegfere Òkerbejufj. Gf cer Fãae vnf Infgfjsknsda ;: wurcef fnda zweg wegtere @ufcnrte hgt hgtteb-fenbgtagsdaeh Hlterglb keilfft, fãhbgda Fr.;3, cer vnf ufs fãaer uftersudat wurce, ufclbs zwegter egf erst iòrzbgda eftcediter, vnfceh egf jrnÞes [lfc`rljheft egfes Snpèsstlhht, cls jrnÞe Òkeregfstghhufj hgt cehSnp` lus ceh Jrlkiebber vnf Ttegf lu`wegst.Cgeses Tgecbufjskgbc vnf heareref rebltgv ibegfef @ufcnrtef lu` egfeh jrðÞeref Jekget, cgeekefsnjut jbegdazegtgj wge darnfnbnjgsda versdagecef segf iðffef, ieffef wgr luda vnfcer Knsaegce ufter Feer. Zgr iðffef gf cehTtlcguh, gf ceh cge Uftersudaufj sgda oetztke`gfcet, fgdat hear tuf lbs lu` cgese Kenk-



A. H. E. vlf Allref ufc ]. O. [. Hnccerhlf - Egf hgttebfenbgtagsdaer @ufcnrt ufter Infgfjsknsda 3:

ldatufjef lu`herislh hldaef.Cgese Perð`èftbgdaufj gst lbs erste Lfiòf

cgjufj egfer Ersdaegfufj zu versteaef, cge gf

ceh [luh lu` Zgeceranbufj redafef ilff.Zgr cefief clkeg fgdat fur lf fgecerbãfcgsdaBghkurj, snfcerf luda lf Fnrckrlklft ufcTòcnstjebcerblfc snwge lf cge lfjrefzefcefceutsdaef ufc kebjgsdaef Jekgete. Agfz (<707,T.<0-<:) fefft gh Kergdat òker cge Lusjrlkufjef keg Hnrief sdanf egfef snbdaef @lbb.Egfe gftefsgve Uftersudaufj cer Tlhhbufjefgf Huseef ufc keg prgvltef Tlhhberfiðffte vgebbegdat egfe redat jrnÞe Hefje lfHlterglb bgeèrf. Begcer èabte ufs cge _egt,

uh cgeses Ufterfeahef gf iurzer _egt luszu`òaref.

Cls bghkurjgsdae Hgttebfenbgtagiuh plÞtgf egfef jrðÞeref eurnpãgsdaef _uslhhefalfj, wnkeg wgr kewuÞt lh rejgnflbefDalrliter cer @ufce vnròker jeaef. Tdanfkeg cer Perð`èftbgdaufj ces Jrlkiebbers gfTtegf (Hnccerhlf <703) inffte lu` wegtverkregtete Kezgeaufjef agfjewgesef wercef.Ttegf jeaðrt zwegèbbns zu ceh Iubturinhpbex,vnf ceh ager cge [ece gst. Pgeb sdawgergjer

gst cge @rlje zu kelftwnrtef, wge wegt cgesersgda lusjestredit alt. Zls wgrc clzu jeredafet> Nafe vgeb Feues clròker sljef zu iðffef,wnbbef wgr cnda zur @ðrcerufj cer Cgsiussgnfufsere Jeclfief clzu ãuÞerf. Lh ceutbgdastef sdaegft cge Lkjrefzufj flda Fnrcef zusegf. Zgr iðfftef kealuptef, clÞ cge Tòcjrefze cer Srgdaterkedaeriubtur cge Fnrcjrefze egfes lfceref Iubturjekgetes kgbcet.ClÞ cgese Jrefze iegfe lksnbute Sreffufj gst,wgrc oeceh ceutbgda segf. Kezgeaufjef zurSrgdaterkedaeriubtur sgfc ufverieffklr gfcef fðrcbgdaef Jrefzrejgnfef vnralfcef. Zgrcefief clkeg lf cef Jekrluda cer snj. Klditebber gf cer Pbllrcgfjer Iubtur ufc cls Pnrinhhef vnf Srgdaterkedaer Ierlhgi gf cefwest`ãbgsda-aessgsdaef Jlbergejrãkerf. Uh cls@eabef vnf sdalrèf Sreffufjef gh lrdaãnbnjgsdaef Hlterglb lus cgeser ]ergnce zu gbbustrgeref, seg òkrgjefs lu` cls verwgesef, wls@gsdaer (<701) keg segfer Kespredaufj cer

fenbgtagsdaef Inbbeitgvjrãker gf Aessef ufcSaòrgfjef erwãaft. Er zegjt clrgf, wge clsIubturhuster gf egfeh Jekget sgda lus @li

tnref zuslhhefsetzt, cge oecer `òr sgda egfeegjefe jenjrlpagsdae Perkregtufj ieffef.Lker fgdat fur Pgllrcgfjef ufc cge ceutsdaefJlbergejrãker hòssef zu cgeseh Inhpbexjeredafet wercef. Cge Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe ufccge Anrjefer Iubturef `òjef sgda ager ekefsnjut egf. LuÞeralbk cgeses Iregses kejgffefcge Tdawgergjiegtef. Zge sgfc cge Kezgeaufjefzu cef Dalher ufc [gvflder Jruppef>Zls aãbt hlf vnf cer Ierujnu-Ierlhgi>Cge rejgnflbef Uftersdagece sdaegfef oewegbs

sn jrnÞ zu segf, clÞ hlf zðjert, lbbe Jruppeflu` egfef jehegfslhef Feffer krgfjef zuwnbbef, wnhgt wgr sear wlrasdaegfbgda egfHerihlb cer Tgecbufjsjesdagdate Eurnplssòcbgda cer Srgdaterkedieriubtur gh crgttefOlartlusefc v. Dar. jeùfcef alkef.

Pgeb Agbè erwlrtef wgr vnf D<3-Cltgeruf-jef, cnda sgfc cgese gh Lujefkbgdi fnda searsebtef. Lh kestef cltgert gst zwegèbbns cgePbllrcgfjer Iubtur, ceref Kejgff flda cerinfveftgnfebbef Cltgerufj lu` 3;7= ¼ 3= K.].

ncer ;43= v. Dar. (vlf [ejteref Lbtefl u.l.<70;/04) èstjebejt wgrc. Egf Ttòdi Anbzinabeuftef gh Jrlkiebber vnf Ttegf erjlk egfeCltgerufj vnf 3:1= ¼ 0= K.]. ncer ;14= v. Dar.(JrF.-314<). @òr cge Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Iubturver`òjef wgr òker creg _labef `òr Pgcebbes(Tegfe et Ngse), fãhbgda zweg lus Jrnfgfjef,cge 35== ¼ 0= K.]. kzw. 35== ¼ 5= K.]. c.a.;55= v.Dar. blutef ([lcgndlrknf 7, T. <44) ufcegfe lus Jg`-sur-Wvette, cge keg 3:3= ¼ <3= K.].ncer ;:7= v. Dar. bgejt ([lcgndlrknf <;, T.3;7). Clfekef alkef wgr oecnda fnda cgeCltgerufjef vnf Bes Hnurfnulrcs (Berng-Jnuralf u.l. <704), cge keg cer erstef Hessufj 41<; ¼ <<5K.]. ncer <10; v. Dar. ufc kegcer zwegtef Hessufj 4014 ¼ <<5 K.]. ncer<:44 v. Dar. erjlkef. Cges gst sn vgeb spãterlbs cge Cltgerufjef vnf Pgcebbes, cls hlfsdawerbgda lffeahef ilff, clÞ hgt kegcefErjekfgssef egf ufc cgesebke Iubturersdaegfufj cltgert wgrc? Lus iubturebbef Jròfcef



3T Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

sdaefief wgr cef _labef, cge keg rufc 35==K.]. ncer ;5== v. Dar. bgejef, wegt hearPertrluef. Cge `rlfzðsgsdaef Jlbergejrãker,

gf cefef quersdafegcgje ]ègbspgtzef, verjbegdaklre Kegbtypef ufc je`bòjebte, blfjeifðdaerfe Tpgtzef jeùfcef wurcef, wgecerspgejebf sgda gh Jrlkiebber vnf Ttegf.Cljejef ròdief cge D<3-Cltgerufjef Bes Hnur-fnulrcs gf egfe ]ergnce, gf cer hlf Tpurefcer Jbndiefkedaeriubtur erwlrtef wòrce, wlssdawerbgda hgt ceh lbbjehegfef Kgbc vnf cefJlbergejrãkerf gh Kedief vnf ]lrgs òkeregfstghht.

Gf juter Òkeregfstghhufj hgt cer Cltge

rufj vnf Ttegf sgfc cge Lbterskestghhufjefces silfcgflvgsdaef @ròafenbgtagiuhs D (u.l.Ttrðhkerj <701, T. <5=), `òr cls cge _labef3:1=, 31;= ufc 315= K.]. ncer dl. ;1:= v. Dar.jeflfft wercef. Cges sdaegft cge Perhutufjzu kestãtgjef, cge wgr lu` Jrufc ces Irljef-albs`bãsdadaefs ãuÞertef. Hgt snbdaef Cl-rgerufjef alkef wgr ufs cer HgdaebskerjerIubtur stlri jefãaert. Es seg ergffert lf cgeD<3-Cltgerufjef `òr [godianbt ufc Tpgeffeshgt 5=:= ¼ 0=, 5;;= ¼ <:= ufc 543= ¼ <5= K.].c.a. 4<;=-447= v. Dar., cnda wurcef ludaspãtere rufc 3:5= K.]. ncer ;1== v. Dar. verð`èftbgdat. Nkwnab cge Hgdaebskerjer Iubtur`nbjbgda ãbteref Cltuhs gst lbs cge òkrgjef Ersdaegfufjef, gst cge Jrefze zu cgesef oòfjerefIubturef fnda sear versdawnhhef.

Zgr hegfef, clÞ cge Ersdaegfufjef, cgezuh bghkurjgsdaef Hgttebfenbgtagiuh jeredafet wercef iðffef, gf infveftgnfebbef D<3_labef zwgsdaef 5;5= ufc 37== K.]. ncer 44==ufc ;75= v. Dar. kejgffef iðffef, cndafgdat bãfjer lbs kgs 3<== K.]. ncer ;<5= v.Dar.

Lccgfi-Tlhpbnfgus, H. (<701), Fenbgtagsdae stefef strgoc-alhers ugt Hgccef-Fecerblfc, Aebgfguh 1, T.;=7-;3=.

Klgbbnuc, J. (<703), Be fçnbgtagque clfs Ge klssgf plrgsgef,]lrgs.

Klfcg, A.-J. (<704), Kgrshlttef-Klsgsjrntte, Ldtl Ker-fefsgl G.

Klrfes, L.T. (<73:), Sae Sedafgque n` Kblce ]rncudtgnfgf Hesnbgtagd lfc Fenbgtagd Sghes, ]rnd. ]rea. Tnd. <4,T.<=<-<<4.

lfcluerf. Es gst ceutbgda, clÞ gfferalbk cgeserblfjef _egtsplffe lbberbeg Perãfcerufjef gfcer hltergebbef Iubtur stlttjeùfcef alkefiðffef, cge wgr fnda fgdat erieffef.

Egfe betzte ufs kesdaã`tgjefce @rlje gstcge cer Flhefsjekufj. Zgr alkef ufserersegts Egfwãfce cljejef, cef Kejrg`` Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Iubtur gf Bghkurj zu verwefcef,cl cgese Kezegdafufj cef egjefef Lspeitefces Hlterglbs fgdat jefuj [edafufj trãjt.Tegfe-Ngse-Hlrfe Iubtur gst clròker agflusegf Kejrg``, cer gfterfltgnflb stlri lf cls`rlfzðsgsdae Fenbgtagiuh jekufcef gst. Ufserkebjgsdaer Inbbeje H.E. Hlrgef alt vnh'Hlls-Fenbgtagiuh' jesprndaef (<700), wnhgtlbber Zlarsdaegfbgdaiegt flda Ersdaegfufjeflus cer jbegdaef ]ergnce kezegdafet wercef,wge wgr sge lus cef Fgecerblfcef ieffef. Eskesteat lbsn Perlfblssufj, cgese Kezegdafufjluda `òr Bghkurj zu òkerfeahef lfjesgdatscer Sltsldae, clÞ cge Hlls luda curda cgese]rnvgfz `bgeÞt. Lfcerersegts sgfc wgr ufs fndablfje fgdat sgdaer, nk cls kebjgsdae Hlls-Fenbgtagiuh òkeralupt vðbbgj hgt ufseref bghkurjgsdaef Lfjebejefaegtef, òkeregfstghht.LuÞerceh erstredit sgda cls @buÞjekget cer

Hlls wegt òker cge Jrefzef Kebjgefs ufcBghkurjs lus. Tnbbte hlf cesalbk flda egfehegjefef Flhef sudaef, sn p`bejt ager`òr cererste jut uftersudate @ufcnrt gf Ketrldatzu inhhef kzw. egfe dalrlitergstgsdae Egjefsdal`t cer hltergebbef Iubtur. Cge betzte Hðjbgdaiegt iðffef wgr hgt ruagjeh JewgsseflussdabgeÞef. Zgr wercef lbsn lf Ttegf ncerInfgfjsknsda cefief hòssef. Pnrbãu`gjzgeaef wgr cge Kezegdafufj 'Hgttebfenbgtagiuhvnf Bghkurj' vnr.

Keei, K.B. vlf (<70:), Albve Hgob, jeh. Pebcanvef, Fgeuwskubb. I.F.N.K., T. <=.

Keex, J. (<705), Albve Hgob, jeh. Pebcanvef, Fgeuwskubb. IFNK., T. <;1.

Kegsseb. G. (<1::), Kergdat òker cge gf cer UhjekufjLldaefs jeùfcefef Òkerreste cer oòfjeref Ttegfzegt,

Luszuj lus cef Peralfcg. c. Flturwgss. Jes. zu Lldaef.Kbnehers, O.A.@. (<7:=), Feer, Fgeuwskubb. IFNK.,

T. 7<.

BGSE[LSU[ PE[_EGDAFGT




Kbnehef, O.A.@. (<7:<l), Feer, Fgeuwskubb. IFNK..T. 50.

Kbnehers, O.A.@. (<7:<k), Feer, Fgeuwskubb. IFNK..T. <=3.

Kðahers, L. & Lq. Znuters (<750), Ttltgstgds lfc Jrlpasgf tae Ttucy n` @bgft Lssehkbljes. GGG. L ]rebghgflry[epnrt gf tae Ttltgstgdlb Lflbysgs n` tae Hesnbgtagd gfFnrtawesterf Eurnpe, ]lblenagstnrgl P, T. ;:-41.

Krlfct, I. (<73<), Òker cef Ghpnrt westeurnpãgsdaer@euerstegfwerizeuje flda Zest`lbef, Knffer Olark.<30, T. <57-<:;.

Krlfct, I. (<750), Cge Hgttebstegfzegt lf cer ufterefBgppe, \uebbefsdar. z. westceutsdaef Pnr-u. @ròajesda.0.

Krlfct. I.A. (<70:), Ttucgef òker stegferfe Ãxte ufc Kegbecer Oòfjeref Ttegfzegt ufc cer Ttegf-Iupèrzegt Fnrc-westceutsdablfcs. Agbcesaegh.

Daeyfger, L. (<75;), Srgvlux, Be prehger vgbblje fçnbgtag-quece Hefcnf, Kubb. Tnd. ]rça. rlfd. QBGQ, T. <4<-<35.

Ceaf, Z. (<75<), Egfgje Keheriufjef zu sòcceutsdaeh

Albbstlttjbls, Jerhlfgl ;7, T. ;5-43.Cuòei, H. (<700). Sarligsdaes Jrãkerèbc cer Albbstltt

zegt gf Dantgf, Lrdalenb. Tbnvldl @nftes PG.@cchlf, D.A. (<75=), Gfbegcgfj tnt ce kncehiufce vlf

Fecerblfc. Lhsterclh.@ebcer, Z.H. (<705), Ce Bnuskerj kgo Lief, Ollrknei

<705 Fec. Jenb. Per. L`c. Bghkurj. T. 4-;5.@gsdaer, U. (<701), _u cef fenbgtagsdaef Inbbeitgv

jrãkerf gf Aessef ufc Saòrgfjef, Flsslugsdae Lfflbef:7, T. <-;<.

Jefsef, [. (<703), Feue Tgecbufjef cer westeurnpãgsdaefTtegfigstefiubtur gf Fnrcaessef, @ufcker. lus Aessef 3,T. 5:-0<.

Jg`èf, L.E. vlf (<7;5), Ce _ugc-Bghkurjsdae vnnragstnrgsdae vuursteefgfcustrge tussdaef [ydianbt ef Tt.

Jeertrugc, Sgocsdar. Inf. Fec. Llrcr. Jef. 3;, T. 31<-5=4.Jg`èf, L.E. vlf (<75<), Ce vnnragstnrgsdae vuursteef-

expbngtltge kgo [godianbt gf Fecerblfcs Bghkurj, Hçblfjes ef anhhlje lu prn`. Alhlb-Flfcrgf, T. 7:-<=;.

Jblskerjef, Z.. Z. Jrnefhlf-vlf Zlltergfje ef J.H.Alrcefkerj-Hubcer (<70:), Tettbehefts n` tae Pbllr-cgfjef Dubture lt Pnnrsdantef lfc Begcsdaefclh, Aebgfguh :, T. 4-4< ufc T. 7:-<;=.

Agfz, A. (<707), Cge Lusjrlkufjef lu` ceh Igrdakerj gf Hngidf. Iregs Kerjaegh (Er`t}, Còssebcnr`.

Aubst. [T. (<703), Hllstrgdat, Fgeuwskubb. I.F.N.K., T.<=7-<<=.

Ifðbb, A. (<701), Egfe Tdae`ke cer fnrcwestceutsdaefSge`stgdaierlhgi lus Fnrcaessef. _u cef Irljef-`blsdaef lus fnrcaessgsdaef Ttegfigstefjrãkerf, Olark. [.J._.H. <5, T. <-;3.

Iðffe, D.E. (<73=), Ttegfzegtbgdae @ufce ufc Zeripbãtzelus ceh Lldaefer Blfce, Hlffus 4;, T. 30=-3:7.

Blet, T.O. ce & Z. Jblskerjef (<757), Ce vnnrjesdagecefgscer tlje blfcef. Jrnfgfjef.

Berng-Jnuralf, L., J. Klgbbnuc & H. Krçzgbbnf (<704),b'Aypnjçe GG ces Hnurfnulrcs, Jlbbgl ]rçagstngre P,T. ;4-<44.

Bgese, O. (<74=), Cls Lldaefer Blfc gf cer Ttegfzegt, Lldaef.

Bòfgfj, O. (<701), Cge Hgdaebskerjer Iubtur. Gare @ufcegf zegtbgdaer ufc rãuhbgdaer Jbgecerufj, 31 Ker. [nh.Jerh. Inhh.. T. <-45=.

Bòòcgi-Ilebls, B. (<755), Zlff sgfc cge erstefHejlbgta-jrãker gf Anbblfc eftstlfcef> Egf Cltgerufjsversuda,]lblenagstnrgl GP, T. 3:-:7.

Hlrgef, H.E. (<700), Bes "Fçnbgtagques ce bl Heuse" etbe jrnupe ã hlrdaets ce Alute-Kebjgque, ]lblenagstnrglQGG, T.4:7-41=.

Hnccerhlf, ].O.[. (<70=/0<), Alrpstecter urfef vlf cePlbefcrges nfcer Zydaef, Jebcerblfc, Kergdatef [.N.K.<=-<<, T. 55<-554.

Hnccerhlf, ].O.[. (<703), Sae Fenbgtagd Kurglb Plubt ltTtegf, Lflb. ]rlea. Begc. G, T. 4-<0.

Hnccerhlf, ].O.[. (<707), Aebcef/Iesseb, Fgeuwskubb.

IFNK., T. <=4-<=5.Fewebb, [.[. (<7:=), Sae @bgft Gfcustry n` tae Cutda

Bgfelrklfcierlhgi, Lflb. ]rlea. Begc. GUG Fec. Nuca. GGG. T. <33-<14.

]gjjntt, T. (<753), Sae Fenbgtagd Dubtures n` tae Krgtgsa Gsbes, Dlhkrgcje.

[ejteref-Lbtefl, O.@. vlf, O.L. Kliier, LS. Dblsnf,PP. Jblskerjef, Z. Jrnefhlf-vlf Zlltergfje & B.O.]nfs (<70;-<704), Sae Pbllrcgfjef Dubture, Aebgfguh GG(<70;), T.4-45, T.7:-<=4 ufc T.;<5-;34, Aebgfguh GGG(<704), T.47-53 ufc T.7:-<;=.

Tdargdieb, Z. (<707), Cge @ufce vnh Zlrtkerj gf Aessef,Hlrkurj.

Tdawlkecgssef, A. (<70;), Cer fenbgtagsdae Tgecbufjspbltzlu` ceh Alkerj, Jeh. Bðvefgda, Ir. Eriebefz, Knffer

Olark. <0;, T. ;15-;74.Tdawebbfus, Z. (<7:=), Fldauftersudaufj lu` ceh

Jòfterskerj keg Jucefskerj, Ir. @rgtzblr-Anhkerj,@ufcker. lus Aessef 7-<=, T. <=;-<=3.

Thgta, G.@. (<705), Zgfchgbb Agbb lfc Lvekury, Nx`nrc.Ttlhpùsz, [. (<73<), Lusjrlkufj egfer Còfe lh Alhwej

gf cer Jehegfce Tpebbef, Ir. Cgfsblief, Hlffus 44,T. 531-50<.

Ttrðhkerj, H. (<701), Cer Cnbhef Srnbblstef gf Tt.Iðpgfje. Tdanfef. Knff-Bufc.

Peraeybewejaef, O. (<70=), Ttltgstgques et jrlpagques clfsb'çtuce ces gfcustrges bgtagques prçagstnrgques PG. Etucece ;4; jrlttngrs fçnbgtagques cçdnuverts l Tpgeffes,]lblenagstnrgl PGGG, T. 47-51.

Perwers, J.O. (<7:;), Cls Ilhps Pebc gf Alps gf Fenbgtagiuh, Krnfzezegt ufc Egsefzegt, Lflb. ]rlea. Begc. P.

Zllbs, O.C. vlf cer (<703), ]reagstnrge Cgsd Zaeebs gf tae Fetaerblfcs, Jrnfgfjef.

_nffevebc, O.BT. (<750), Cls \ulrtãr cer sòcðstbgdaef Fgecerblfce. Jenb. ef Hgofknuw F.T. <1, T.4:7-415.



5;

G

Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

<7

B

;31

d;37

O"

@gj. <. Agefaegh, sbgts wgta dnrpus fr. lfc dnrrespnfcgfj `gfc fr. <?3=.



]. vlf ce Pebce - [gtulbs, Tigfs lfc Anher? tae Clfukglf 'Slf-]gts' 54

<3

- d

<5

@gj. ; Agefaegh, sbgts wgta dnrpus fr. lfc dnrrespnfcgfj `gfc -. <?3=.



53 Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl

55:

C-

<:

@gj. O. Agefaegh, sbgts wgta dnrpus fr. lfc dnrrespnfcgfj `gfc fr. <?3=.




@gj. 3. Agefaegh, sebedtec `gfcs `rnh tae sbgts. Frs. gf tae crlwgfj dnrrespnfc tn `gfc frs. <?;.




• ' • Q ? • • 2 • ? • •••?

••l-?-?., yVr-

Z_®

@gj. 5. Agefaegh, drnss sedtgnf tarnuja sbgt.

Sn tae be`t, tae nrgjgflb `gebc-crlwgfj re-crlwf `nr ptgft9 tn tae rgjat, gfterpretltgve sietda `rnh tae lutanr's cglry,wgta frs. G, ;, lfc 4 sanwgfj cg` ereft pltdaes n` `gbbgfj, lfc fr. 3 tae tnp blyer, cepnsgtec l`ter settgfj n` tae nrgjgflb`gbbgfjs. Sags sbgt gs sanwf ls fr. ;; gf `gj. 4.<?;=.@gj. 0. Agefaegh, drnss sedtgnf tarnuja sbgt. Sags sbgt gs sanwf ls fr. ;< gf `gj. 4.<?;=.

veb gs d. ;5 dh kebnw tae lfdgeft `bnnr, tags set

tgfj hust alve keef dnfsgcerlkbe, ls g` tae sbgts

alc keef `gbbec gf taegr eftgrety wgta bnnse sngb,

wgtanut huda ùrtaer lcn.

4. Lflbnjues lt ntaer sgtes

]efcgfj tae cgsdussgnf gf tae sedtgnfs 3, 0 lfc

: kebnw, l fnf-exalustgve; survey n` tae bgterl

ture nf Zesterf lfc Deftrlb Eurnpelf ]reagstnry, revelbs tae `nbbnwgfj pnssgkbe plrlbbebs `nr

tae Agefaegh sbgts?

Hnf repns (Z. Jerhlfy). Slfjeftglb tn l

dgrdublr 'cwebgfj pgt', l sbgt wls `nufc. Gt dnubc

alve ls l pblde tn stnre tae cwebber's knws lfc

lrrnws (]lret <=<=, p. :).

Zgfcedief (Z. Jerhlfy). Sae knfes n` l

ynufj cne nf tae knttnh n` tae sbgt `nufc aere,

lrjue `nr lf gfterpretltgnf ls l jlhe trlp

(Znb`` <7<<, p. ;<).

]blgct (Z. Jerhlfy). Swn sbgts were `nufc,nfe n` wagda wls rlcglbby lbgjfec nf tae dluse

wly tarnuja twn rgfj-cgtdaes9 tae ntaer nfe

wls sgtultec nutsgce tae cgtdaes9 taegr lverlje

nrgeftltgnf wls =4=½. @rnh tae pnsgtgnf n` tae

`nrher sbgt, gt wls dnfdbucec talt taey hust

alve keef usec ls wnbves' trlps (Beafer <7<;,

p. ;1<, ;75-;70).

; d . Sae lppefcgx tn tae bgst n bg terlture.

Ekerstlct (Z. Jerhlfy). Aere, sbgts were

`nufc wgtagf tae settbeheft lrel9 taey dnftlg

fec fn exdeptgnflb `gfcs fnr spedglbgzec tnnbs9

snhe sbgts gfdnrpnrltec pnst anbes nr were lc

oldeft tn taeh9 taegr lverlje cgredtgnf wls

=5=½. Sae expblfltgnf n`èrec ky tae exdlvltnr

gs? `nufcgfj sbgts `nr wgfcsdreefs. Sags gs klsec

nf etafnjrlpagd plrlbbebs (lfc tae bndltgnf

wgtagf tae settbeheft)? stnfe-hlsnfs use trlfspnrtlkbe wgfcsdreefs (Kreher <7<4, p. 417-

47=).

Znrhs (Z. Jerhlfy). Dlsulbby, twn 'jlhe

trlps' lre heftgnfec gf l treltgse nf Klfc

Derlhgd ]nttery. Fn relsnf gs n`èrec `nr tags

gfterpretltgnf (Inab <7<3, p. 14).

Tlrhsaegh (Z. Jerhlfy). Zgtagf l rltaer

restrgdtec lrel, fgfeteef sbgts were `nufc9 taegr

lverlje cgredtgnf gs <14½.0 (tae twn anuses

sanwf? <0=½)9 snhe gfdnrpnrlte pnst anbes,

snhe lre lcoldeft tn taeh. Tgfde tae flrrnwhnuta n` tae sbgts wgbb dluse l rebltgveby dnnb lt

hnspaere wgtagf taeh, taey hly alve servec

tn stnre helt, lddnrcgfj tn tae exdlvltnr (Bea

fer <7<:, p. <<0-<<1).

B gf cef ta lg (Z. Jerhlfy). Zgtagf tags Cl-

fukglf settbeheft egjateef sbgts were `nufc.

Swn hutulbby gfcepefceft lfc fnf-exdbusgve

ùfdtgnfs were prnpnsec?

l. Bnlh-pgts. Tnhe sbgts were `nufc tn alve



]. vlf ce Pebce - [gtulbs, Tigfs lfc Anher? tae Clfukglf 'Slf-]gts' 5:

ufcercuj efcs9 sn rebltgveby huda uf`nubec

bnlh, hnre lttrldtgve tn pntters talf auhus,

wls tlief `rnh tae pgts.

k. Slf-pgts. Tgfde snhe n` tae sbgts alve taebefjta n` l dnw-agce? 'Gda ilff hgr redat jut

cefief, clsz hlf @ebbe fekefegflfcer gf cge

Tdabgtze jeaãfjt alt, cge Jruke hgt Egdaefrgfce

je`òbbt alt, ufc clff cge Jerksãure wgrief bgesz'

(Kuttber lfc Alkerey <740, p. 05). Lbtanuja

tae lutanrs were uflkbe tn n`èr dnfdbusgve

evgcefde rejlrcgfj taegr prnpnslbs, taey reoed

tec elrbger aypntaeses (ls jgvef lknve) ls kegfj

bess pblusgkbe (p. 4=, 05). Saey lbsn repnrtec

talt snhe n` tae sbgts sanwec strltg`gdltgnf9 lbb

n` taeh were `nufc wgtagf tae settbeheft lrel9fn fntlkbe `gfcs `rnh tae `gbbgfjs lre heftgnf

ec9 snhe lre lcoldeft tn pnst anbes nr alve

taeh gfdnrpnrltec.

C u c e r s t l c t ( Z. Jerhlfy). Swn sbgts, sghg

blr tn tanse lknve, lfc twn 'pseucn-jrlves'

(peralps ligf tn tae Agefaegh sbgts, dnrpus

frs. < lfc ;, `gj. <) were `nufc. Sae `nrher

were, `nbbnwgfj Kuttber lfc Alkerey, gfter

pretec ls 'tlf-pgts'9 taegr lverlje nrgeftltgnf

gs <1=½ (Lfieb lfc Sldiefkerj <70<, p. ;4-;3).

Krlfd (Dzedansbnvligl). Ltteftgnf gs crlwftn `nurteef bnfj, flrrnw, ceep pgts lt tae

Befjyeb GP sgte exdlvltec taere. Gt gs dnfdbu

cec talt tae pgts hust alve servec hljgdn-

rebgjgnus purpnses (hnre spedg`gd? sldrg`gdglb)

kedluse n` tae `nbbnwgfj nkservltgnfs?

l. L siubb n` anrfec dlttbe wls `nufc gf nfe n`

taeh.

k. @gbbgfjs sanw plgrec blyergfj, wagda gs suj

jestgve n` dydbgdlb `gbbgfj.

d. Felr elda aut, nfe plgr n` sbgts wls `nufc.

c. Lrdalenbnjgdlb lfc etafnjrlpagdlb plrlbbebs (Pblcãr lfc Bgdalrcus <701, p. 4<1-4;=).

Exdept gf tae pukbgdltgnf ky Pblclr lfc Bg

dalrcus lbb gfterpretltgnfs gfdnrpnrlte elrbger

lttehpts lt expblfltgnf.

3. Sae prnkbeh, `nrhlbby lfc hlterglbby

Bnjgdlbby speligfj, lfy nkoedt als twn lspedts?

l `nrhlb nfe (suda ls salpe lfc ce`gfgtgnf) lfc

l hlterglb sgce (sukstlfde, ùfdtgnf, helfgfj).

Saese twn wlys n` bnnigfj lt tagfjs hly lbsn

ke usec waef cgsdussgfj sbgts, taereky rlgsgfj

tae `nbbnwgfj questgnfs?

@nrhlbby? Lre sbgts su``gdgeftby cgstgfdtgve wgtagf tae dblss n` anbe-bgie lrte`ldts tn wlrrlft l

seplrlte dblssg`gdltnry blkeb>

Hlterglbby? Zagda ùfdtgnfs dlf ke lttrgkutec

relsnflkby (g.e.,testlkby) tn tae sbgts nf tae kl

sgs n` egtaer (nkservec) dnftefts nr bldi n` dnf

tefts, nr (aypntaesgzec) helfgfj>

Sn lfswer tae `grst questgnf, gcelbby every

jrnup n` sbgts sanubc ke dnhplrec wgta lbb

ntaer pgts lt tae sgte dnfderfec. Uf`nrtuflteby

su``gdgeft cnduheftltgnf gs lvlgblkbe `nr Krlfd

nfby, fnt evef `nr Agefaegh ls yet, lfc tae gssue dnubc ke settbec snbeby `nr talt sgte. Sae

`nurteef 'sldrg`gdglb pgts' were stltgstgdlbby dnh

plrec wgta l slhpbe4 `rnh tae ntaer pgts tn ce

terhgfe waetaer nr fnt l cgvgcgfj bgfe hly ke

crlwf. Saef, ky prnklkgbgstgd relsnfgfj (d`.

Cgxnf lfc Hlssey <75:, p. 45, <;:-<;79 ]np

per <701, p. ;01, 4<;-4<4) tags cgvgsgnf gs extef

cec? tae 'sldrg`gdglb pgts' lt Krlfd lre stltgstg

dlbby dnhplrec wgta tae sbgts lt Agefaegh. G` gt

gs `nufc talt knta jrnups dnrreblte lppredglkby

- sly, lt belst 7=% - tags wgbb ke tlief tn prnvetalt taey lre crlwf `rnh tae slhe ufgverse,

g.e., `rnh tae slhe sgce n` tae knufclry ket

weef sbgts lfc ntaer pgts.

Sae pludgty n` tae cltl `rnh ntaer sgtes lb

relcy lbbucec tn, prevefts l sghgblr testgfj n`

tae aypntaesgs talt tae sbgts repnrtec taere ke

bnfj tn tae slhe dltejnry ls tanse lt Krlfd

lfc Agefaegh exdept, plrtglbby, tanse lt

Tlrhsaegh. G wgbb alve tn lssuhe, taef, talt

tae equltgnf n` tae sbgts lt Krlfd lfc lt Agef

aegh anbcs jnnc `nr tae ntaer sbgts preseftec gftae tagrc sedtgnf tnn9 lbsn talt lf eveftulb cgvg

cgfj bgfe ketweef sbgts lfc ntaer pgts lt Krlfd

gs lppbgdlkbe lt tae ntaer sgtes ls webb.

< @rnh tae pertgfeft pukbgdltgnf (Pblcãr lfc Bgdalrcus<701) lbb pgts were bgstec talt were dnftehpnrlfenuswgta tae 'sldrg`gdglb pgts' (lfc talt were fnt auts, bnlh-pgts, pnst anbes nr plbgsslces). @rnh tags bgst, l`ter refuhkergfj tae nkoedts, l rlfcnh sebedtgnf n` <3 pgtswls crlwf.




Fnw tae `grst questgnf dlf ke rewrgttef? lre

sbgts lt Krlfd ligf tn sbgts lt tae sgtes heftgnfec

gf tae prevgnus sedtgnf, lfc cn lbb taese sbgts tn

jetaer dnfstgtute l cgstgfdt lrte`ldt type>Sn lfswer tae sednfc questgnf (lknut tae

pnssgkbe ùfdtgnfs) lf lxgnh gs feecec tn bgfi

hlterglb lfc `nrhlb lttrgkutes, sghpby tn lvngc

lfy pnssgkgbgty n lsdrgkgfj severlb ùfdtgnfs

suda ls trlppgfj, tlffgfj lfc sldrg`gdgfj tn

every sgfjbe sbgt, sgfde tags wnubc prldtgdlbby

lhnuft tn lf evlsgnf n` testgfj lfc n` drgtg

dgsh. Sae lxgnh wgbb relc? bgie ùfdtgnfs dluse

bgie `nrhs9 nr, lbterfltgveby, equgvlbeft hlte

rglb lttrgkutes dnrreblte agja wgta equgvlbeft

`nrhlb lttrgkutes. Dblrie (<701, p. ;=, 57-0;)stltes tags very lxgnh ls plrt n` tae Kbldi Knx

Saenry.

Lplrt `rnh tags lxgnh, l hetancnbnjgdlb re

hlri hly ke tn tae pngft. Sae vlrgnus lutanrs

wrgtgfj nf sbgts (d`. tae 4rc sedtgnf lknve), tghe

lfc ljlgf were dnfsdgnusby gfdnrpnrltgfj tae

aypntaeses n` taegr precedessnrs, snhetghes

ghprnvgfj upnf, snhetghes reoedtgfj elrbger

fntgnfs, kut stelcgby kednhgfj hnre spedg`gd.

Sae Kuttber lfc Alkerey prnpnslb rejlrcgfj

tlf-pgts (stgbb lpprnvgfjby heftgnfec ky Lfieblfc Sldiefkerj <70<). anwever, wls fnt dnf

testec ky Pblcãr lfc Bgdalrcus waef taey n`è

rec taegr 'sldrg`gdglb pgt' aypntaesgs9 taey were

lpplreftby uflwlre n` gt, sgfde fnfe n` tae pu

kbgdltgnfs bgstec gf tae 4rc sedtgnf lre tn ke

`nufc gf taegr reèrefdes. Ttgbb, tae ùfdtgnf n`

tlffgfj seehs tn ke hnre spedg`gd talf talt n`

sldrg`gdgfj, l 'tlffery' kegfj hnre tlfjgkbe

talf lf 'n`èrgfj pblde' lfc dnfsequeftby el

sger tn ke testec lfc `lbsg`gec. Nf hetancnbnjg

dlb jrnufcs tae tlffgfj aypntaesgs sanubc ke

preèrrec, taere`nre (]npper <701, p. 54-53,

;0:). Nf tae klsgs n` etafnjrlpagdlb repnrts

lfc agstnrgdlb redgpes n` pre-gfcustrglb tlffgfj,

tags aypntaesgs dlf ke ùrtaer eblknrltec, lfc

testlkbe stltehefts cergvec (d`. Krlvn lfc

Srupie <7:=, p. ;=9 Jlfsser <737, p.

4<50-4<5:). Jeferlbby speligfj, tlffgfj serves

twn purpnses? tae suppbgfj lfc preservltgnf n`

lfghlb sigfs. Nut n` hlfy ifnwf, taree wlys

tn ldageve tags lre rebevlft aere? <. rukkgfj, ;.

shnigfj lfc 4. vejetlb tlffgfj. Lfy n` taese

'tlffgfj' prndesses plsses tarnuja taree stl

jes? L. dbelfgfj, K. 'tlffgfj' (gf gts krnlc helfgfj) lfc D. `gfgsagfj. @nr preseft purpnses, l

very suhhlry cesdrgptgnf n` taese taree tlf

fgfj prndesses wgbb su``gde?

<. [ukkgfj. Ttlje L? repeltec lppbgdltgnf n`

urgfe bnnses tae algr `rnh tae sigf gf 4 tn 3=

clys, l`ter wagda gt sanubc ke rehnvec ky sdrl

pgfj. Ttlje K? lfghlb `lt gs pnufcec lfc ifel

cec gftn tae sigf, wnrigfj tae agce nver lfc

nver ljlgf. L`ter tags, tae sigf gs relcy `nr ùr

taer prndessgfj.

;. Thnigfj. Ttlje L? ls <L. Ttlje K? tae sigfslre aufj nver strlw `gres `nr severlb clys.

Ttlje D? tn `gfgsa tae prndess, tae agces lre stn

rec lwly, webb wrlppec gf strlw, `nr l cly nr

sn. Saef tae sigfs lre relcy `nr ùrtaer prndes

sgfj.

4. Pejetlb tlffgfj. Ttlje L? ls <L. Ttlje K?

tae agces lre slfcwgdaec ketweef nli nr

daestfut belves/klri/wnnc lfc be`t tn tae ebe

hefts9 wgtagf nfe wgfter, rlgf lfc sfnw belda

su``gdgeft tlffgfj ljefts `rnh tae hlterglb tn

tlf tae sigfs. Ttlje D? tn `gfgsa tae agces, taeysanubc ke crgec lfc bgjatby ifelcec. L`ter tags,

taey lre relcy `nr ùrtaer prndessgfj.

Kesgces suppbgfj tae sigfs tae prndesses ; lfc

4 lbsn ldt tn preserve tae sigfs.

]gts hly ke usec gf prndess lfc stlje? GL9 ;L,

D9 4L, K.

L fuhker n` testlkbe stltehefts dlf ke cerg

vec `rnh tae lknve, gf vgew n` tae prnkbeh lt

alfc. G` tae sbgts were usec gf tae tlffgfj prn

dess, gt fedesslrgby `nbbnws talt?l. Tbgts sanubc ke blrje efnuja tn lddnhhn

clte sigfs. G` tae sbgts were usec gf stlje L n`

egtaer n` tae taree prndesses lknve, taef?

k. ]anspaltes (`rnh tae urgfe) lfc/nr subpaur

dnhpnufcs (`rnh tae algr) sanubc ke preseft

gf tae vgdgfgty n` tae knttnh n` tae sbgts.

5. Sae nrhlb lspedts n` tae cltl

Sae cltl nf tae exdlvltgnfs lt Krlfd alve




Slkbe 3. Tbgts. L dnhplrgsnf n` 'sldrg`gdglb pgts' lt Krlfd wgta sbgts lt Aegfaegh ky helfs n` l stltgstgdlb test n` taeaypntaesgs? 'sldrg`gdglb pgts' lfc sbgts kebnfj tn nfe sgfjbe dblss n` lrte`ldts.

Agefaegh Krlfd Dnhplrec Slkbe

Plrglkbes l s; F l s; F c` t t Dnfdbusgnf

Nrgeftltgnf + <;½ <3:: ;; + 34½ ;3;5 <3 ;0.; ;.== 4.== lddept

B/Z-gfcex 3.47 4.15 <1 ;.:< <.<: <; nn ;.13 ;.74 ufcedgcec

C/Z-gfcex ;.;: <.41 <7 ;.=5 .43 <3 nd .:3 ;.74 lddept

B/C-gfcex <.1= .<< <0 <.3= .<5 <; == ;.15 ;.74 ufcedgcec

Tgze .5: .<0 <0 ;.;5 <.7< <; nn 3.<= ;.74 reoedt

Ttrltg`gdltgnf .30 .=< ;; .:7 <.;1 <4 nn 4.4< ;.74 ufcedgcec

Knfes .;: .:: ;; .10 <.1; <3 Q <.;3 ;.74 lddept

]nttery- 1.1; <4.=; ;; 3.== <;.== <3 <;.4 3.=; 4.<< reoedt

@bgft 3.:4 1.;0 ;; .:< ;.;= <3 ;0 5.15 4.== reoedt

(t-vlbues lddnrcgfj tn Cgxnf & Hlssey <75:? 3;3. Lssuhptgnfs? (< – Þ) 8 7= %, beveb n` sgjfg gdlfde 5 % twn-sgcec).

@nr l cesdrgptgnf n` tae blkebs usec d . Slkbe 4, exdept nrgeftltgnf, wagda gf tags tlkbe 3 bgsts tae cg` erefde gf cejreesketweef tae (lverljec) cgredtgnfs n` tae auts lfc n` tae sbgts lt tae sgte dnfderfec.

talf requgrec ky tae `nrhlb sgce n` tae prnk

beh9 dnftefts reèr tn tae hlterglb lspedt, g.e.,

tae tlffgfj aypntaesgs, lfc taus prnperby ke

bnfj tn tae fext sedtgnf.

Sae nfby sgte `rnh wagda snhe hnre cetlgbs

lre ifnwf, gs Tlrhsaegh (Beafer <7<:)9 tae sg

zes n` tae tlf-pgts lre bgstec, lfc tae nrgeftl

tgnf hly ke relc `rnh tae sgte-pblf. Helf gfcg

des? BLP 8 7.;3, C/Z 8 4.;<, B/C 8 ;.11. Anwever, sgfde tae pnsgtgnf n` tae exdlvltgnf be

veb wgta respedt tn tae lfdgeft `bnnr beveb gs fnt

jgvef, fnt tnn huda wegjat sanubc ke jgvef tn

taese gfcgdes. Lbtanuja peralps bgfiec tn ùfd

tgnf, nrgeftltgnf n` tae sbgts hly ke dnfsgcerec

l `nrhlb lttrgkute lbsn.

Gf tlkbe 5, tae nrgeftltgnfs n` tae sbgts, rebl

tgve tn tae lverlje cgredtgnf n` tae auts lt tae

sgte dnfderfec, lre bgstec `nr Krlfd, Agefaegh

lfc Tlrhsaegh. Gt lppelrs talt l tefcefdy n`

equlb lbgjfheft n` auts lfc sbgts exgsts, dnupbec tn tae fuhker n` sbgts exdlvltec.

0. Sae hlterglb lspedts n` tae cltl

Telrdagfj tae exdlvltgnf-repnrts tn jltaer

cltl rejlrcgfj dnftefts, nfe `ldt stlfcs nut

lknve lbb ntaers? tae sdlftgfess n` nkoedts

`nufc gf tae `gbbgfjs n` tae sbgts. Lcequlte ces

drgptgnfs n` tae dnftefts lre lvlgblkbe `nr

Krlfd (Pblcãr lfc Bgdalrcus <701) lfc Agef

aegh (ufpukbgsaec) nfby9 taese lre suhhlrg

zec gf tlkbe 0. @rnh tags tlkbe, `nr knta sgtes

strnfj dnrrebltgnfs eherje ketweef tae cg`è

reft types n` wlste, ls webb ls l felrby lkseft

tge ketweef sgze n` tae pgts lfc fuhker lfc dl

tejnry n` tae reùse gf gt.

Sae vlrgnus dnrrebltgnfs lt Agefaegh lre

tefcgfj sbgjatby hnre tn tae extrehes n` taesdlbe talf lre tanse lt Krlfd, wagda sanw

hnre rejublr vlbues. Gf vgew n` l pnssgkbe sldrg

`gdglb ùfdtgnf tae agja dnrrebltgnfs ketweef

knfes lfc ntaer dnftefts (espedglbby, lfc fnte

wnrtay, wlbb pblster) lre rehlrilkbe, sgfde hu

tulb stltgstgdlb cepefcefdy gs tae nfby pnssgkbe

dnfdbusgnf. Sae cg`èrefdes gf lksnbute fuh

kers n` pgedes per dltejnry lt Agefaegh lfc lt

Slkbe 5. L dnhplrgsnf n` tae lverlje nrgeftltgnfs n` taesbgts lt Agefaegh, Krlfd lfc Tlrhsaegh, rebltgve tn taelverlje cgredtgnfs n` tae auts lt taese sgtes.

Agefaegh Krlfd Tlrhsaegh

Nrgeftltgnf + <;½ + 34½ + ;3½

Ttlfc, cevf. 41½.3 37½.4 41½.<

Iurtnsgs .;5 – <.=< – <.<1

Tiewfess .31 .4= – .=;

Lks. fuhker s ;; <3 <7



0; Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begcefsgl PG

Ls tn tae etafnjrlpagd plrlbbebs, Pblcãr lfc

Bgdalrcus (<701) cn fnt preseft evgcefde, fnr

plrlbbebs. Tn G lsiec dubturlb lftarnpnbnjgsts gf

Begcef Ufgversgty, cr. A. O. H. Dblessef, prn`.

cr. L. L. Jerkrlfcs lfc prn`. cr. ]. E. ce Ons-

sebgf ce Onfj, g` taey ever alc dnhe ldrnss pgts,

lflbnjnus tn tanse ce`gfec lknve. Saegr lfs

wer? 'ce`gfgteby fn'. Sae etafnjrlpagd ld

dnufts nf wagda tae cesdrgptgnf n` tae vlrgnus

prndesses n` tlffgfj lre klsec (see sedtgnf 3)

cn speli n` tlf-pgts9 anwever, fn reèrefde tn

sbgts, nr evef sbgt-bgie pgts, ls ufcerstnnc gf tags

lrtgdbe, lppelrs.

Cr. A. O. H. Dblessef igfcby crew hy lttef

tgnf tn l trlcgtgnf, lpplreftby exgstgfj gf belr

fec dgrdbes gf Eurnpe curgfj tae blst deftury

rejlrcgfj sldrg`gdglb pgts, blrje efnuja tn anbc

l dlfne9 taese pgts wnubc ke cuj nf tae nddl

sgnf n` tae gfterheft n` tae igfj n` Lknhey

(Clanhey, Z. L`rgdl), tn ke `gbbec wgta tae

kbnnc n` auhlf sldrg`gdes. Sags stnry wls ex

pbncec ky l better n` tae [ev. ]eter Z. Kerfl-

sin, hgssgnflry, cltec @ekrulry <10<, wan alc

keef taere?

'Sae pgt lt Lknhey, wagda wls repnrtec tn alve

aeef cuj ceep efnuja tn dnftlgf auhlf kbnnc su`-

`gdgeft tn `bnlt l dlfne, wls lbse. Saere were twnshlbb pgts, n` twn eet ceep lfc nur èet gf cglhe

ter elda, tn dnftlgf pnnr auhlf kbnnc, kut fnt tn

`bnlt l dlfne'. (\untec gf [gdalrc @. Kurtnf?

'L Hgssgnf tn Jebebe, Igfj n` Clanhe', Bnf

cnf <1039 Pnb. GG, Lppefcgx GGG.)

:. Cltgfj n` tae sbgts

Sae cltgfj n` tae sbgts lt Agefaegh als keef jg

vef seplrlteby `nr elda n` taeh gf tlkbe <. Sn

suh up? sevef sbgts cltec tn tae Bgfelr ]nttery

Dubture, `nur tn tae Ttrnie Zlre Dubture, lfcnfe tn egtaer n` taese9 nfe tn tae [ðssefer Dub

ture, lfc nfe tn fnt blter talf tae Lbtaegher

Jrnup9 belvgfj egjat ufceterhgfec. Hnst der

tlgfby, taere were fn `gfcs gf tae sbgts talt were

tn ke lttrgkutec tn tae Dalher Jrnup nr tae

Lbtaegher Jrnup, nr lfy blter dubture, evef

fnt gf tae tnp blyers `gbbec gf l`tertae

settgfj n` tae nrgjgflb `gbbgfjs. Dnfse

queftby, tae sbgts lt Agefaegh hust alve keef

cuj ketweef 0;== lfc 5=== K.]. (d`. Feu

stupfy <707).

Lt Krlfd tae 'sldrg`gdglb pgts' were cuj ky

penpbe n` tae Krnczlfy-Fgtrl Jrnup, tae bndlb

hlfgèstltgnf n` palse GP n` tae Befjyeb Dub

ture (Pblcãr lfc Bgdalrcus <701, p. 4;=)9 fn

tagfj predecgfj talt palse wls `nufc, wagbe gf

tae Befjyeb P palse, represeftec ky tae Bucl-

fgde Jrnup, lpplreftby fn sbgts were hlce. Ld

dnrcgfj tn tae lutanrs, tae Befjyeb GP palse gs

dnftehpnrlfenus wgta tae Sgszlpnbjãr Dubture

(Pblcãr lfc Bgdalrcus <701, p. 4439 d . lbsn

Tgsil <701, p. <04, lfc E. Feustupfy gf Sndì

<707, p. ;13), wagda dn-gfdgces wgta tae `grst

alb` n` tae Deftrlb Eurnpelf ]rntn ]rntn-Dalbdnbgtagd nr 555= - 54== K.]., (Feustupfy

<701, p. 31-379 <707, p. :749 <7:=, p. <=0).

Ls rejlrcs tae ntaer sgtes, l sanrt gfcgdltgnf

n` tae rebevlft dubture palse wgbb su``gde.

Cucerstlct? Bgfelr ]nttery lfc Ttrnie Zlre

Dubtures (Lfieb lfc Sldiefkerj <70<).

Bgfceftalb? tae tlf-pgts taehsebves lre fnt

cltlkbe (Kuttber lfc Alkerey <740, p. 4<, 05),

yet lt tae settbeheft Bgfelr ]nttery lfc Ttrnie

Zlre Dubtures lre lkufclftby represeftec.

Tlrhsaegh? waere drnss-duttgfjs cgc nddur,tae sbgts were gfvlrglkby tae nbcer èltures

(Beafer <7<:, p. <<1). Sae pnttery, sanwf gf

tae `gjures n` tae repnrt, gs n` Bgfelr ]nttery

lfc Ttrnie Zlre Dubturlb lfdestry, wagbe tae

twn anuses nf tae pblf prnklkby clte `rnh tae

`nrher dubture.

Znrhs? tae sbgts lre cltec tn tae Bgfelr ]nt

tery Dubture (Inab <7<3, p. 14).

Ekerstlct? g` G gfterprete crlwgfjs lfc text

dnrredtby, tae sbgt taere gs lt belst ls nbc ls tae

[ðssefer Dubture (Kreher <7<4, p. 417-47=).]blgct? tae exdlvltec sgte gs plrt n` l Bgfelr

]nttery Dubture settbeheft (Beafer <7<;, p.

;73).

Zgfcedief? tae `gfcs `rnh tae severlb pgts lre

fnt cg`èreftgltec9 anwever, knta Bgfelr ]nt

tery lfc Ttrnie Zlre Dubtures lre preseft

(Znb`` <7<<, p. ;<).

Hnfrepns? `gfcs lre fnt cg`èreftgltec per pgt9




tae `gjures sanw, lhnfj ntaer tagfjs, Bgfelr

]nttery (]lret <7<=, p. 1).

Slief tnjetaer, lt severlb sgtes n` tae Clfu

kglf G lfc GG Dubture Jrnups penpbe alve cujsbgts ketweef 0;== lfc 5=== K.].9 tntlb fuh

kers, anwever, lre ls yet tnn shlbb tn lbbnw lfy

ùrtaer cg`èreftgltgnf ls tn tghe lfc splde cg

strgkutgnfs.

1. Dnfdbusgnfs, gfterpretltgnfs

Sae `grst questgnf rlgsec gf tae 3ta sedtgnf wls

waetaer sbgts dnfstgtute l seplrlte dblss n` lrte

`ldts. Ls `lr ls tae evgcefde jnes, tae lfswer gs

yes. Gf Krlfd l cg`èrefde gf `nrh ketweef 'sl

drg`gdglb pgts' lfc ntaer pgts wls dbelrby cehnfstrlkbe (tlkbe 4), waerels l stltgstgdlb dnhplrg

snf n` tae sbgts lt Krlfd~ wgta tanse lt Agef-

aegh (tlkbe 3) dnrrnknrltes tae aypntaesgs talt

knta jrnups lre ebehefts n` nfe sgfjbe set, nr

lrte`ldt dltejnry. Bldigfj su``gdgeft qulftgtl

tgve cltl `rnh ntaer sgtes, tae taere cesdrgkec

sbgts lre lbsn efterec gftn talt dblss3.

Bnnigfj `nr ntaer cgstgfdtgve `nrhlb dalrld

tergstgds, tae nrgeftltgnf n` tae sbgts wls dnfsg

cerec gf rebltgnf tn talt n` tae auts5. Anwever,

tae shlbb lfc pnssgkby fejbgjgkbe cg`èrefde gfnrgeftltgnf (tlkbe 5) cnes fnt pngft tn lfy suda

cgstgfdtgnf. Gf tae :ta sedtgnf, tae dblss n` lrte

`ldts reèrrec tn, wls `nufc tn ke restrgdtec tn

l bghgtec fuhker n` sgtes n` tae Clfukglf G lfc

GG Dubture Jrnups ls prnvgsgnflbby ce`gfec ky

Dblrie (<701, p. ;7=).

Snjetaer tags lhnufts tn tae dnfdbusgnf talt

wgtagf tae Clfukglf G lfc GG Dubture Jrnups,

* Fnt jgvef aere gs lf lflbysgs rejlrcgfj eveftulb dnh-

pnsgtefess n` tags dltejnry ls sanubc ke cehnfstrlkbeky l cg`èreftglb dbustergfj n` tae vlrgnus helsures lfcgfcgdes n` tae salpe n` tae sbgts. Zgtagf tags dblss, fnsukcgvgsgnf als keef `nufc. [ltaer, befjta lfc ceptalppelrec tn vlry ongftby, Befjta (B) rejressgfj nf Cepta(C) lddnrcgfj tn tae `nrhubl B 8 =.34 C + <.01(lpprnxghlteby).

< @nrhlbby, cgspersgnf n` tae sbgts nver tae settbeheftlrel sanubc ke dnfsgcerec lbsn. Anwever, sgfde pnssgkbyfn Clfukglf sgte als keef exdlvltec dnhpbeteby, lfcsgfde stltgstgds nf cgsperslb cepefc nf lrel exdlvltec,tags hltter dnubc fnt ke gfvestgjltec (d`. Dblrie <701,p. 5=:-5=79 Aljjett <705, p. 7<, ;4<-;44).

ketweef 0;== lfc 5=== K.]., l dblss n` lrte

`ldts, aere blkebec 'sbgts' nr 'tlf-pgts', dlf ke re

dnjfgzec talt gs cg`èrgfj gf salpe `rnh lbb

ntaer pgt-bgie lrte`ldts.Sae sednfc questgnf rlgsec gf tae 3ta sedtgnf

lsiec `nr l aypntaesgs rejlrcgfj tae ùfdtgnf

n` tae sbgts. Pery èw nkoedts lre `nufc gf taeh,

lfc tanse talt lre rednverec lre fnt gfcgdltgve

n` lfy spedglb ùfdtgnf. Hnrenver, tae agja

dnrrebltgnfs ketweef tae vlrgnus dltejnrges n`

nkoedts, ls sanwf gf tlkbe 0, sujjest l `gbbgfj gf

n` tae sbgts wgta tae rejublr settbeheft rukkgsa.

Sags gs lbsn tn ke dnfdbucec `rnh tlkbe 4,

waere gt gs sanwf talt tae sbgts lt Krlfd dnftlgf

sghgblr nkoedts ls tae ntaer pgts lt talt sgte. Saesdlftgfess n` tae nkoedts gf tae `gbbgfjs, lccec

tn l èw `gebc-nkservltgnfs (d`. `gj. 5 lfc 0) nf

tae strltg`gdltgnf lfc tae rebltgveby uf`nubec

elrta gf tae sbgts, lrjue `nr lf gftefcec `gbbgfj gf

n` tae sbgts lt nfde, l`ter pnssgkby alvgfj keef

usec `nr l sanrt pergnc. Saere`nre, lfy aypn

taesgs ls tn tae ùfdtgnf n` tae sbgts, als tn ke

klsec nf taegr `nrh nfby.

Ls Anhergd plrlbbebs alc tn ke turfec cnwf,

lfc etafnjrlpagd lflbnjues were fnt `nufc,

tae Pblclr lfc Bgdalrcus aypntaesgs n` l sldrg`gdglb ùfdtgnf als tn ke reoedtec, wagda belves

stlfcgfj tae prnpnslb n` Kuttber lfc Alkerey

(<740, p. 05)? tlf-pgts. @rnh cesdrgptgnfs n` tae

vlrgnus tedafgques n` tlffgfj, gt wls dnfdbu

cec talt - prnvgcec sigfs dlf ke `gttec gftn tae

tlf-pgts - tae pgts hly alve servec lt severlb

stljes n` cg`èreft prndesses n` tlffgfj. Nf tae

lssuhptgnf talt tae lfghlbs n` l spedges sanw l

hnre nr bess dnfstlft befjta-aegjat rltgn, tae

hnre nr bess dnfstlft befjta-cepta rltgn n` tae

sbgts gs sujjestgve. Saere`nre, gt gs uf`nrtufltetalt nfby nfe stlje n` tae tlffgfj prndess gs pn

teftglbby testlkbe. Urgfe-gfcudec ufalgrgfj

hly peralps ke 'prnvef' ky daehgdlb lflbysgs

n` tae sngb (panspaltes `rnh tae urgfe, subpaur

dnhpnufcs `rnh tae algr). Ls l fejltgve gfcg

dltnr `nr l tlffgfj ùfdtgnf hly ke tlief tae

lksefde gf tae `gbbgfjs n` tae sbgts n` tnnbs usec

waef dbelfgfj agces lfc/nr tae sewgfj n` sigfs

(wagda dlffnt alve keef cnfe lt exldtby tae



03 Lflbedtl ]rleagstnrgdl Begdbefsgl PG

slhe pblde). @nr Agefaegh, tlkbe ; sbgjatby

pngfts gftn tags cgredtgnf9 gf Krlfd, anwever,

fegtaer gf tae sbgts fnr gf tae ntaer pgts, `bgft

tnnbs were `nufc. N` dnurse, tnjetaer taese

pngfts lre sujjestgve9 yet taey lre fnt dnfdbu

sgve vgs-ã-vgs l pnstubltec ùfdtgnf n` tae sbgts

curgfj tae tlffgfj prndess. Saus, tae dnfdbu

sgnf lrrgvec lt dlf ke fn hnre talf l prnpnslb

tn hlgftlgf Kuttber lfc Alkerey's blkeb `nr

sbgts? tlf-pgts.

7. Tujjestgnfs `nr ùrtaer reselrda

Sae cltl preseftec aere fegtaer reoedt fnr l`

`grh ùbby tae aypntaesgs talt tae sbgts hly alve

keef usec gf tae tlffgfj prndess. Saere`nre?

- l znnbnjgst sanubc bnni gftn tae hltter n` tae

cgstrgkutgnf n` befjta lfc aegjat wgtagf lf lfg

hlb spedges, tn see waetaer tae lssuhptgnf

talt taere gs l dnfstlft rltgn ketweef tae twn

helsures prnves teflkbe.

- taef tae sngb gf tae vgdgfgty n` tae knttnh n`

tae sbgts (fnt tae dnftefts n` tae knttnh plrts)

sanubc ke lflbyzec daehgdlbby, espedglbby nf

tae (sgjfg`gdlft) presefde/lksefde n` panspal

tes lfc subpaur dnhpnufcs.

- l cetlgbec dnhplrgsnf n` tae dnftefts n` tae

sbgts wgta talt n` tae ntaer pgts wgtagf severlb

settbehefts, espedglbby wgta rejlrcs tn tae lk

sefde/presefde n` spedglbgzec tnnbs gs, lrdalen-

bnjgdlbby speligfj, tae elsgest dnftgfultgnf n`

tae testgfj n` tags aypntaesgs.

- tae rltaer shlbb fuhker n` sbgts repnrtec rebl

tgve tn tae tghe-splf gfvnbvec, hly alve gts

dluse gf tae lbhnst uf`nubec `gbbgfjs n` tae tlf-

pgts, wagda cghgfgsaes taegr nkservlkgbgty. Gt gs

rednhhefclkbe tn ieep tae exgstefde n` tags

dblss n` lrte`ldts gf hgfc waef exdlvltgfj l

Clfukglf settbeheft.

<=. Ldifnwbecjehefts

Teverlb penpbe alve igfcby lssgstec lt snhe

stlje n` tae preplrltgnf n` tae-preseft lrtgdbe.

Zgtanut taegr lcvgde, gt wnubc sghpby fnt alve

keef prncudec gf tae `nrh gt gs gf fnw, g` lt lbb.

Hy talfis lre cue tn? Hr. O. ]. Knnjerc lfc

Hr. Z. Iuyper wan preplrec tae crlwgfjs,

lfc Hr. Z. A. O. Heuzebllr wan reprncudectaese pantnjrlpagdlbby. Hgss crs. D. D. Kliebs,

cr. A. O. H. Dblessef, lfc prn`. cr. ]. O. [.

Hnccerhlf, wan, kesgces relcgfj elrbger

crl`ts n` tags lrtgdbe, cgsdussec tae prnkbehs gf

vnbvec lfc lcvgsec he nf ecgtgfj. Hr. O. ].

Kerjhlfs n` tae Huseuh vlf Tdanefef, Becer

ef Becerwlref, lfc tae stl`` n` tae Gfstgtuut vnnr

Becer ef Tdanefef S.F.N., knta lt Zllbwgoi,

tae Fetaerblfcs, wan gfgtgltec he gftn tae

trlce n` tlffgfj. Crs. Z. vlf _lftef, wan

weft nver plrt n` tae stltgstgds preseftec aere.

Lfc, `gflbby, Hrs. O. vlf Gtersnf-Plf ce Pebce,

wan dnrredtec tae hlfusdrgpt tn refcer gt rel

clkbe Efjbgsa.

/ / . Tuhhlry

Lt Agefaegh, Klvlrgl, twefty-twn rltaer cg

stgfdt bnfj, flrrnw, ceep pgts alve keef exdl

vltec. Saey lre preseftec gf snhe cetlgb, tnje

taer wgta repnrtec lflbnjues `rnh ntaer sgtes.

Saef tags jrnup n` lrte`ldts, aere dlbbec sbgts, gs

`nrhlbby ce`gfec. Saey alve keef cuj ky pen

pbe n` tae Clfukglf G lfc GG Dubture Jrnups

ketweef 0;== lfc 5=== K.]. Saegr befjta n` je

ferlbby ketweef ; lfc 4 h lppelrs tn dn-vlry

wgta taegr cepta lt l rltgn n` d. ;.< ? <. Saegr `gb

bgfjs, wagda lre rebltgveby uf`nubec, dnftlgf

`gfcs gfcgstgfjugsalkbe `rnh tanse gf ntaer pgts

wgtagf tae slhe settbeheft.

@rnh tae ce`gfgtgnf, gt `nbbnws talt l aypn

taesgs rejlrcgfj taegr ùfdtgnf sanubc ke bgfiec

wgta taegr spedglb `nrh rltaer talf wgta taegr

dnftefts. Sae preseft cltl, lbtanuja nfby

weliby dnrrnknrltgve, dertlgfby cn fnt `lbsg`ytae prnpnslb nrgjgflbby `nrhubltec ky Kuttber

lfc Alkerey (<740, p. 05) talt tae sbgts hly

alve servec gf l tlffgfj prndess9 tags aypntae

sgs gs ùrtaer eblknrltec.




B GSE[ LSU[E

Lfieb, D. & I. Sldiefkerj (<70<), Egfe bgfelrklfc-ierlhgsdae Tgecbufj keg Cucerstlct (Tòc Alffnver}.Agbcesaegh.

Klffer, O. (<750), Cge ]çdeber Iubtur, Lrealenb. Aufjlrgdl,Terges Fnvl QQQP.

Krlvn, J.L. & O. Srupie (<7:=), <==.=== Olare Becer.

Klseb ufc Ttuttjlrt.Kreher, Z. (<7<4), Ekerstlct, egf stegfzegtbgdaes Cnr`

cer Zetterlu, ]rãagst. _egtsdar. P, p. 400-345.Kuttber, Z. & Z. Alkerey (<740), Cge klfcierlhgsdae

Lfsgecbufj keg Iðbf-Bgfceftalb, [ðh.-Jerh. @nrsda.<<.

Dblrie, C.B. (<701), Lflbytgdlb Lrdalenbnjy. Bnfcnf.Cgxnf, Z.O. & @.O. Hlssey (<75:), Gftrncudtgnf tn Ttltgs

tgdlb Lflbysgs. Few Wnri etd.Jlfsser-Kurdialrct. L. (<731), Ueker cge Lrdaãnbnjge ces

Becers, Dnrnfl Lhgdnruh, @estjlke zuh TN. Jekurtstlj

vnf Ehgb Kãdaber. Tt. Jlbbef, p. 05-:7.Jlfsser-Kurdialrct, L. (<737), Pnr- ufc @ròazegt cerJerkereg, DGKL-[ufcsdalu 15, p. 4G50-4<10.

Jlfsser-Kurdialrct, L. (<750). Jerkereg cer Feuzegt,DGKL-[ufcsdalu <;:, p. ;-43.

Aljjet. ]. (<705), Bndltgnflb Lflbysgs gf Auhlf Jenjrlpay.Bnfcnf.

Anher, Sae Ncyssey. Srlfsb. E.P. [geu (<730), Alrhnfcs-wnrcta.

Inab, I. (<7<3), Lebtere ufc oòfjere Tpgrlbhãlfcerierlhgi, Hlffus PG, p. 54-13.

Beafer, A. (<7<;), ]rãagstnrgsdae Lfsgecbufjef keg ]blgct

lf cer Fette, Knffer Olark. <;;, p. ;:<-4<=.Beafer, A. (<7<:), Pnrjesdagdatbgdae Lfsgecbufjef keg

Tlrhsaegh lf cer Flae, Knffer Olark. <;3, p. <=3-G44.

Bgdalrcus. O. & O. Pblcãr (<703), _u ]rnkbehef cerBuclfgde Jruppe gf cer Tbnwlieg, Tbnvefsiã Lrdaenb.QGG-<, p. 07-<04.

Hliily, O. (<704), Lcltni l pçdebg (klcefg) iubtòrl fçpevlbbãsns ebiçpzebçsegaez, Lrdalenbnjglg çrtesgbn 7=, p.4-<0.

Hliily. O. (<703), Elrby Felr Elsterf lfc Tnuta ElstEurnpelf Jncs, Ldtl Lrdalenb. Ldlc. Tdgeft. AufjlrgdlQPG, p. 5-03.

Hnccerhlf, ].O.[. (<700), Bgfgefklfcierlhgsdae Kluteflus Agefaegh, Bcir. Iebaegh, Lflb. ]rlea. Begc. GG,p. <-5.

Hnccerhlf, ].O.[. (<7:<), Fenbgtagsdae ufc `ròakrnfze-zegtbgdae Tgecbufjsspuref lus Agefaegh, Bcir. Iebaegh,

Lflb. ]rlea. Begc. GP, p. <-;5.

Feustupfy, E. (<701), Lksnbute Darnfnbnjy n` taeFenbgtagd lfc Lefenbgtagd ]ergncs gf Deftrlb lfc Tnuta-Elsterf Eurnpe, Tbnvefsil Lrdaenb. QPG-<, p. <7-50.

Feustupfy, E. (<707), Lksnbute Darnfnbnjy n`. taeFenbgtagd lfc Lefenbgtagd ]ergncs gf Deftrlb lfc Tnuta-Elsterf Eurnpe GG, Lrdaenb. rnzabecy QQG, p. :14-1<<.

Feustupfy, E. (<7:=), [lcgndlrknf darnfnbnjy n` DeftrlbEurnpe `rnh d.035= K.]. tn d.4:5= K.]., [lcgndlrknfvlrgltgnfs lfc lksnbute darnfnbnjy (G.U. Nbssnf ec.),Ttndianbh, p. <=5-<=1.

Fnvntfy, K. & P. Olhlrgi (<70<), Tgcbgsin <'ucu sIerlhginu Hlb'nvlfnu v Iufnve Nires Tefgdl flcHyo, Huslgdl <70<, p. <<-;<.

]lret, N. (<7<=), Cls Ttegfzegtcnr` keg Hnfrepns, @ufcker.lus Tdawlkef QPGGG, p. 0-1.

]npper, I.[. (<701), Sae Bnjgd n` Tdgeftg`gd Cgsdnvery,Few Wnri.

Tgsil, T. (<701), Cge Sgszlpnbjãr-Iubtur gf cer Tbnwlieg,Tbnvefsil Lrdaenb. QPG-< p. <53-<:0.Sndgi, L. (ec.) (<707), Tyhpnsguh òker cef Befjyeb-

Inhpbex ufc cge kefldaklrtef Iubturef, Fgtrl-HlbçPnznilfy, <0-;= lprgb <70:, Knff-Fgtrl.

Pblcãr, O. & O. Bgdalrcus (<701), Er`nrsdaufj cer `ròa-ãfenbgtagsdaef Tgecbufjef gf Krlfd, Tbnvefsil Lrdaenb.QPG-;, p. ;04-45;.

Znb``, J. (<7;;), Fenbgtagsdae Krlfcjrãker gf cer Uhjekufj vnf Alflu, ]rãagst. _egtsdar. GGG, p. <-5<.

LppefcgxZaef tae lknve alc keef `gfgsaec, G wls igfcby gf`nrhecky Cr. N. Aðdihlff, Hlgfz talt tae `nbbnwgfj plpers

wagda G cgc fnt dnfsgcer, lbsn dnftlgf re`erefdes tn sbgts?

Ceaf, Z. (<73<), Urjesdagdatbgdae @ufce, Cefihãberufc Nrtsiufce, p. 7 (re`errgfj tn Beafer, <7<:).

@nrrer, [. (<7=4), Kluerf`lrhef cer Ttegfzegt, Ttrlsskurj,p. 41.

@rlfz, B. (<74<), Egf klfcierlhgsdaes Cnr` gf Fnrckðahef, Jerhlfgl <5, p. ;5;.

]lret, N. (<70<), Zòrttehkerj gf vnr- ufc `ròajesdagdatbgdaer _egt, Ttuttjlrt, p. 0:.

[ecbgda, D. (<73=), Klfcierlhgsdae Tgecbufjef keg Iðbf,Jerhlfgl ;3, p. :=-:<.



]. vlf ce Pebce - L Fnte nf l ]rnvgsgnflb @ldtnr Lflbysgs n` Bgfelr ]nttery Zlre 0:

Slkbe ;. Agefaegh. Dnrrebltgnfs ketweef tae severlb jrnups n` cednrltec saercs, klsec nf tae cltl gf Slkbe <.

Anuse Anuse Anuse Anuse ]gts ]gt Anuse<0 ;= ;: 4< 5;0/50; :;< <4

Anuse <0 <.===

Anuse ;= =.5<= <.===

Anuse ;: =.<07 =.0<3 <.===

Anuse 4< =.;05 =.515 =.704 <.===

]gts 5;0/50; =.<33 =.4;1 =.;10 =.4;1 <.===

]gt :;< =.<04 =.50< =.714 =.7:: =.;47 <.===

Anuse <4 =.401 =.533 =.:7; =.:4< =.<:3 =.:4: <.===

n` spedglb trlfs`nrhltgnfs, `nbbnwgfj wagda tae

slhe lflbysgs wls lppbgec?

<. tae nrgjgflb cltl, ls preseftec gf tlkbe <,

were rnutgfeby `ldtnr lflbysec9 d`. tlkbes ;

lfc 4.

;. nf tae suppnsgtgnf talt dnftlhgfltgnf, g`

lfy, wgbb nddur gf shlbb fuhkers, `rnh elda

eftry gf tlkbe < (lrkgtrlrgby) twn ufgts were

suktrldtec.

4. l preseft/lkseft cgdantnhy wls usec9 tags

sanubc prnvgce l qulbgtltgve lpprnlda.

3. l dnhkgfltgnf n` tae ;fc lfc 4rc lttehpts?

l dltejnry wls bgstec preseft nfby waef gt

wls tlbbgec targde lt belst9 ntaerwgse gt wls

lssuhec lkseft.

Fntwgtastlfcgfj taese trlfs`nrhltgnfs, tae re

subts were very stlkbe ls rejlrcs rebltgve pnsg

tgnfs nf tae `grst taree `ldtnrs, exdept gf tae 3ta

dlse, waere tae cevgltgnfs were ufghpnrtlft,

anwever.

<. fn cltl gfcgdltgve n` qulbgtltgve sndglb

dalfje alve keef `nufc lt Agefaegh

(Hnccerhlf, pers. dnhh.)

;. rejlrcgfj lbterfltgves, lf ednbnjgdlb hncebgfcgdltes twn hlonr, f n f - c g l d a r n f g d

snurdes n` vlrgltgnf gf tae dubture n` l Bg

felr ]nttery pnpubltgnf? sndglb strltg`gdltgnf

lfc igfsagp ceterhgflfts (Pebce <7:4).

4. gf hnre extefsgve, sghgblr lflbyses n` ntaer

dubtures, l tghe `ldtnr lddnufts `nr 3= tn

5=% n` tae vlrgltgnf (Dblrie <7:=, p. ;09

Ancsnf <707, p. 4==, 4<5).

Gt hly ke lrjuec taef talt tae `grst `ldtnr gs sn

heanw rebltec tn tghe. Ls rejlrcs tae cgred

tgnf n` tags `ldtnr, g` gt gs lddeptec talt dubturlbvlrgltgnf gfdrelses wgta tghe (Dblrie <701, p.

;50-;5:) taef ky dnhplrgfj tlkbes 4 lfc < gt gs

seef talt tae fuhker n` dltejnrges n` cednrl

tgnf cedrelses `rnh ]gt :;< tn Anuse <0. Dnf

sequeftby, tae `nrher sanubc ke tae ynufjest

[esubts lfc cgsdussgnf

Ls sanwf gf tlkbe 4, tae `grst taree `ldtnrs re

preseft 0<%, <0% lfc <4% n` tae vlrgltgnf, re

spedtgveby9 tae rehlgfgfj <=%, kegfj cgstrgkutec nver severlb `ldtnrs, hly ke blkebec 'fngse'.

G` tae saercs gf tae slhpbe were prncudec ky l

pnpubltgnf fnt restrgdtec tn l vlfgsagfjby shlbb

sejheft n` tghe, nfe n` tae `ldtnrs sanubc ke

rebltec tn tghe? alkgts dnfstlftby dalfje. An

wever, taere lre fn gfterflb relsnfs tn pre`er

nfe `ldtnr tn tae ntaer, lfc dnfsgcerltgnfs

lbgef tn tae cltl lt alfc sanubc prnvgce lf lfs

wer?

Slkbe 4. Agefaegh. Plrghlx rntltec `ldtnr hltrgx, klsecnf tae cltl gf Slkbe ;. Lrrlfjec lddnrcgfj tn bnlcgfjs nf`ldtnr G.

@ldtnrs? G GG GGG GP

]gt :;< =.754 - =.==1 =.=17 =.;44

Anuse ;: =.75< =.=<3 =.<;: =.;0;

Anuse 4< =.7;3 =.=17 =.<1; =.;;0

Anuse <4 =.144 =.41; =.=<0 =.=4<

Anuse ;= =.471 =.443 =.<0< =.1;:

]gts 5;0/50; =.<3= =.=0= =.71; =.<=1

Anuse <0 =.=17 =.75; =.=0< =.;<<

% n` vlrgl tgnf 0<.; <0.= <;.1 5.0 75.5 %




jrnup gf tae serges, lfc tae bltter tae nbcest

nfe;.

Zgtanut lf extefsgnf n` tae preseft lflbysgs,

espedglbby tn gfdbuce jrnups talt alve keef cltec, gt wnubc ke bnjgdlbby `lbse tn lssuhe talt

; Gfdgceftlbby, tags resubt gs gf lddnrclfde wgta tae darnfnbnjgdlb nrcergfj n` tae ebehefts n` cednrltgnf nf CutdaBgfelr ]nttery? ebehefts frs <3-;; lre lttrgkutec tn taeblter palses taere (Hnccerhlf <7:=, p. <;=-<3=).

Dblrie, C.B. (<701), Lflbytgdlb Lrdalenbnjy. Bnfcnf.Dblrie, C.B. (<7:=), Kelier ]nttery n` Jrelt Krgtlgf lfc

Greblfc, Dlhkrgcje.Jeer, O.]. vlf ce (<70:), Gfbegcgfj tnt ce hubtgvlrglte lflbyse,

Lrfaeh.Alrhlf, A.A. (<70:), Hncerf @ldtnr Lflbysgs, Dagdljn

lfc Bnfcnf.Ancsnf, @.[. (<707l), Telrdagfj `nr strudture wgtagf

hubtgvlrglte lrdalenbnjgdlb cltl, Znrbc Lrdalenbnjy G,

p. 7=-<=5.Ancsnf, @.[. (<707k), Dbuster lflbysgs lfc lrdalenbnjy?

snhe few cevebnphefts lfc lppbgdltgnfs, Znrbc Lrdalenbnjy G, p. ;77-4;=.

tae prnkbeh als keef snbvec9 yet tae resubts

efdnurlje `urtaer gfvestgjltgnf.

L difnwbecjeheftsG lh very nkbgjec tn ]rn`. cr. ]. O. [. Hnccer

hlf wan lcvgsec he nf tae preseft sukoedt,

lfc tn Crs. Z. vlf _lftef wan wls sn igfc ls

tn recn l sukstlftglb plrt n` tae hltaehltgdlb

lflbysgs. Sae respnfslkgbgty gs hgfe n` dnurse.

Hnccerhlf, ].O.[. (<700), Bgfelrklfcierlhgsdae Kluteflus Agefaegh gh Blfciregs Iebaegh, Olaresaer. cer

Klyer. Kncefcefihlbp`beje 0/:, p. :-<4.Hnccerhlf, ].O.[. (<7:=), Bgfelrklfcierlhgi lus Ebsbnn

ufc Ttegf, Lflb. ]rlea. Begc. Gbb, p. <-;G1.Hnccerhlf, ].O.[. (<7:<), Fenbgtagsdae ufc `ròakrnfze-

zegtbgdae Tgecbufjsspuref lus Agefaegh, Bcir. Iebaegh, Lflb. ]rlea. Begc. GP. p. <-;5.

Fge, F. et lb. (<7:=), Ttltgstgdlb ]ldilje `nr tae Tndglb

Tdgefdes. Few Wnri.Pebce, ]. vlf ce (<7:4), Blclfjknuw ef Klfcderlhgei,

eef hnceb. Tndgnbnjgsdae Jgcs. Gf press.

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