application of physic in daily life

8/13/2019 Application of Physic in Daily Life

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APPLICATION OF

PHYSIC IN DAILY

LIFE

NAME:RUTH CHRISTY LO

CLASS: 5 IMPIAN

I/C No: 9600621-12-6342

Tea!e"#$ %a&e: M" 'o$e(! Da%)!


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CONTENT

I. Introduction

II.Sound

III. Electromagnetic Waves

IV. Superconductors

V. The ole o! the National "rid Net#or$

VI. %pplication o! Cathode a&s

VII. Nuclear 'ission

VIII. Conclusion

I(. e!erences


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)i*

INTO+,CTION

-h&sics is the s&stematic stud& o! the #a& o/ects matter and energ& moves

changes and interacts. It is reall& concerned #ith ho# !ast things move #hen the& move

and #hat causes things to move. Those things can e the ver& large li$e stars or gala1ies

or the ver& small groups o! o/ects or single o/ects. It is also aout #hat ma$es up the

!undamental uilding loc$s o! the realit& #e live in.

%pplication o! ph&sic can e !ound in all machines and invention o! our

technological marvels. The la# and concept o! ph&sic can help us understand the

occurrence o! natural phenomena around us. -h&sic is an important element in the

education o! chemists engineers and computer scientists as #ell as practitioners o! the

other ph&sical and iomedical sciences.

-h&sics e1tends and enhances our understanding o! the other disciplines such as

the Earth agricultural chemical iological and environmental sciences plus

astroph&sics and cosmolog& 2 su/ects o! sustantial importance to all peoples o! the


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#orld. -h&sic also helps to improve the 3ualit& o! li!e. Theories and principle e1plain the

operation o! man& modern home appliances li$e the television or the micro#ave oven. It

provides the asic understanding necessar& !or developing ne# instrumentation and

techni3ues !or medical applications such as computer tomograph& magnetic resonance

imaging positron emission tomograph& ultrasonic imaging and laser surger&.

4.

So*%+ )% I%+*$,")e$

,ltrasound is used & manu!acturers to measure the #all thic$ness o! metal or plastic

pipes and to test the concentration o! particles in in$s and paints. Sonar devices locate

school o! !ish enem& ships and under#ater ostacles through the use ultrasound.

"eoph&sicists can use sound in e1ploring !or minerals and petroleum and also locate

possile mineral or oil in earing roc$ !ormations. One #a& to use sound in industr& is

through music. 5usic is ased on sound #aves #hich are used in instruments and

ampli!iers.


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.

Sonar +evice

Sonar )sound navigation and ranging* is a s&stem used to detect under#ater o/ect or

to determine the depth o! the #ater & means o! an echo. It is also used to detect hidden

o/ect o! shoals o! !ishes in the sea. When the ultrasonic #aves meet the ostacles the

#aves are re!lected !rom the ostacles. The time ta$en o! the echo that is recorded on the

screen o! a detector provides in!ormation aout the distance et#een the transmitter o!


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the sonar and the ostacles. 'urthermore the intensit& and the shape o! the echo reveal

the si7e and the shape o! the ostacles.

8.

,ltrascan )#all and concentricit& measurement s&stem*

,ltrascan s&stems !rom eta :aser5i$e provide on2line precision measurements o!

product #all thic$ness and concentricit& #ith an option !or also measuring diameter and

ovalit&. ,sing ultrasonic technolog& ,ltrascan s&stems are ale to ma$e high2speed

non2contact measurements during production.


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+epending on the application ,ltrascan gauges are availale to cover various product

diameter and #all thic$ness si7e in oth !i1ed and ad/ustale transducer distance st&les.

Each supports multiple transducers and is capale o! measuring several la&ers.

;.

Virtual Sound S&stem

Southampton


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Virtual sound !ields can ad/ust these sound sources so it appears to e anhere. %ll o!

this #ould e ver& use!ul !or entertainment s&stems using V #hich is at the moment

asicall& a visual e1perience & earphones. % team o! researchers has produced a s&stem

!or creating #hat it calls > virtual acoustic images?.

>Cruciall& t#o loudspea$ers are placed ver& closed together #hich produces a sound

!ield that radiates? sa&s -ro! Nelson. >This creates a particular propert& #here &ou can a

null in the sound !ields in one or other o! the listener


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'or some 60 &ears or more music sound levels as produced in hotels disco nightclus

and concert venues have ecome increasingl& louder.

%mpli!&ing s&stems have ecome more sophisticated and po#er!ul. The sound s&stems

used in music entertainment venues are po#er!ul enough to cause ne1t to high sound

levels a sensation o! viration in the trun$ o! the od&.

%s #ell as hearing loss e1posure to the viration !rom louder spea$er s&stems can

cause internal organs to virate at a much !aster rate that the od& trun$. This in turn

ma& cause damage to those internal organs.


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6.

Ho )$ $o*%+ *$e+ ,o e.(o"e o" o) a%+ a$

Oil and gas are !ound in deposits elo# the sea!loor. 5illions o! &ears ago tin& plants

and animals died and #ere uried & la&ers o! sand and silt. Over time as the& are uried

& more material heat !rom the Earth


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B.

Se)$&) "ee,)o% uses a stronger sound signal and lo#er sound !re3uencies )402@0

A7* than echosounding in order to loo$ deeper elo# the sea!loor. The sound pulse is

o!ten sent !rom an airgun arra& to#ed ehind a slo#l& moving ship. %n airgun uses the

sudden release o! compressed air to !orm ules. The ule !ormation produces a loud

sound.


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The time it ta$es the sound to return to the ship can e used to !ind the thic$ness o! the

la&ers in the sea!loor and their position )slopped level etc.*. It also gives some

in!ormation aout the composition o! the la&ers. & to#ing multiple h&drophone

streamers separated & @0200m scientists can create three2dimensional images o! the

Earth


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Seismic re!lection and re!raction can also e done #ith an instrument on the sea!loor

called an Ocean ottom Seismometer )OS*. This instrument is placed on the sea!loor

and uses sound !rom arti!icial and nature sources. % seismic surve& ma$e use o! oth

shipoard measurements and measurements !rom an arra& o! ocean ottom seismometer.

'eatures in the sea!loor la&ers indicating that oil and gas might contained in the roc$s

include salt domes and seeps. Salt domes #ere created #hen regions in the ocean

repeatedl& dried out. With all o! the #ater gone the salt in the sea #ater le!t as a la&er.

Over time sea level rose again and the slat #as uried & sediments. When salt is put

under a lot o! pressure and heat !rom overl&ing la&ers it acts ver& similar to material in a

lava lamp gurgling and uling up#ard through the roc$s aove it. When it gets to the

top it !orms and impenetrale la&er that can trap oil and gas. Salt domes can e !oundusing seismic re!lection and re!raction ecause o! their uni3ue shape and composition.

9

Ho ,o +e,e, a )%$)+e a ()ee o &e,a


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U,"a$o%) Fa De,e,)o%

Since the 49;0s the la#s o! ph&sics that govern the propagation o! sound #aves

through solid materials have een used to detect hidden crac$s voids porosit& and other

internal discontinuities in metals composites plastic and ceramics. Aigh !re3uenc&

sound #aves re!lect !rom the !la#s in predictale #a&s producing distinctive echo

patters that can e displa&ed and recorded & portale instruments.

1 a$) T!eo": Sound #aves are organi7ed mechanical virations traveling

through a given medium at a speci!ic speed or velocit& in a predictale direction

and #hen the& encounter a oundar& #ith a di!!erent medium the& #ill e re!lected

or transmitted according to simple rules. This is the principle o! ph&sics that

underlies ultrasonic !la# detection.

2 U,"a$o%) T"a%$+*e"$: In the roadest sense a transducer is a device that

converts energ& !rom on !orm to another. ,ltrasonic transducers convert electrical

energ& into high !re3uenc& sound energ& and vice versa.


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10

C"o$$ $e,)o% o ,()a o%,a, ,"a%$+*e"

% t&pical transducers !or ultrasonic !la# detection utili7e an active element made o!

pie7oelectric ceramics composite or pol&mer. When this element is e1cited & a

high voltage electrical pulse it virates across a speci!ic spectrum o! !re3uencies

and generates a urst o! sound #aves. When it is virated & an incoming sound

#ave it generated an electrical pulse. Sound energ& at ultrasonic !re3uencies does

not travel e!!icientl& through gasses so a thin la&er o! coupling li3uid or gel is used

et#een the transducer and the test piece.

There are !ive t&pes o! *,"a$o%) ,"a%$+*e"$commonl& used in !la# detection

applicationsD

Co%,a, T"a%$+*e"$ - Contact transducers are used in direct contact #ith

the test piece. The& introduce sound energ& perpendicular to the sur!ace

and are used !or locating voids porosit& and crac$s to the outside sur!ace

o! a part as #ell as !or measuring thic$ness.

A%e ea& T"a%$+*e"$ %ngle eam transducers are used in

con/unction #ith plastic or epo1& #edges )angle eams* to introduce shear

#aves or longitudinal #aves into a test piece at a designated angle #ith

respect to the sur!ace.

Dea L)%e T"a%$+*e"$ +ela& line transducers incorporate a short

plastic #aveguide or dela& line et#een the active element and the test

piece. The& are used in automated scanning application and also in


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situations #here a sharpl& !ocused eam is needed to improve !la#

resolution.

I&&e"$)o% T"a%$+*e"$ Immersion transducers are designed to couple

sound energ& into the test piece through a #ater column or #ater ath. The&

are used in automated scanning applications and also in situations #here a

sharpl& !ocused eam is needed to improve !la# resolution.

D*a Ee&e%, T"a%$+*e"$ +ual element transducers utili7e separate

transmitter and receiver elements in a single asseml&. The& are used in

applications involving through sur!aces coarse grained materials detection

o! pitting or porosit& and the& o!!er good high temperature tolerance as

#ell.

Ee,"o&a%e,) 7a8e$

Ee,"o&a%e,) a8e$ o +)e"e%, "e9*e%

The electromagnetic spectrum includes !rom longest #ave length to shortestD radio

#aves micro#aves in!rared visile light ultraviolet (2ra&s and gamma2ra&s.


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4

So*"e o T!e$e Ee,"o&a%e,) 7a8e$ o" Ho ,!e A"e P"o+*e


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"amma ra&s

"amma ra&s are emitted !rom unstale nucleic o! radioactive sustances and are detected

& using photographic !ilms or radioactive detectors.

're3uenc& )!* 8 1 40 A7 or aove

Wavelength ) * F0.04mn

%pplicationD adiotherap& such as $illing cell

(2ra&s

(2ra&s are emitted #hen !ast2moving electrons stri$es heav& metal such as tungsten

inside (2ra& tues. (2ra& are detected & using photographic !ilms and radioactive

detectors.

're3uenc& )!* G 1 40 A7 = 8 1 40 A7

Wavelength ) * 0.04 nm = 40 nm

48.

Applications:

1 5edical and dental diagnosis

2 Cr&stallograph& #hich uses di!!raction o! (2ra& through the cr&stal lattices to

provide in!ormation aout the structure o! cr&stal.

3 +etection o! hidden #eapon

(2ra& radiation !rom the Sun

The right spots on this image are the regions o! intense (2ra&

emission. This image #as ta$en using (2ra& sensitive imaging


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devices and then converted into this image so that it has the appearance o! an optical

image.

,ltraviolet a&s

,ltraviolet ra& is emitted !rom the Sun mercur& lamps and 3uart7 lamps. It is detected

& using ultraviolet photographic !ilms or !luorescent materials.

're3uenc& )!* B.@ 1 40 A7 = 8 1 40 A7

Wavelength ) * 400nm = ;00nm

%pplicationD

1 'ormation o! vitamin + in the human s$in

2 Sterili7ation

3 'luorescent e!!ects and !luorescent lamps

4;.

,ltra2violet radiation

,ltra2violet light !orms the high energ& component o! the solar

spectrum. ,ltra2violet light has a #avelength shorter than those

in the visile part o! the solar spectrum and is not detected &

human vision. 5ost o! the Sun


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Visile :ight

Visile light is onl& a narro# region o! the large !amil& o! an electromagnetic

spectrum. % visile spectrum is !ormed due to the dispersion o! light

+i!!erent light colours in a visile spectrum have di!!erent #avelength.

Coo*" 7a8ee%,! )% 8a**& %&;

ed B00

Orange 6;0

Hello# @0

"reen @0

lue ;60

Indigo ;;0

Violet ;00

%pplication D

1 Optical 'ire

2 -hotograph&

4@.

In!rared a&s

In!rared radiation is emitted !rom all heat resources. Our s$in is a good detector o!

heat. Other detectors include thermometer temperature sensitivit& photographic !ilms

and photosensitive cells.

're3uenc& )'* 41 40 A7 = ; 1 0 A7

Wavelength ) * B00nm2800mm


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%pplicationD

1 %n in!rared photographic is clearer ecause it is less scattered & !ine particles

compare to the visile light.

2 % remote control ma$es use o! in!rared radiation to transmit signals.

3 In!rared night vision e3uipment is used to vies o/ects in complete dar$ness.

In!rared radiation )thermal radiation*

In!rared radiation is invisile to the human e&e and has a #avelength longer than those in

the visile part o! the solar spectrum. %t the longest in!rared #avelengths the Earth


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adio #aves are emitted !rom the transmitter or television and are detected & using

aerials.

're3uenc& )!* 40 A7240 A7

Wavelength ) * 8cm28$m

a%+ o "a+)o a8e$ a%+ ,!e)" a(()a,)o%

Ra+)o a8e$ F"e9*e% "a%e A(()a,)o%

E1tra :o# !re3uenc&

)E:'*

40A7 = 4 $A7 Communication in deep

ocean

Ver& :o# 're3uenc&)V:'*

4 $A7 = 40 $A7Communication o! national

securit&:o# 're3uenc& ):'* 40 $ A7 = 800 $ A7

5edium Waves )5W* 800 $A7 24600 $A7

roadcasting o! local radioShort Waves)SW* 6 5A7 = 80 5A7

Ver& high !re3uenc&

)VA'*

80 5A7 = 00 5A7

roadcasting o! television

communication o! pagers

and moile phones,ltra high !re3uenc&

),A'*

Several hundred 5A7

4B.

Ho ,!e U$e o S*(e"o%+*,e" Ca% )%*e%e ,!e 7a Peo(e L)8e< 7o"= a%+

T"a8e

4. Transport vehicles such as trains can e made to >!loat? on strong superconducting

magnets virtuall& eliminating !riction et#een the train and its trac$s. Not onl&

#ould conventional electromagnets #aste much o! the electrical energ& as heat

the& #ould have to e ph&sicall& much larger than superconducting magnets. %

landmar$ use o! 5%":EV technolog& occurred in 4990 #hen it gained the status

o! a nationall&2!unded pro/ect in Japan. The 5inister o! Transport authori7ed

construction o! the Hamanashi 5aglev Test :ine #hich opened on %pril 8 499B.


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%lthough the technolog& has no# een proven the #ider use o! 5%":EV

vehicles has een constrained & political and environmental concerns )strong

magnetic !ields can create a io2ha7ard*. The #orld


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@. Other applications no# under research include using superconductors to increase

the speed and processing po#er or computers using the technolog& in

superconducting (2a& detectors light detectors digital routers and electrical

storage capailit&. The ,S Nav& is loo$ing at using smaller motors ased on

superconductor technolog&. One producing @00hp #as recentl& introduced that

ta$es up !ar less space and uses !ar less !uel than a conventional motor.

49.

T!e "oe o ,!e Na,)o%a Ne,o"=

National "rid has t#o main responsiilitiesD


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While man& scientists #ere us& tr&ing to unloc$ the secrets o! the cathode ra&s other

#ere searching !or #a&s to appl& them to#ard practical ends. The !irst such application

came in 49B in the !orm o! Marl 'erdinand raunscan?

across the screen according to the !re3uenc& o! an incoming signal. %n oserver vie#ing

the oscilloscope


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I%,"o+*,)o%:

Currentl& aout hal! o! all nuclear po#er plants are located in the ,S. % nuclear po#er

plant harness the energ& inside atoms themselves and converts this to electricit&. This

electricit& is used & all o! us. % nuclear po#er plant uses controlled nuclear !ission.

U"a%)*& P"e(a"a,)o%:

In naturall& occurring uranium deposit less than one percent o! the uranium is 8@,.

The ma/orit& o! the uranium is 8,. 8, is not a !issile isotope o! uranium. When

8, is struc$ & a loose neutron it asors the neutron into its nucleus and does not!ission. Thus & asoring loose neutrons 8, can prevent a nuclear chain reaction

!rom occurring. This #ould e a ad thing ecause i! a chain reaction doesn


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% t&pical nuclear reactor has a !e# main parts. Inside the >coreD #here the nuclear

reactions ta$e place are the !uel rods and assemlies the control rods the moderator and

the coolant. Outside the core are the turines the heat e1changer and part o! the cooling

s&stem.

The !uel assemlies are collection o! !uel rods. These rods are each aout 8.@ meters

)44.; !eet* long. The& are each aout a centimeter in diameter. These are grouped into

large undles o! a couple hundred rods called !uel assemlies. Which are then placed in

the reactor core. Inside each !uel rod are hundreds o! pellets o! uranium !uel stac$ed end

to end.

%lso in the core are control rods. These rods have pellets inside that are made o!

ver& e!!icient neutron capturers. %n e1ample o! such a material is cadmium.

These controls rods are connected to machines that can raise or lo#er them in

the core. When the& are !ull& lo#ered into the core !ission cannot occur

ecause the& asor !ree neutrons. Ao#ever #hen the& are pulled out o! the

reactor !ission can start again an&time a stra& neutron stri$es a 8@, atom thus

releasing more neutrons and starting a chain reaction.

%nother component o! the reactor is the moderator. The moderator serves toslo# do#n the high2speed neutrons >!l&ing? all around the reactor core. I! a

neutron is moving too !ast and thus is at a high2energ& state it passes right

through the 8@, nucleus. It must e slo#ed do#n to e captured & the nucleus and to

induce !ission. The most common moderator is #ater ut sometimes it can e another

material.

The /o o! the coolant is to asor the heat !rom the reaction. The most common coolant

used in nuclear po#er plants toda& is #ater. In actuall& in man& reactor designs the

coolant and the moderator are one and the same. The coolant #ater is heated & the

nuclear reactions going on inside the core. Ao#ever this heated #ater does not oil

ecause it is $ept at an e1tremel& intense pressure thus raising its oiling point aove the

normal 400 Celsius.

T!e I%$)+e o a Rea,o" Co%,a)%&e%, S,"*,*"e


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One can see the heav& concrete #alls !rom #hich the structure is made. %lso a !uel rod

transportation canister is in the ac$ground )lue arro#*. In !ront o! that is the pit #here

the reactor core #ould normall& reside )red arro#*.

@.

The heated #ater rises up and passes through another part o! the reactor the heat

e1changer. The moderatorcoolant #ater is radioactive so it


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reactor containment. Its heat must e trans!erred to non radioactive #ater #hich can

then sent e sent out o! the reactor shielding. This is done through the heat e1changer

#hich #or$s & moving the radioactive #ater through a series o! pipes that are #rapped

around other pipes. The metallic pipes conduct the heat !rom the moderator to the normal

#ater. Then the normal #ater )no# in steam !orm and intensl& hot* moves to the

turines #here electricit& is produced.

T!"ee M)e I$a%+< ,!e S),e o a N*ea" A)+e%,

The steam to#ers are the large o/ects in the upper part o! the picture. The& do not

actuall& house an& reactors and their onl& purpose is to cool #ater a!ter it has passed

through the turines.

%!ter the hot #ater has passed through the turine some o! its energ& is changed into

electricit&. Ao#ever the #ater is still ver& hot. It must e cooled someho#. 5an&

nuclear po#er plants used steam to#ers to cool this #ater #ith air. These are generall&

the uildings that people associate #ith nuclear po#er plants. %t reactors that do not

have to#ers the clean #ater is puri!ied and dumped into the nearest od& o! #ater. %nd

cool #ater is pumped in to replace it.


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P7R Poe" Pa%, Schematic

F"o& F)$$)o% ,o Ee,")),:

% nuclear po#er plant produces electricit& in almost e1actl& the same #a& that a

conventional )!ossil !uel* po#er plants does. % conventional po#er plant urns !uel to

create heat. The !uel is generall& coal ut oil is also sometimes used. The heat is used to

raise the temperature o! #ater thus causing it to oil. The high temperature and intense

pressure steam that results !rom the oiling the same #a& e1cept that the heat used to

oil #ater is produced & a nuclear !ission reaction using 8@, as !uel not the

comustion o! !ossil !uels. % nuclear po#er plant uses much less !uel than a comparale

!ossil !uel plant. % rough estimate is that it ta$es 4B000 $ilograms o! coal to produce the

same amount o! electricit& as 4 $ilogram o! nuclear uranium !uel.

B.

Sa!et& measures


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The uildingD Since the nuclear po#er plant has e1othermic nuclear reactions

going on inside its core it is ver& important that the structure housing this reactor

should e made !rom relevant materials #hich have the appropriate capacit& to

shield the outside environment oth during normal operations as #ell asminimi7e ris$ o! damage in case o! un!ortunate accidents such as the Cherno&l

last.

The CoreD This is the place #here the actual reaction ta$es place. 'ission occurs

#ith the release o! neutrons causing !urther !ission thus sustaining a chain

reaction. %ppropriate measures must e ta$en to maintain ideal conditions via

control rods and core cooling.

5onitoring +isposalD Auman eings #or$ing inside the po#er plant need to e

constantl& monitored !or an& over e1posure o! radiation as a result o! their

routine /o operations. The standards laid do#n in this regard should e strictl&

adhered to and the #or$ing environment should e regularl& chec$ed !or

radiation levels.

Waste +isposalD One o! the most challenging tas$s is the proper disposal o! #aste

materials !rom the nuclear po#er plant. These #aste materials come in di!!erent

!orms such as solid li3uid and gaseous. %ll these t&pes o! #aste have their o#n

methods o! disposal and the main idea is to dispose o! these #astes in a manner

#hich is least harm!ul !or human eings !lora !auna and the natural

environment.

-roper Emergenc& esponse -lansD Nood& #ants an accidents happen ut

things do go out o! control sometimes either due to human error or machiner&

!ailure. The est thing is to e prepared !or such a situation and have properl&

trained personnel as #ell as the re3uisite e3uipment in order to deal e!!ectivel&

#ith such situations.

I! the aove mentioned dictums are !ollo#ed properl& it #ould ensure that the

tremendous energ& #hich lies in the atom is harnessed in proper manner #ithout causing

damage to men material or environment.


34/36

.

Co%*$)o%

In this !olio I have learned aout the uses o! sound. 'or e1ample ultrasound is used &

manu!actures to measure the #all thic$ness o! metal or plastic pipes and to test the

concentration o! particles in in$s and paints. ,ltrasound is also used to e1plore oil

5ala&sia #hile echo sounding is used to detect !la# inside a piece o! metal.

I have also researched on the electromagnetic #aves o! di!!erent !re3uenc& and there

sources. Other than that superconductor can also in!luence the #a& people travel #or$

and live. Not !orgetting aout the role o! national grid net#or$ #hich is to distriute

electrical po#er. I also learn aout the application o! cathode ra&s and nuclear !ission.

This goes to sho#s that the applications o! ph&sic is can e everhere at an&time. It is

important !or us to understand it and appl& it in our dail& lives.


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9.

Ree"e%e

4. e!erence oo$

'oo Seng Tee$ Hee Cheng Tei$ Chong "eo$ Chuan :ee ong Air.

)00B*

Success -h&sic S-5 O1!ord 'a/ar Selangor. -age 8;B

:am Cho$ Sang :im Seang Mee. )044*. e!erence :eng$ap S-5.

'ederal. Mual :umpur. -age ;6;

. Internet

###.!i.edu!ello#s!ello# apr99$o*%+*$e.html

lirar&.thin$3uest.orgB095usicScienceSo*%+.shtml

httpD###.telegraph.co.u$

httpDmissionscience.nasa.govems04Pintro.html

###.ph&sicplanet.com.articlessuperconducter

:irar&.thin$3uest.org4B9;0te1ts!issionPpo#er!issionPpo#er.htm
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow%202/apr99/sounduse.htmlhttp://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow%202/apr99/sounduse.htmlhttp://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow%202/apr99/sounduse.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/01_intro.htmlhttp://www.physicplanet.com.articles/superconducterhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/01_intro.htmlhttp://www.physicplanet.com.articles/superconducterhttp://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow%202/apr99/sounduse.html


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80.

application of physic in daily life

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