appsych chapter 7 cognition memory

8/3/2019 APPSYCH Chapter 7 COGNITION Memory

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COGNITIONChapter 7 Memory



CognitionThe mental processes

involved in acquiringknowledge.

Literal: “to know.”

Take a yearning for pizza for example…

Cognition encompasses everything fromknowing/remembering what pizza is (and

that you like it)…to realizing that you arehungry and making plans to have itdelivered.



• For minds to make sense of the nearinfinite details of our surroundings alarge part of cognition involves theorganization of our thoughts

into associations or categories .• These range from “things one might

find in a kitchen” to “what toppings I like”.

• Simple symbols such as the word“food” are used to group morecomplex learned associations suchas those between New York Style,Chicago Style, Frozen Pizza, Pizza Rolls .

• Although important, these cognitive categories are overlapping and not always clearly distinct



Perception, attention,memory & executive function are one way of divvying up thinking process.

Perception - the fact that you feelhungry and that there is no foodin the fridge, is what gets thewhole process moving. Itinvolves seeing, hearing, feeling,tasting and or smelling your

surroundings, allowing you torespond appropriately.

Memory - stores the name of yourfavorite pizza parlor. Enablesyou to dial the number & give

directions to your house.Includes – short term/working memory,

– long-term memory &

– subconscious/implicit

knowledge.

http://www.lumosity.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/pizza.jpg

http://www.lumosity.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/pizza.jpg



Executive Function enables the planning of logistics , such as timing the pizza delivery tocoincide with the start of the football game.

Improvising - guessing what toppings everyone will enjoy Problem Solving figuring how much to tip

Controlling Impulses - not ruining your appetite by eating a whole bag of Doritos while waiting also come into play here.Attention processes kick in by having you shift your focus from reading Weiten’s Psychology

Themes and Variations, 5th edition to answering the door upon hearing that long awaitedknock. They also help in multi-tasking a slice of pizza with figuring out how your footballteam can come back from an embarrassing early deficit while ignoring the heckling anticsof your so called “friends.”

It is the interplay of all of these systems working simultaneously which makes up the process

of cognition; allowing us to adapt to our surroundings & take action towards obtaining ourgoals .



Name the 7Dwarfs



Was this difficult for you?

It depends on what factors?

Whether you like Disney

movies.

How long ago you watched themovie.

How loud or distracting the

people are around you whenyou are trying to remember.



How Does Memory Work?

encoding, storage, &retrieval

In short, these are theprocesses by whichwe get info in(encoding), hangon to it (storage),

and get it back out(retrieval).



Encoding• Information from the environment is encoded when

it enters the body through the senses.• 3 primary ways visual, acoustic, & semantic

encoding. Visual is most effective, but the most

successful way is to encode in all three ways. This would be like the computer taking input from

a keyboard, mouse or touch screen smart phone or tablet.

The typical brain has about 100 trillion synapses,which are the points where nerve cells in the human brain connect with other cells.



Storage

• Involves previously mentionedsensory memory, short-term

memory, and long-term memory.• STM has a limit not only on the

number of items it can hold butalso on duration (20 seconds or

so). AKA - Working Memory.• Use of rehearsal helps to

increase the likelihood that thosememories will be recalled.

• LTM is divided into explicit (knowing facts) and implicit memories (remembering how tomove your body when walking).

A l t f ti ll



Flashbulb MemoryA clear moment of an emotionally or

historically significant moment orevent.

Where were you when?

1. You heard about 9/11

2. Hurricane Ike (2008)

3. Death of a close friend or family member.

Studies have shown that, although people believesuch memories are more complete and accurate,

they are actually just as flawed as those stored inless emotional situations.

R i l



Retrieval• Key to accessing information from LTM

is to have an appropriate retrievalcue.

• Mnemonics is a memory aid that relieson reorganization of information foreasy retrieval. (Song to knowinformation for a test)

• Encoding Specificity or Transfer

Appropriate Processing: Retrieval isbetter when the context in which weare trying to retrieve somethingmatches the context in which it waslearned.

• The context is part of the overallmemory. By reinstating that contextwhen retrieval is occurring, we arecreating an optimal recall situation.



Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November; All the rest have thirty-one, Save February, with twenty-eight days cl And twenty-nine each leap year.



Capacity of STM – Short Term Memory

Learning the sounds and meanings ofnew words, or seeing pictures while astoryteller tells a tale.

If we want to remember large amounts ofinformation, our recall will be easier ifwe can use chunking to groupinformation together.

Learning the sounds and meanings ofnew words, or seeing pictures while astoryteller tells a tale.



The Magic Number 7 digits,plus or minus 2.

Chunking storage in STM

If we want to remember largeamounts of information,our recall will be easier if

we can use chunking togroup information together.

Remembering a 10-digitphone number is mucheasier if we remember thepattern 3-3-4 rather thantrying to recall 10

unconnected numbers.

Y l h 150



You only have 150“Friends”

• Dunbar's number is suggested tobe a theoretical cognitive limit to thenumber of people with whom onecan maintain stable socialrelationships = 150.

• Our memories can keep track ofgroups about this size. Beyond it our interactions become more anonymous.

• Past a group size of 150 we start

needing formal organizationalstructures to handle interactions.

• Further, the group we consider"friends and family" clusters aroundthis size.

O i i



Organization

2 biggest assumptions of longterm memory:

1. capacity is unlimited, and2. once the information gets intolong-term memory, it is thereforever.

3. Nodes/Links: Activation is the

process of "thinking" about aconcept. When we activate a node, that activation spreads down the links to related nodes.

Recently, psychologists have divided memory intoexplicit and implicit memory.

Explicit memory - memory forinformation that you are aware of.

Implicit memory - memory thatinfluences your behavior but forwhich you have no conscious

awareness .

T bl k h f Pi k



Turn to a blank sheet of paper. Pick out the names of the 7 dwarfs.

Grouchy Gabby Fearful SleepySmiley Jumpy Hopeful ShyDroopy Dopey Spiffy Wishful

Puffy Dumpy Sneezy PopGrumpy Bashful Cheerful

Teach Sporty Nifty HappyDoc Wheezy Stubby Poppy



How many did you remember this time?

Did you do better on the first



Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory

exercise?

Recall vs. Recognition:• With recall - you must

retrieve the informationfrom your memory (fill-in-

the blank tests).

• With recognition - youmust identify the target

from possible targets(multiple-choice tests).

• Which is easier?



Can you identify the “real” penny?

We tend to have poor memory for things that don’tmatter, even if we see them frequently.

H did d ?



How did you do? Its obverse has featured the profile of

President Abraham Lincoln since 1909,the centennial of his birth.

From 1959 (the sesquicentennial of

Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the reversefeatured the Lincoln Memorial.

Four different reverse designs in 2009honored Lincoln's 200th birthday and anew, permanent reverse - the UnionShield - was introduced in 2010. The

coin is 0.75 inches (19.05 mm) indiameter and 0.061 inches (1.55 mm) inthickness.

The U.S. Mint's official name for a penny is"cent“ and the U.S. Treasury's officialname is "one cent piece".

The colloquial term "penny" derives fromthe British coin of the same name;however, the British plural form pence isnever used.

As of 2010, it cost the U.S. Mint 1.79 centsto make a cent because of the cost ofmaterials and production.

appsych chapter 7 cognition memory

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