Memory and thought

Memory & Thought(Cognition)Chapter 11 (AP Review Book)The filing systemPledge of Allegiance, Yankees starting line-up, 3rd grade, Lines from your favorite movie, State capitals, First love

Going beyond memory, how do we think?How do we solve problems?How do we store memories?MemoryMemory: capacity to register, store, and recover information over time (learning)Cognition all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering informationMetacognition- thinking about how you thinkTheories of MemoryMolecular Theory (James McConnell)Memory stored in RNA moleculesEX: Flatworm experimentMcConnell made the astonishing discovery that memory has an identifiable chemical basis. He trained flatworms to run mazes, and noted how long it took to do so. Then McConnell took the trained worms and ground them up and fed them to untrained worms. The untrained worms learned to run the maze a lot faster than the original worms had, apparently demonstrating that there was some sort of information in the trained worms that survived being ground up and ingested. The hypothesis was that the information was somehow encoded in RNA molecules, and could be physically transferred from one individual to another.

Information Processing ModelThis is information processing model: compare your mind to a computer3 stepsEncoding input received from our sensory receptorsStorage retain info in our brains for sometime (range: 1 second to a lifetime)Retrieval- when needed we can access itLevels of ProcessingRobert Lockhart and Fergus Craik Levels of Processing ModelHow long and how well we remember information depends on how deeply we process the information when we encode itA. Shallow Processing - we assign NO relevance to information we store at this level, includes superficial sensory information that emphasizes physical characteristics, like lines, curves or sensory stimuliB. Semantic Encoding deeper level, emphasizes the meaning of verbal input, can be passed to short or long term memoryLevels of Processing Cont.C. Deep processing when we attach meaning to information and create associations between new and old information/memoriesBest way to remember a new persons names at a social eventFor Example - Hi Sam, I am Megan (in your head your thinking, Sam- cool name, the only Sam I know is Sam Booth and he is hot, this guy is kinda hot too! Hello Sam!)Creating associations between new memory and old memories is called Elaboration Processing information deemed important or relevant more deeply by relating the new information to ourselves, making it easier to recall self-reference effect or self-referent encodingAtkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of MemoryWe have 3 different memory systems characterized by time frames1) Sensory memory memory system that holds external events from the senses for up to a few seconds2) Short-term memory working memory, 20 seconds before forgotten, capacity is 7 + or + 23) Long-term memory relatively permanent storage with unlimited capacity

Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont.1) Sensory Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW!Visual encodingIconic memoryAcoustic encodingEchoic memorySelective attentionAutomatic processingParallel processingEffortful processingFeature extraction Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont.2) Short Term Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too!RehearsalMaintenance rehearsalElaborative rehearsalChunkingMnemonic devices Method of loci Peg word system Many of the above strategies help convert info from short term to long-term

Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont.3) Long Term Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too!Subdivided into 2 Types:1) Explicit memory (or declarative)Semantic memoryEpisodic memory2) Implicit memory (or nondeclarative)Procedural memory

Organization of MemoriesTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too!1)Hierarchies-Concepts -Prototypes -2) Semantic Networks -3) Schemas -Script-4) Connectionism -

Related Memory TermsTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too!Artificial Intelligence (AI) Neural networkParallel processing model

Biology of Long-term Memory TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too!Long-term Potentiation (LPT)Flashbulb memoryThalamusHippocampusAnterograde amnesiaRetrograde amnesiaCerebellumRetrieving MemoriesTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too!Retrieval the process of getting information out of storageRecognitionRecallReconstructionSummarize Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve Theory(131)Also define these terms related to his research: savings method, overlearning effect, serial positioning effect, primacy effect and recency effectRetrieving MemoriesTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too!Retrieval Cues-Priming-Encoding specificity principle -Context- dependent memory effect-Mood congruence State-dependent -Distributed practice -Massed practice -Retrieval, Reconstruction & CuesTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too!Repression (Freud)Confabulation Summarize Elizabeth Loftus Theory on Confabulation (eye witness testimony)Misinformation effectMisattribution error

Retrieval + Interference = Forgetting TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too!Forgetting the inability to retrieve informationTip-of-the-tongue phenomenonInterferenceProactive interferenceRetroactive interference

LanguageThinking & Problem SolvingObstacles to Problem SolvingBiasesCreativitySensory Memory:Echoic MemoryHolds auditory information for approximately 1 secondEX: Teacher asks OFF TASK student a question

Iconic memory Form of sensory memory that holds visual informationLong-Term Memory: 2 TypesExplicit (declarative) Memory conscious memory we recall as needed (facts, events) Example- episodic, semantic

Implicit (nondeclarative) Memory unintentional memories, dont realize we know it until we do itExample procedural Explicit Memory: 2 Types1.Semantic MemoryMemory of factual knowledge about the world, concepts, definitions, and grammarEX: Spelling, Xmas. Independence Day

2.Episodic Memory Memories of ones personal experiences in lifeEX: 1st date & kiss, personal diary

Implicit MemoryProcedural MemoryMemories of actions, skills, operations, not requiring conscious recollectionITS AUTOMATICEX: Throwing a ball, riding a bike, tying a tie, juggling, driving, muscle memory

Unique Type of MemoryYet another specific type of memory:Eidetic Memory (photographic memory)Retain detailed visual image for several minutes, or longer, like Sheldon Cooper

Review: What type of memory do these terms fall under?Selective AttentionFeature ExtractionEffortful ProcessingParallel processingAutomatic PrcessingReview: What type of memory do these terms fall under?ChunkingRehearsal

Stages of MemoryShort-term Memory to Long-term MemoryHOW can we do this?Chunking RehearsalPeg word SystemMnemonic device story, visual, rhyming, acronymsMethod of Loci

Short-Term MemoryEXERCISEPlease read the word aloud as a classAfter all words are complete you will be instructed to do something!Short-term memoryPeachBookSwordCarEnemyMirrorShoeThermometerClock BrickBedSalt FlowerCalendarAirplane Stages of MemoryEncodingStoring information in memory by making mental representation that brain can register50 states in 1 minute

ActivityOn a separate/scrap piece of paperList the 50 states!You have 1 minute, GO!

Stages of MemoryEncoding/Retrieving strategies in LTMA very simple illustration of the fact that people encode and search for information in predictable ways

Please read lists of states, in order originally written. Familiar patternsAlphabetical orderRegionSimilarity of name (New)Familiar ways to individual (Systematic)Where one has lived, a significant event took place, NFL teamsMnemonic DevicesPegword

Narrative chaining

RhymingChunking?Here is a list of numbers

17761234201143212323

Now list the numbers

Now look at the list one more time17761234201143212323Now list againCHUNKING MAKES SENSEMaze

Stages of MemoryLevels of processingMaintenance rehearsal (shallow processing)RepetitionElaborative Rehearsal (Deep processing)Making associations between new & old informationSerial Position Effect Primacy Effect tend to remember beginningRecency Effect tend to remember the end

Stages of Memory3.Long-Term MemoryStoring almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of timeLTM information organized by categories and features

Who is on the $10 dollar bill?What direction is Lincoln facing?Long-Term MemoryExerciseWhose portrait is on the $10 bill Hamilton

Is Lincoln facing to the right or left on the penny?

Simon

Simon Anyone?http://neave.com/simon/

Retrieval of InformationKey to retrieval is organization

RecognitionIdentify previously learned informationEX: Photographs, Objective type tests, 7 dwarfs

Name the 7 dwarfs

Retrieval of InformationRecallActive reconstruction of memoryEX: Essay tests

ConfabulationUnconsciously filling in memory gaps

Eye witness testimony

SchemasLearned generalizations about objects, events, and peopleA cognitive framework or concept that helps organize & interpret informationCreated based on expectations by past experiencesSchemas & Constructive MemoryRumor ChainDoes long-term memory get distorted during encoding or retrieval by prior knowledge, particularly by schemas about the world, which include gender role expectations and other bias?

5 people to the hall!!

Do not laugh when errors are madeRumor Chain StoryA Boeing 747 had just taken off from the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport for Chicago when a passenger near the rear of the aircraft announced that the plane was being taken over by the Peoples Revolution Army for the liberation of the oppressed. The hijacker then held a 22-caliber pistol to the head of James Buckner, a flight attendant, and forced him to open the door to the cockpit. There, the hijacker confronted the pilot, Melanie Adams, and ordered her to change course for Mexico. The pilot radioed the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport Air Traffic Control Center to report the situation, but then suddenly hurled the microphone a the hijacker, who fell backward through the open cockpit door and onto the floor, where angry passengers took over from there. The plane landed back at the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport a few minutes later and the hijacker was arrested.Rumor Chain StoryErrors made in story?Did the description get shorter?Were details left out? (Name of Airport, terrorist group)This is called leveling

The descriptions will reflect the tellers schemasEX: Pilots are men, women are flight attendants

Individual Family InterviewsHomework!BoyNieceSisterDollsDanceAuntFemaleBeautifulDaughterYoungCuteHairDressDatePrettyPrimacy & Recency EffectHow many people recalled the word girl = Constructive memory!

Recall scores should beSerial Positioning EffectPrimacy (best at the beginning of the list)Recency (best at the end of the list)The work of Herman Ebbinghaus

ForgettingForgettingInability to retrieve information in Long Term Memory

Herman Ebbinghaus- Forgetting CurveSteep decline initially then gradual declineConducted one of the 1st studies of retention and forgetting in the late 1800s. He learned a large number of nonsense syllables, 3-letter combinations that had no meaning, studying the material until he could recite it perfectly. He then, tested himself on what he remembered after certan periods of time had elapsed.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

ForgettingEncoding FailureInadequate retrieval cues poorly encoded info

DecayMemory traces weaken over time

ForgettingInterference (Inhibition) TheoryMemories inhibit retrieval of other memories

Proactive InterferencePrior info inhibits retrieval of new memories, cant remember the new( you move, asked your address you give old one)Retroactive InterferenceNew inhibits retrieval of prior memories, cant remember older info(insert example here)

RepressionFreudian Defense MechanismUnpleasant experiences are kept out of consciousness and cannot be retrieved voluntarily EX: False accusation based in repressed memoriesMemory: The Unreliable WitnessRead handoutAmnesiaCauses Organic: Head injury, physical trauma or diseaseRapid forgettingNew information fades from memory with a few minutesOld memories, such as those from childhood, are retainedPermanent

AmnesiaPsychogenic: Mental disorder, post-traumatic stress, defense mechanismsSometimes called Traumatic AmnesiaLoss of ones identity and personal history without obvious brain injuryRareSome never recover past memories and have to start new lives

AmnesiaAnterogradeForgetting events that follow an injury or traumaPeople find themselves constantly forgetting information, people or events after a few seconds or minutesData does not transfer successfully from their conscious short-term memory into permanent long-term memoryRetrogradeForgetting events that occurred before injury or traumaThe loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollectionThe person may be able to memorize new things that occur after the onset of amnesia Unable to recall some or all of their life or identity prior to the onset.

Movies about amnesiaMemento50 first dates (Organic Amnesia, Anterograde Amnesia)Brain DiseasesAlzheimersAlzheimers disease is a chronic brain disease that gradually erodes an individuals memory, intellectual abilities and personality.

During the early stages, the most obvious symptom is an inability to learn and remember new information.

In advanced stages, the ability to think, speak or perform such basic tasks as getting dressed or eating is severely impaired. The time between diagnosis and death typically ranges from seven to 10 years.

Brain DiseasesDementiaDementia is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. It affects memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior.