‘process’andtheartofjosephbeuys) honeypumpattheworkplace · 2019-01-29 · ix interview with...

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‘Process’ and the Art of Joseph Beuys The years 1971 1985 mark some of the most prolific and influential of Joseph Beuys’ career. It is in this fourteenyear span, prior to the artist’s death in 1986, that Beuys would perform some of his most famous Actions as well as give shape to his theory of ‘social sculpture,’ culminating in the 1977 Honey Pump at the Workplace installation for Documenta 6 in Kassel, and his subsequent establishment of the Free International University for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research, in which, at the information office of the Organization for Direct Democracy through Referendum, he spent one hundred days talking, preaching, debating and teaching. This procedural shift, from maker of objects to artistic philosopher, was critical in determining Beuys’ theories surrounding the creative act and art’s role in the evolution of human society. In an interview with Willoughby Sharp from 1969, Beuys was asked if his position as a professor at the Düsseldorf Academy was important to him. The artist’s response embodies his changing attitude towards art and his assimilation of the larger concepts implicit in ‘social sculpture’: “It’s my most important function. To be a teacher is my greatest work of art. The rest is the waste product, a demonstration…Objects aren’t very important for me anymore. I want to get to the origin of matter, the thought behind it.” i A core tenet underscoring the various artistic social and visual productions Beuys would enact in the decade to follow, henceforth, became the notion of process: not only the elemental human process essential to the making of forms, but the anthroposophic processes inherent in the formation of matter. As Beuys himself stated, “how we mold and shape the world in which we live results in the idea of sculpture as an evolutionary process.” ii This holistic worldview, intimately equating art with life, was largely shaped by his connection to the anthroposophic pioneer, Rudolf Steiner. In 1918, Steiner formulated his idea of the “Threefold Commonwealth,” a completely anthropological view of society. According to Steiner’s teachings, Germany had made a critical mistake in assuming that it would endure as the “imperial edifice” of power in the world; World War I had proven it wrong and in lieu of the impending second World War, Steiner saw it as his duty to devise a rational solution to Germany’s current problematic political structure. The Threefold Commonwealth was his solution. It called for the separation of power within the state into three separate systems: cultural, political and economic. iii In Steiner’s view, the traditional state had overstepped its boundaries in its role in the war. Henceforth, its new responsibility would be limited to the task of protecting its citizens from internal and external dangers—no more, no less. According to Steiner, the separation of culture meant that the state could no longer be party to playing an

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Page 1: ‘Process’andtheArtofJosephBeuys) HoneyPumpattheWorkplace · 2019-01-29 · ix Interview with Joseph Beuys by Bernard Lamarche-Vadel, in Canal, nos. 58-59 (Winter 1984-85), p

 

‘Process’  and  the  Art  of  Joseph  Beuys      The  years  1971-­‐  1985  mark  some  of  the  most  prolific  and  influential  of  Joseph  Beuys’  career.  It  is  in  this  fourteen-­‐year  span,  prior  to  the  artist’s  death  in  1986,  that  Beuys  would  perform  some  of  his  most  famous  Actions  as  well  as  give  shape  to  his  theory  of  ‘social  sculpture,’  culminating  in  the  1977  Honey  Pump  at  the  Workplace  installation  for  Documenta  6  in  Kassel,  and  his  subsequent  establishment  of  the  Free  International  University  for  Creativity  and  Interdisciplinary  Research,  in  which,  at  the  information  office  of  the  Organization  for  Direct  Democracy  through  Referendum,  he  spent  one  hundred  days  talking,  preaching,  debating  and  teaching.      This  procedural  shift,  from  maker  of  objects  to  artistic  philosopher,  was  critical  in  determining  Beuys’  theories  surrounding  the  creative  act  and  art’s  role  in  the  evolution  of  human  society.  In  an  interview  with  Willoughby  Sharp  from  1969,  Beuys  was  asked  if  his  position  as  a  professor  at  the  Düsseldorf  Academy  was  important  to  him.  The  artist’s  response  embodies  his  changing  attitude  towards  art  and  his  assimilation  of  the  larger  concepts  implicit  in  ‘social  sculpture’:  “It’s  my  most  important  function.  To  be  a  teacher  is  my  greatest  work  of  art.  The  rest  is  the  waste  product,  a  demonstration…Objects  aren’t  very  important  for  me  anymore.  I  want  to  get  to  the  origin  of  matter,  the  thought  behind  it.”i      A  core  tenet  underscoring  the  various  artistic  social  and  visual  productions  Beuys  would  enact  in  the  decade  to  follow,  henceforth,  became  the  notion  of  process:  not  only  the  elemental  human  process  essential  to  the  making  of  forms,  but  the  anthroposophic  processes  inherent  in  the  formation  of  matter.  As  Beuys  himself  stated,  “how  we  mold  and  shape  the  world  in  which  we  live  results  in  the  idea  of  sculpture  as  an  evolutionary  process.”ii  This  holistic  worldview,  intimately  equating  art  with  life,  was  largely  shaped  by  his  connection  to  the  anthroposophic  pioneer,  Rudolf  Steiner.  In  1918,  Steiner  formulated  his  idea  of  the  “Threefold  Commonwealth,”  a  completely  anthropological  view  of  society.  According  to  Steiner’s  teachings,  Germany  had  made  a  critical  mistake  in  assuming  that  it  would  endure  as  the  “imperial  edifice”  of  power  in  the  world;  World  War  I  had  proven  it  wrong  and  in  lieu  of  the  impending  second  World  War,  Steiner  saw  it  as  his  duty  to  devise  a  rational  solution  to  Germany’s  current  problematic  political  structure.  The  Threefold  Commonwealth  was  his  solution.  It  called  for  the  separation  of  power  within  the  state  into  three  separate  systems:  cultural,  political  and  economic.iii  In  Steiner’s  view,  the  traditional  state  had  overstepped  its  boundaries  in  its  role  in  the  war.  Henceforth,  its  new  responsibility  would  be  limited  to  the  task  of  protecting  its  citizens  from  internal  and  external  dangers—no  more,  no  less.  According  to  Steiner,  the  separation  of  culture  meant  that  the  state  could  no  longer  be  party  to  playing  an  

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authoritarian  role  in  the  realm  of  mind  and  sprit,  and  by  extension,  in  the  arts:  “Art,  science,  religion  and  education  must  be  rooted  in  the  principle  of  liberty.”iv      Beuys,  in  his  expanded  concept  of  art,  would  embrace  this  idea  of  a  tri-­‐partite  system,  for  it  was  only  through  the  lens  of  the  Threefold  Commonwealth  that  the  realization  of  liberty,  equality  and  fraternity,  and  in  turn,  the  ‘responsible’  production  of  art  could  be  made.  “When  I  thought  of  a  sculptural  form  which  could  comprehend  both  physical  and  spiritual  material  I  was  absolutely  driven  by  the  idea  of  Social  Sculpture,”  Beuys  said.v  It  is  at  this  juncture  that  the  artist’s  approach  to  object  making,  particularly  the  practice  of  drawing,  changed  drastically,  with  many  of  the  images  now  operating  as  servants  of  his  activist  agenda.  “Transformation  of  the  self  must  first  take  place  in  the  potential  of  thought  and  mind.  After  this  deep-­‐rooted  change,  evolution  can  take  place.”vi  By  directly  correlating  such  transformative  and  progressive  thinking  with  the  notion  of  human  evolution  as  rooted  in  each  individual’s  creative  potential—creativity,  not  only  as  registered  in  the  act  of  making,  but  equivalently  in  the  formation  of  speech,  thought,  and  social  interaction–  the  effect,  according  to  Beuys,  would  be  revolutionary,  engendering  a  paradigm  shift  in  the  societal,  economic  and  political  spheres.  As  Thierry  de  Duve  so  articulately  remarks  on  this  aspect  of  Beuys’  work:    

Creativity  is  to  the  cultural  field  what  labor  power  is  to  the  political  economy.  “Der  Mensch  ist  das  creative  Wesen,”  Beuys  said,  as  if  echoing  Marx.  Like  labor  power,  but  unlike  talent—a  notion  on  which  classical  aesthetics  is  based—creativity  is  the  potential  of  each  and  everyone  and  in  this,  precedes  the  division  of  labor:  being  the  capacity  to  produce  in  general.  From  this  it  follows  that  everyone  is  an  artist  and  that  art  is  not  a  profession.  All  productive  activity,  whether  of  goods  or  services,  can  be  called  art.vii      

In  order  for  this  concept  to  work,  as  de  Duve  states  above,  all  of  humanity  must  possess  the  ability  to  participate.  Beuys’  solution  was  the  theory  of  ‘social  sculpture’,  from  which  extended  his  famous  dictum:  “Everyone  is  an  artist.”      The  theory  of  ‘social  sculpture’  is  based  on  three  stages:  the  passage  from  chaotic  energy  and  unformed  mass  through  a  process  of  harmony  and  molding  to  a  determined  and  crystallized  form,  similar  to  Steiner’s  three  main  areas  of  social  organization.viii  With  this  expanded  concept  of  art,  Beuys  would  eventually  move  beyond  the  “determined  and  crystallized  form,”  ultimately  rejecting  the  object  all  together  in  exchange  for  the  evolution  of  ideas.  By  the  end  of  his  life,  he  was  convinced  that  politics  had  to  be  overcome  and  that  ‘social  sculpture,’  in  its  predisposition  for  societal  transformation  by  means  of  artistic  creativity,  would  and  could  replace  it.  “The  most  important  aspect  of  my  work  is  the  part  that  concerns  ideas…Above  all  you  have  to  make  something  that  relates  to  thought  and  to  the  development  of  an  idea,  so  that  it  later  becomes  a  practical  idea  within  society.”ix      By  the  mid-­‐1970s,  art,  for  Beuys,  was  no  longer  a  matter  of  creating  objects;  rather,  it  was  to  act  as  the  vehicle  through  which  change  might  be  facilitated.  The  creative  

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act,  now  charged  with  uniting  belief  with  action,  and  most  importantly,  thinking  with  doing,  afforded  the  realm  of  ephemeral  (and  spiritual)  ideas  material  presence  and  location  in  time  and  space.  This  transformative  process,  therefore,  the  ‘movement’  of  chaotic  matter  to  determinate  form,  functioned  as  allegory  for  society’s  metamorphic  conversion.      This  utilization  of  ‘process’  exists  in  many  applications  for  Beuys  but  for  the  sake  of  this  exhibition,  the  focus  rests  on  three:  the  process  of  drawing,  of  written  text,  and  the  underlying  alchemical  processes  that  fueled  the  concepts  latent  in  much  of  Beuys’  work.  Each  bleed  into  one  another,  rarely  existing  as  solitary  means  of  expression,  yet  each  discipline  is  also  distinct  in  terms  of  its  communicative  approach.      Beuys’s  use  of  written  text  is  by  far  the  most  didactic,  allowing  us  (so  long  as  one  can  read  German)  unfettered  access  to  the  artist’s  philosophies  concerning  art,  politics,  economic  reform  and  the  role  of  man  in  the  search  for  evolutionary  enlightenment.  Drawing,  on  the  other  hand,  springs  from  a  more  primordial  impulse,  often  allowing,  according  to  Beuys,  access  to  unconscious  spiritual  drives.  In  an  interview  with  Bernice  Rose  dated  June  18,  1984,  he  fleshes  out  this  idea:    

Bernice  Rose:  It  is  extremely  difficult  to  discuss  drawing.    

Joseph  Beuys:  It  is.  As  soon  as  you  start  to  talk  about  drawing,  you  speak  of  a  very  complex  sort  of  philosophy.  Since  drawing  is  a  primordial  result  of  the  author,  producer,  artist,  or  whatever,  you  can  learn  about  how  things  come  into  reality.  Drawing  for  me  already  exists  in  the  thought.  If  the  complete  invisible  means  of  thinking  are  not  in  a  form,  it  will  never  result  in  a  good  drawing.  My  thinking  on  drawing  as  a  special  form  of  materialized  thought  is  this:  they  are  the  beginning  of  changing  the  material  condition  of  the  world,  through  sculpture,  architecture,  mechanics  or  engineering,  for  instance,  where  drawing  ends  not  only  with  the  traditional  artist’s  concept.x    

 It  follows  that  with  Beuys’  lithographs,  the  process  through  which  the  fluid  media  used  to  create  the  images  assumes  a  fixed,  stable  form,  his  idea  of  sculpture  is  exemplified—the  molding  of  fluid  matter  into  solid  shape.  These  intuitive  marks,  often  alluding  to  figuration  and  incorporating  anthroposophic  heralds  such  as  the  stag,  the  bee  and  the  hare,  place  Beuys’  artistic  process  squarely  in  the  domain  of  Steiner  and  the  ecological  theorems  surrounding  the  energies  of  the  natural  world.  While  it  can  be  argued  that  with  these  works  Beuys  was  attempting  to  reach  the  viewer  on  a  more  pre-­‐linguistic  level,  later  in  this  same  interview,  he  goes  on  to  equate  drawing  with  the  field  of  writing:    

BR:  Do  you  think  of  it  as  an  extension  of  writing?    

JB:  Naturally  and  logically.  If  the  origin  of  the  drawing  is  the  form,  the  shape  of  the  invisible  thought,  logically  one  can  make  a  decision  between  an  image  and  a  word.  And  because  the  thought  is  the  most  essential  issue  in  understanding  the  turning  

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point  from  modern  art  to  anthropological  art,  it  is  crucial  in  this  constellation  to  speak  about  ideas.  Therefore  in  my  production  there  are  sometimes  words,  sentences,  or  even  blackboards  consisting  of  ideas,  words  formulated  into  ideas.    

Those  ideas  on  blackboards  are  related  to  the  problem  of  the  future,  to  the  gestalt,  or  form,  of  everything:  of  the  ecological,  global  entity  of  humankind’s  social  order,  of  economic  order,  of  networks  of  communication,  of  information  theory,  of  all  those  things.  These  concerns  are  already  present  in  the  beginning  of  my  drawings  so  one  could  say  I  started  to  draw  to  widen  the  intensity  and  energy  of  the  idea,  to  bring  it  to  life,  also  to  provoke  something  with  this  kind  of  writing,  which  is  an  act  of  imagination.  The  difficult  act  of  communicating  with  this  free  imagination—with  forms—and  with  the  word  and  sentences  provides  a  very  good  opportunity  to  discuss  the  idea  and  the  meaning  and  the  importance  and  necessity  of  art.  It  is  a  very  important  mode  of  teaching.  Drawings  are  the  first  visible,  materialized  thoughts.    

 Such  statements  inform  our  reading  of  pieces  like  Bonzenbunker  (1981)  and  Das  Kapital  1  and  2,  where  Beuys  combines  drawing  and  text  as  a  means  of  articulating  his  anti-­‐capitalist  theses  as  well  as  his  developing  notion  of  ‘social  sculpture.’  In  Bonzenbunker,  one  drawing  is  photocopied  and  printed  16  times,  each  image  with  a  unique  handwritten  text  scrawled  across  its  midline.  “Scum!”  “Enemy  of  the  people,”  “Paid  for  with  tax  money,”  and  “Disgusting!”  are  only  a  few  of  the  declarative  statements  Beuys  scribbles  across  a  mound  of  thinly  drawn  lines.  At  the  bottom  of  each  photocopy  is  a  crimson  stamped  image  of  the  artist’s  name  and  title  of  the  work.  Yet  whether  the  rant  is  aimed  at  an  actual  place  or  the  subterranean  strongholds  of  the  Nazi  Reich  (for  which  they  were  known  to  dig  elaborate  bunker  tunnels  under  entire  cities),  is  beside  the  point.  Comprising  one  of  the  more  straightforward  examples  in  the  exhibition,  here  language  and  image  coalesce  to  form  a  coherent  message  of  rebellion,  enhanced  by  the  work’s  16-­‐fold  repetition  and  by  extension,  speech  acts.  After  all,  “in  the  Beuysian  lexicon,  the  category  of  drawing  encompassed  not  only  iconic  representation,  but  also  writing,  typing,  stamping,  staining  and  affixing.”xi    With  Das  Kapital  1  and  2,  text  supersedes  aesthetic  structure,  acting  as  focal  point  against  a  backdrop  of  faintly  rendered  alchemical  symbols,  which,  in  turn,  reinforce  the  language  employed.  Das  Kapital  1  (1971)  is  the  starting  point  to  this  reflection—due  to  its  chronological  precedence  but  also  owing  to  its  title,  a  direct  reference  to  Karl  Marx’s  opus  maximus  and  further  evidence  of  Beuys’  own  social  philosophy—functioning  as  a  critique  of  Germany’s  then  economic  structure:  “Away  with  it!”  appears  handwritten  in  faint  pencil,  accompanied  by  an  arrow  pointing  upwards  towards  the  crossed  out  phrase  “power  over  means  of  production.”  Dated  three  years  later,  Das  Kapital  2  aims  to  offer  a  solution  to  this  alienating  system,  as  seen  through  the  lens  of  the  scientific  and  alchemical  methods.  In  place  of  religious  dogma,  Beuys  writes,  we  have  “crystallization”;  of  alienated  labor,  we  have  human  creativity.  At  the  bottom  of  the  drawing  is  a  visual  reference  to  the  mountain  and  solar/lunar  discs,  all  highly  charged  alchemical  symbols  for  the  transformation  of  energy  and  place  of  spiritual  ascent.      

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The  alchemical  process  as  allegory  for  economic  and  social  reform  is  most  clearly  articulated,  however,  in  the  four-­‐print  portfolio,  L’arte  è  una  zanzara  dale  mille  ali  (Art  is  a  Mosquito  with  a  Thousand  Wings)  from  1981.  Here,  through  the  comingling  of  Italian,  English  and  German  writing,  Beuys  makes  direct  reference  to  alchemical  diagrams  in  an  attempt  to  reclaim  this  spectre  of  lost  knowledge.  For  Beuys,  the  abstract  intellect  associated  with  the  head  and  cognitive  aspects  of  the  body  needed  to  be  balanced  by  its  emotionally  charged  components:  the  heart,  blood  and  limbic  systems.  In  order  for  healing  to  occur,  for  us  to  move  beyond  “art  as  the  expression  of  an  unhappy  world,”  as  Beuys  writes  in  Italian  across  the  first  plate  of  the  series,  nonlinear  methods  of  thinking  must  be  employed.  In  keeping  with  this  idea,  Beuys  utilizes  the  circle  throughout  the  suite  of  photo  etchings  to  indicate  the  circular  and  repetitive  nature  of  the  alchemical  process—the  circulatio.xii  In  the  most  elaborate  schematic  image,  three  globes  hover  at  the  outer  edges  of  a  larger  circle.  Within  their  diameter,  handwritten  text  replaces  this  traditional  depiction  of  the  four  elements  with  the  phrases:  “Goddess,”  “Birth  –  source  of  money,”  and  “Market  dead.”  The  fourth  element,  fire,  is  depicted  at  the  bottom  of  the  illustration,  adhering  to  traditional  alchemical  diagrams  as  a  visual  allegory  for  the  ‘heating’  of  the  great  work.  For  Beuys,  this  constituted  the  movement  from  “present  (alienating)  modes  of  production”  and  a  “dead  market”  to  the  future  reintegration  of  feminine  healing  energy,  as  represented  in  his  allusion  to  the  “goddess.”        Alchemical  texts  are  replete  with  visual  references  to  ascent  and  descent,  the  soul  rising  and  descending  sometimes  many  times  throughout  the  course  of  the  process.    In  Beuys’s  interpretation  of  this  imagery,  certain  processes  seem  to  have  reached  completion,  at  least  for  a  time,  as  indicated  by  the  symbol  of  a  ladder  drawn  horizontally  at  the  top  of  the  etching.    This  appears  to  be  a  reference  to  the  last  plate  of  the  Mutus  Liber,  a  17th  century  alchemical  text  Beuys  would  have  had  no  working  knowledge  of  were  it  not  for  his  fascination  with  alternative  scientific  disciplines  and  a  staunch  belief  in  the  usefulness  of  their  application  for  humanity’s  re-­‐acquaintance  with  the  invisible  forces  of  the  natural  world.      “To  think  in  accord  with  reality,  Beuys  argued,  both  ‘casual’  and  ‘acausal’  thinking  were  needed.  In  all  fields  of  knowledge  and  life,  traditionally  opposed,  polar  elements  needed  to  be  reintegrated  to  lead  to  expanded  concepts  and  outlooks.”xiii  Such  enlivened  thought  processes,  as  registered  in  the  circulatio  diagrams  that  populated  his  work,  were  also  present  in  his  employment  of  specific  metals.      Element  (1982),  one  of  Beuys’  more  famous  ‘multiples,’  utilizes  iron  and  copper,  for  example,  as  vestigial  stand-­‐ins  for  feminine  and  masculine  values.  “Beuys  related  the  masculine  element  to  the  overintellectualized  concentration  on  abstract  powers  of  the  head  and  to  the  warlike  spirit  of  the  god  Mars.  It  was  the  one-­‐sided  domination  of  the  world  by  this  hard,  cold  male  tendency  that  had  caused  much  of  the  suffering  of  humanity  and  nature,  he  stated.”xiv  In  contrast  to  this,  Beuys  often  used  the  conductive  property  of  copper  as  a  representation  of  the  feminine,  emphasizing  the  female  propensity  for  receptivity,  warmth,  creativity  and  openness.  Since  for  Beuys,  the  narrow,  limited  thinking,  associated  with  the  masculine  nature  of  rational  and  

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materialist  thought,  bred  the  source  of  alienation  we  had  become  accustomed  to,  many  of  the  artist’s  works  from  this  time  period  have  as  a  theme,  the  rebalancing  of  said  energies.  It  follows  that  the  juxtaposition  of  these  polar  elements  alluded  not  only  to  the  recalibration  of  the  physical  world,  but  of  the  psychological  one  as  well,  the  elements  functioning  as  a  link  between  invisible  and  visible  levels  of  reality.      Similar  in  effect,  Wirtschaftswert  Filzrolle  (1976-­‐80)  can  be  read  as  an  insulatory  conductor  of  this  new,  potential  reality.  The  sculpture  functions  as  both  a  critique  of  the  present  system  and  portent  of  future  possibility  in  that  Beuys  does  not  remove  the  original  packaging  from  whence  he  purchased  the  roll,  maintaining  its  status  as  a  marker  of  the  current  economic  system.  The  coiled  form,  conversely,  makes  reference  to  the  circulatory  alchemical  processes  of  transformation,  one  that  is  heightened  by  Beuys’  handwritten  critique—“Economic  Value  –  roll  of  felt”—and  encased  in  a  glass  and  wood  vitrine.  The  object’s  containment  renders  its  current  market  value  obsolete,  engendering,  in  its  rehabilitated  form,  the  potential  for  its  alternative  socio-­‐economic  function,  associated  instead  with  the  positive  psychological  characteristics  Beuys  attributed  to  felt.  (As  a  fabric  made  by  rolling  and  pressing  wool  or  other  substances  together,  and  applying  pressure  or  heat,  felt  easily  integrates  into  various  environments  by  absorbing  anything  with  which  it  comes  into  contact:  dirt,  water,  fat,  even  sound.)  Its  insular,  receptive  nature  is  critical  for  Beuys  in  terms  of  facilitating  the  supportive  and  encouraging  environment  he  believed  necessary  for  individual  and  social  growth.      Finally,  these  ideas  see  a  denouement  in  the  shape  of  Capri  Batterie  (1985),  created  during  a  sojourn  on  the  island  of  Capri  one  year  prior  to  the  artist’s  death.  As  opposed  to  the  other  works  on  view,  the  diminutive  sculpture  contains  no  text  or  otherwise  aesthetic  references.  Its  premise  is  eloquently  simple:  a  yellow  lightbulb  plugged  into  a  fresh  lemon,  the  light  of  which  is  fueled  by  the  natural  energy  of  organic  matter—the  theoretical  premise  of  Beuysian  process,  boiled  down  to  its  essence.  One  of  200  multiples,  Capri  Batterie  embodies  the  ecological  questions  that  drove  the  artist’s  philosophies  as  well  as,  in  their  multiple  and  democratic  forms  (every  individual  possesses  the  ability  to  make  this  object),  the  dissemination  of  Beuys’  greatest  message.      Socio-­‐economic  illumination,  enabled  by  the  evolutionary  process  of  thought,  was  Beuys’  end-­‐goal,  an  objective  principle  that  extended  beyond  the  confines  of  the  physical  realm,  enfolding  the  teleological  systems  that  inform  sentient  experience.  “Consequently,  everything  that  concerns  creativity  is  invisible,  is  a  purely  spiritual  substance.  And  this  work,  with  this  invisible  substance,  this  is  what  I  call  ‘social  sculpture.’  This  work  with  invisible  substance  is  my  domain.  At  first,  there  is  nothing  to  see.  Subsequently,  when  it  becomes  corporeal,  it  appears  initially  in  the  form  of  language.”xv  Language,  speech,  the  articulation  of  process:  such  were  the  cornerstones  of  Beuys’  late  work.  All  else  was  simply  the  means  to  an  end.        -­  AlexanderSlonevsky  

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                                                                                                                     i ‘Interview with Willouhby Sharpe,’ in Energy Plan for the Western Man: Joseph Beuys in America. Writings by and Interviews with the Artist, ed. C. Kuoni, New York (1990), p. 85. ii Kuoni, Carin, ed., Energy Plan for the Western Man: Joseph Beuys in America, New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1990. p. 19 iii Stachelhaus, Heiner. ed., Joseph Beuys, New York: Abbeville Press Publishers, 1991. p. 37 iv Ibid., p.37 v Ray, Gene. ed., Mapping the Legacy, New York: D.A.P./Distributed Artist Publishers, 2001. p. 96 vi Adams, David., “Joseph Beuys: Pioneer of a Radical Ecology,” Art Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2, Art and Ecology (Summer, 1992), p. 29 vii Thierry de Duve, “Joseph Beuys, or The Last of the Proletarians,” October, Vol. 45 (Summer, 1988), p. 57 viii Kuoni, p. 11 ix Interview with Joseph Beuys by Bernard Lamarche-Vadel, in Canal, nos. 58-59 (Winter 1984-85), p. 7-8 x Bernice Rose, “Thinking is Form: The Drawings of Joseph Beuys,” MoMA, No. 13 (Winter – Spring, 1993), pp. 16-23 xi Charles W. Haxthausen, “Thinking as Form: The Drawings of Joseph Beuys, Philadelphia and Chicago,” The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 136, No. 1090 (Jan., 1994), pp. 53-54 xii Edward F. Edinger, “Anatomy of the Psyche,” (Open Court, La Salle, Illinois), p. 68 xiii Adams, p. 28 xiv Ibid., p. 31 xv  Eric  Michaud  and  Rosalind  Krauss,  “The  Ends  of  Art  According  to  Beuys,”  October,  Vol.  45,  (Summer  1988),  p.  41  

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