Version 1.2

General Certificate of Education

Psychology Specification A

Unit 3 PSYA3 Topics in Psychology

Specimen mark scheme for examinations in June 2010 onwards This mark scheme uses the new numbering system

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The specimen assessment materials are provided to give centres a reasonable idea of the general shape and character of the planned question papers and mark schemes in advance of the first operational exams.

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Psychology A (PSYA3) - AQA GCE Specimen Mark Scheme

3

UNIT 3 TOPICS IN PSYCHOLOGY

AO1 - knowledge and understanding of psychology (as a science) and of how science works (9 marks)

AO2 - Application of knowledge and understanding of psychology and of how science works: analysis and evaluation of knowledge and processes; application of scientific knowledge and processes to unfamiliar situations, including issues; assessment of the validity, reliability and credibility of scientific information (12 marks)

AO3 - How science works - Psychology; candidates should be able to describe ethical, safe and skilful practical techniques and processes; know how to make, record and communicate reliable and valid observations and measurements; analyse, interpret, explain and evaluate methodology, results and impact of their own and others' investigative activities (4 marks)

In Unit 3, candidates are also required to demonstrate their understanding of the major approaches in psychology through their study of individual topics; also to develop an appreciation of issues and debates as relevant to each topic: for example, gender/cultural bias, the role of animals in research, ethical issues, nature/nurture, free will and determinism, and reductionism.

An initial suggestion was to mention explicit issues/debates/approaches in questions. Trying this made it apparent that this could be extremely artificial and would lead to quite complex marking criteria. It seems more appropriate and workable to incorporate such material in the combined AO2/AO3 mark schemes, and make it clear to candidates that reaching the higher bands would depend upon reasonably effective reference to such material. The AO3 marks are likely to be accessed through methodological analysis and evaluation of studies.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

4

BIO

LOG

ICA

L R

HYT

HM

S A

ND

SLE

EP

To

tal f

or th

is q

uest

ion:

25

mar

ks

01

Dis

cuss

the

role

of e

ndog

enou

s pa

cem

aker

s an

d ex

ogen

ous

zeitg

eber

s in

the

slee

p/w

akin

g cy

cle

and

at le

ast o

ne

othe

r bio

logi

cal r

hyth

m.

(25

mar

ks)

AO

1 =

9 m

arks

D

escr

iptio

n of

the

role

of e

ndog

enou

s pa

cem

aker

s an

d ex

ogen

ous

zeitg

eber

s in

the

slee

p/w

akin

g cy

cle

and

at le

ast o

ne o

ther

bio

logi

cal r

hyth

m

A g

ener

al d

escr

iptio

n of

the

role

of e

ndog

enou

s pa

cem

aker

s an

d ex

ogen

ous

zeitg

eber

s in

the

slee

p/w

akin

g cy

cle

and

at le

ast

one

othe

r bi

olog

ical

rhy

thm

wou

ld e

arn

AO

1 m

arks

. How

ever

, des

crip

tion

of b

iolo

gica

l rhy

thm

s pe

r se

is n

ot c

redi

twor

thy,

but

m

ay e

arn

mar

ks if

use

d ex

plic

itly

to il

lust

rate

the

unde

rlyin

g co

ntro

l of b

iolo

gica

l rhy

thm

s. D

escr

iptio

n of

the

brai

n m

echa

nism

s un

derly

ing

endo

geno

us p

acem

aker

s an

d/or

the

inte

ract

ion

with

zei

tgeb

ers

(eg

light

) wou

ld b

e di

rect

ly re

leva

nt to

the

ques

tion.

Can

dida

tes

are

likel

y to

bas

e th

eir

answ

ers

on th

e ve

ry m

any

stud

ies

on th

e ro

les

of e

ndog

enou

s pa

cem

aker

s an

d ex

ogen

ous

zeitg

eber

s in

con

trolli

ng b

iolo

gica

l rhy

thm

s. T

hese

ran

ge fr

om a

var

iety

of i

sola

tion

stud

ies

in h

uman

s, w

ork

with

phe

rom

ones

an

d th

e m

enst

rual

cyc

le, t

o in

vasi

ve w

ork

with

the

supr

a-ch

iasm

atic

nuc

leus

in n

on-h

uman

ani

mal

s. M

any

of th

ese

wou

ld b

e re

leva

nt to

the

slee

p/w

akin

g cy

cle,

whi

le o

ther

s in

volv

e rh

ythm

s su

ch a

s th

e m

enst

rual

cyc

le a

nd h

iber

natio

n. T

he k

ey to

AO

1 m

arks

will

be

the

accu

racy

with

whi

ch c

andi

date

s de

scrib

e th

e st

udie

s an

d th

eir

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

how

the

resu

lts r

elat

e to

the

role

of e

ndog

enou

s pa

cem

aker

s an

d ex

ogen

ous

zeitg

eber

s in

bio

logi

cal r

hyth

ms.

Can

dida

tes

are

requ

ired

to re

fer t

o th

e sl

eep/

wak

ing

cycl

e an

d at

leas

t one

oth

er b

iolo

gica

l rhy

thm

. If o

nly

one

is c

over

ed, t

here

is

a m

axim

um m

ark

of 4

for A

O1.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

5

AO

1 M

ark

band

s

9-8

mar

ks S

ound

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

accu

rate

and

wel

l det

aile

d.

A g

ood

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is s

ubst

antia

l evi

denc

e of

br

eadt

h/de

pth.

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

coh

eren

t. 7-

5 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ge

nera

lly a

ccur

ate

and

reas

onab

ly d

etai

led.

A

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is e

vide

nce

of b

read

th a

nd/o

r dep

th.

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

reas

onab

ly c

oher

ent.

4-3

mar

ks B

asic

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

basi

c/re

lativ

ely

supe

rfici

al A

rest

ricte

d ra

nge

of m

ater

ial h

as b

een

pres

ente

d.

2-1

mar

ks R

udim

enta

ry

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ru

dim

enta

ry a

nd m

ay b

e m

uddl

ed a

nd/o

r ina

ccur

ate.

Th

e m

ater

ial p

rese

nted

may

be

very

brie

f or l

arge

ly ir

rele

vant

. La

cks

orga

nisa

tion

and

stru

ctur

e.

0 m

arks

N

o cr

editw

orth

y m

ater

ial.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

6

AO

2 / A

O3

= 16

mar

ks

Com

men

tary

and

eva

luat

ion

on th

e ro

les

of e

ndog

enou

s pa

cem

aker

s an

d ex

ogen

ous

zeitg

eber

s an

d ev

alua

tion

or in

terp

reta

tion

of re

sear

ch in

to e

ndog

enou

s pa

cem

aker

s an

d ex

ogen

ous

zeitg

eber

s

Alth

ough

des

crip

tion

of re

leva

nt s

tudi

es w

ould

be

AO1

mat

eria

l, co

mm

enta

ry o

n th

eir s

igni

fican

ce fo

r the

role

s of

end

ogen

ous

pace

mak

ers

and

exog

enou

s ze

itgeb

ers

in th

e sl

eep/

wak

ing

cycl

e an

d on

e ot

her b

iolo

gica

l rhy

thm

wou

ld q

ualif

y fo

r AO

2 / A

O3

mar

ks. I

nter

pret

atio

n of

resu

lts a

nd m

etho

dolo

gica

l crit

icis

ms

of s

tudi

es w

ould

affe

ct th

e de

gree

of s

uppo

rt th

ey p

rovi

de, o

r la

ck o

f sup

port,

and

wou

ld q

ualif

y fo

r AO

2 / A

O3

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

intro

duce

mat

eria

l on

the

disr

uptio

n of

bio

logi

cal r

hyth

ms,

suc

h as

jet l

ag a

nd s

easo

nal a

ffect

ive

diso

rder

s. T

o ea

rn c

redi

t, su

ch m

ater

ial m

ust b

e ex

plic

itly

shap

ed to

the

ques

tion.

Mor

e re

leva

nt w

ould

be

gene

ral c

omm

enta

ry o

n th

e re

lativ

e ro

les

of p

acem

aker

s an

d ze

itgeb

ers,

for e

xam

ple

the

incr

easi

ng s

igni

fican

ce o

f ele

ctric

ligh

ting

durin

g th

e la

st 1

00 y

ears

and

ef

fect

s on

the

slee

p/w

akin

g cy

cle.

Issu

es, d

ebat

es a

nd a

ppro

ache

s th

at a

re re

leva

nt to

this

are

a in

clud

e us

e of

non

-hum

an a

nim

als,

eth

ical

issu

es in

rese

arch

, re

duct

ioni

sm, d

eter

min

ism

, and

the

biol

ogic

al a

ppro

ach.

For

AO

2/AO

3 m

arks

abo

ve B

asic

, the

re m

ust b

e re

fere

nce

to is

sues

, de

bate

s an

d ap

proa

ches

.

Can

dida

tes

who

refe

r to

only

one

bio

logi

cal r

hyth

m c

an re

ceiv

e a

max

imum

of 8

mar

ks fo

r AO

2/A

O3.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

7

AO

2/3

Mar

k ba

nds

16-1

3 m

arks

Eff

ectiv

e C

omm

enta

ry a

nd e

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

te s

ound

ana

lysi

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is w

ell f

ocus

ed a

nd s

how

s co

here

nt e

labo

ratio

n an

d/or

a c

lear

line

of a

rgum

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed e

ffect

ivel

y.

Ther

e is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. Id

eas

are

wel

l stru

ctur

ed a

nd e

xpre

ssed

cle

arly

and

flue

ntly

. Con

sist

ently

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

ps

ycho

logi

cal t

erm

inol

ogy.

App

ropr

iate

use

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling.

12

-9 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Com

men

tary

and

eva

luat

ion

dem

onst

rate

reas

onab

le a

naly

sis

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g.

The

answ

er is

gen

eral

ly fo

cuse

d an

d sh

ows

reas

onab

le e

labo

ratio

n an

d/or

a

line

of a

rgum

ent i

s ev

iden

t. Is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes

are

used

in a

reas

onab

ly e

ffect

ive

man

ner.

Ther

e is

evi

denc

e of

syn

optic

ity.

Mos

t ide

as a

ppro

pria

tely

stru

ctur

ed a

nd e

xpre

ssed

cle

arly

. App

ropr

iate

us

e of

psy

chol

ogic

al te

rmin

olog

y. M

inor

erro

rs o

f gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g on

ly o

ccas

iona

lly c

ompr

omis

e m

eani

ng.

8-5

mar

ks B

asic

C

omm

enta

ry a

nd e

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

te b

asic

, sup

erfic

ial u

nder

stan

ding

. Th

e an

swer

is s

omet

imes

focu

sed

and

show

s so

me

evid

ence

of e

labo

ratio

n.

Sup

erfic

ial r

efer

ence

may

be

mad

e to

issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s.

Ther

e is

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f syn

optic

ity.

Expr

essi

on o

f ide

as la

cks

clar

ity. L

imite

d us

e of

psy

chol

ogic

al te

rmin

olog

y. E

rrors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling

are

intru

sive

. 4-

1 m

arks

Rud

imen

tary

C

omm

enta

ry a

nd e

valu

atio

n ar

e ru

dim

enta

ry, d

emon

stra

ting

very

lim

ited

unde

rsta

ndin

g.

The

answ

er is

wea

k, m

uddl

ed a

nd in

com

plet

e. M

ater

ial i

s no

t use

d ef

fect

ivel

y an

d m

ay

be m

ainl

y irr

elev

ant.

If re

fere

nce

is m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes,

it is

mud

dled

or i

nacc

urat

e.

Ther

e is

littl

e or

no

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. D

efic

ienc

y in

exp

ress

ion

of id

eas

resu

lts in

con

fusi

on a

nd a

mbi

guity

. The

ans

wer

lack

s st

ruct

ure,

ofte

n m

erel

y a

serie

s of

unc

onne

cted

ass

ertio

ns. E

rror

s of

gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e fre

quen

t and

intru

sive

. 0

mar

ks

No

cred

itwor

thy

mat

eria

l is

pres

ente

d.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

8

PE

RC

EP

TIO

N

To

tal f

or th

is q

uest

ion:

25

mar

ks

02

Des

crib

e an

d ev

alua

te G

ibso

n's

botto

m u

p/di

rect

theo

ry o

f per

cept

ion.

(2

5 m

arks

)

AO

1 =

9 m

arks

D

escr

iptio

n of

the

mai

n fe

atur

es o

f Gib

son'

s th

eory

Key

feat

ures

of G

ibso

n's

theo

ry in

clud

e th

e im

porta

nce

of th

e op

tic a

rray,

the

prov

isio

n of

inva

riant

info

rmat

ion

such

as

text

ure

grad

ient

and

flow

pat

tern

s, a

fford

ance

, and

the

impo

rtanc

e of

mov

emen

t in

perc

eptio

n. It

is li

kely

that

man

y ca

ndid

ates

may

el

abor

ate

thro

ugh

the

use

of a

ppro

pria

te e

xam

ples

. The

se c

an b

e cr

edite

d as

ela

bora

tion

of th

eir d

escr

iptio

n of

the

theo

ry, b

ut

alon

e ca

nnot

take

the

answ

er o

ut o

f Ban

d 2.

Des

crip

tion

of s

tand

-alo

ne s

tudi

es n

ot u

sed

effe

ctiv

ely

as A

O2

/ AO

3 m

ay e

arn

som

e AO

1 m

arks

in s

o fa

r as

it en

hanc

es

the

desc

riptio

n th

roug

h illu

stra

tion

of a

spec

ts o

f the

theo

ry.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

9

AO

1 M

ark

band

s 9-

8 m

arks

Sou

nd

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ac

cura

te a

nd w

ell d

etai

led.

A

goo

d ra

nge

of re

leva

nt m

ater

ial h

as b

een

sele

cted

. The

re is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of

brea

dth/

dept

h. O

rgan

isat

ion

and

stru

ctur

e of

the

answ

er a

re c

oher

ent.

7-5

mar

ks R

easo

nabl

e K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

gene

rally

acc

urat

e an

d re

ason

ably

det

aile

d.

A ra

nge

of re

leva

nt m

ater

ial h

as b

een

sele

cted

. The

re is

evi

denc

e of

bre

adth

and

/or d

epth

. O

rgan

isat

ion

and

stru

ctur

e of

the

answ

er a

re re

ason

ably

coh

eren

t. 4-

3 m

arks

Bas

ic

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ba

sic/

rela

tivel

y su

perfi

cial

A re

stric

ted

rang

e of

mat

eria

l has

bee

n pr

esen

ted.

2-

1 m

arks

Rud

imen

tary

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

rudi

men

tary

and

may

be

mud

dled

and

/or i

nacc

urat

e.

The

mat

eria

l pre

sent

ed m

ay b

e ve

ry b

rief o

r lar

gely

irre

leva

nt.

Lack

s or

gani

satio

n an

d st

ruct

ure.

0

mar

ks

No

cred

itwor

thy

mat

eria

l.

AO

2 / A

O3

= 16

mar

ks A

naly

sis

and

eval

uatio

n of

Gib

son'

s th

eory

and

met

hodo

logi

cal e

valu

atio

n of

stu

dies

use

d to

sup

port

or c

halle

nge

Gib

son'

s th

eory

As

men

tione

d ab

ove,

rese

arch

stu

dies

sho

uld

prov

ide

the

mai

n so

urce

of A

O2

/ AO

3 m

ater

ial.

Alte

rnat

ivel

y, th

e ge

nera

l ex

plan

ator

y po

wer

of t

he th

eory

in e

xpla

inin

g (o

r not

) phe

nom

ena

such

as

visu

al il

lusi

ons

wou

ld b

e an

effe

ctiv

e w

ay o

f ac

cess

ing

AO

2 / A

O3

mar

ks. A

ltern

ativ

e th

eorie

s, s

uch

as G

rego

ry's,

may

be

intro

duce

d as

com

paris

ons

with

Gib

son,

but

mus

t be

use

d ex

plic

itly

as e

valu

ativ

e m

ater

ial t

o ea

rn A

O2

/ AO

3 m

arks

.

AO

2 / A

O3

mar

ks w

ould

be

earn

ed th

roug

h m

etho

dolo

gica

l ana

lysi

s of

rese

arch

stu

dies

. Is

sues

, deb

ates

and

app

roac

hes

rele

vant

to th

is a

rea

coul

d in

clud

e th

e co

gnitiv

e ap

proa

ch, r

educ

tioni

sm, n

atur

e/nu

rture

and

de

term

inis

m. R

elev

ant r

efer

ence

to is

sues

, deb

ates

and

app

roac

hes

wou

ld b

e ne

cess

ary

for A

O2

/ AO

3 m

arks

abo

ve

Bas

ic.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

10

A02

/3 M

ark

band

s

16-1

3 m

arks

Eff

ectiv

e E

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

tes

soun

d an

alys

is a

nd u

nder

stan

ding

. Th

e an

swer

is w

ell f

ocus

ed a

nd s

how

s co

here

nt e

labo

ratio

n an

d/or

a c

lear

line

of a

rgum

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed e

ffect

ivel

y.

Ther

e is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. Id

eas

are

wel

l stru

ctur

ed a

nd e

xpre

ssed

cle

arly

and

flue

ntly

. Con

sist

ently

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

ps

ycho

logi

cal t

erm

inol

ogy.

App

ropr

iate

use

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling.

12

-9 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Eva

luat

ion

dem

onst

rate

s re

ason

able

ana

lysi

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is g

ener

ally

focu

sed

and

show

s re

ason

able

ela

bora

tion

and/

or a

lin

e of

arg

umen

t is

evid

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed in

a re

ason

ably

effe

ctiv

e m

anne

r. Th

ere

is e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. M

ost i

deas

app

ropr

iate

ly s

truct

ured

and

exp

ress

ed c

lear

ly. A

ppro

pria

te

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Min

or e

rrors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling

only

occ

asio

nally

com

prom

ise

mea

ning

. 8-

5 m

arks

Bas

ic

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

dem

onst

rate

bas

ic, s

uper

ficia

l und

erst

andi

ng.

The

answ

er is

som

etim

es fo

cuse

d an

d sh

ows

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f ela

bora

tion.

S

uper

ficia

l ref

eren

ce m

ay b

e m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes.

Th

ere

is s

ome

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. Ex

pres

sion

of i

deas

lack

s cl

arity

. Lim

ited

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Erro

rs o

f gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e in

trusi

ve.

4-1

mar

ks R

udim

enta

ry

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

are

rudi

men

tary

, dem

onst

ratin

g ve

ry li

mite

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is w

eak,

mud

dled

and

inco

mpl

ete.

Mat

eria

l is

not u

sed

effe

ctiv

ely

and

may

be

mai

nly

irrel

evan

t. If

refe

renc

e is

mad

e to

issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s, it

is m

uddl

ed o

r ina

ccur

ate.

Th

ere

is li

ttle

or n

o ev

iden

ce o

f syn

optic

ity.

Def

icie

ncy

in e

xpre

ssio

n of

idea

s re

sults

in c

onfu

sion

and

am

bigu

ity. T

he a

nsw

er la

cks

stru

ctur

e, o

ften

mer

ely

a se

ries

of u

ncon

nect

ed a

sser

tions

. Err

ors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling

are

frequ

ent a

nd in

trusi

ve.

0 m

arks

No

cred

itwor

thy

mat

eria

l is

pres

ente

d.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

11

RE

LATI

ON

SH

IPS

To

tal f

or th

is q

uest

ion:

25

mar

ks

03

Out

line

one

or m

ore

theo

ries

rela

ting

to th

e fo

rmat

ion

and/

or m

aint

enan

ce o

f rel

atio

nshi

ps.

(9 m

arks

)

AO

1 =

9 m

arks

O

utlin

e of

one

or m

ore

theo

ries

of fo

rmat

ion/

mai

nten

ance

of r

elat

ions

hips

Soc

ial e

xcha

nge,

rew

ard/

need

sat

isfa

ctio

n an

d eq

uity

theo

ry a

re li

kely

to fe

atur

e as

cen

tral t

o th

is q

uest

ion,

whi

le m

odel

s of

es

tabl

ishe

d re

latio

nshi

ps (e

g Th

ibau

t & K

elly

) wou

ld a

lso

be a

ccep

tabl

e. A

s th

e st

ages

of r

elat

ions

hips

nat

ural

ly o

verla

p, it

is

also

pos

sibl

e fo

r can

dida

tes

to in

trodu

ce o

ther

asp

ects

of r

elat

ions

hips

(eg

diss

olut

ion)

, but

thes

e m

ust b

e m

ade

expl

icitl

y re

leva

nt to

the

ques

tion

to re

ceiv

e cr

edit.

Inte

rper

sona

l attr

actio

n ca

n be

dis

tingu

ishe

d fro

m fo

rmat

ion/

mai

nten

ance

of

rela

tions

hips

. How

ever

, it i

s di

fficu

lt to

exc

lude

inte

rper

sona

l attr

actio

n as

a c

ompo

nent

of r

elat

ions

hip

form

atio

n, b

ut c

andi

date

s m

ust c

lear

ly p

lace

suc

h m

ater

ial i

n th

e co

ntex

t of r

elat

ions

hip

form

atio

n ra

ther

than

sim

ply

pres

entin

g st

udie

s on

inte

rper

sona

l at

tract

ion.

The

y m

ust a

lso

be a

ble

to p

rese

nt fa

ctor

s in

inte

rper

sona

l attr

actio

n (s

imila

rity,

pro

xim

ity e

tc) a

s pa

rt of

a

mod

el/th

eory

of a

ttrac

tion

in o

rder

to re

ceiv

e cr

edit.

Ther

e is

als

o no

requ

irem

ent f

or th

e ca

ndid

ate

to fo

cus

on ro

man

tic re

latio

nshi

ps; t

heor

ies

rela

ting

to, f

or e

xam

ple,

frie

ndsh

ip o

r un

ders

tudi

ed re

latio

nshi

ps c

ould

be

rele

vant

to th

is q

uest

ion.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

12

AO

1 M

ark

band

s

9-8

mar

ks S

ound

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

accu

rate

and

wel

l det

aile

d.

A g

ood

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is s

ubst

antia

l evi

denc

e of

br

eadt

h/de

pth.

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

coh

eren

t. 7-

5 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ge

nera

lly a

ccur

ate

and

reas

onab

ly d

etai

led.

A

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is e

vide

nce

of b

read

th a

nd/o

r dep

th.

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

reas

onab

ly c

oher

ent.

4-3

mar

ks B

asic

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

basi

c/re

lativ

ely

supe

rfici

al.

A re

stric

ted

rang

e of

mat

eria

l has

bee

n pr

esen

ted.

O

rgan

isat

ion

and

stru

ctur

e of

the

answ

er a

re b

asic

. 2-

1 m

arks

Rud

imen

tary

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

rudi

men

tary

and

may

be

mud

dled

and

/or i

nacc

urat

e.

The

mat

eria

l pre

sent

ed m

ay b

e ve

ry b

rief o

r lar

gely

irre

leva

nt.

Lack

s or

gani

satio

n an

d st

ruct

ure.

0

mar

ks

No

cred

itwor

thy

mat

eria

l.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

13

04

Eva

luat

e on

e of

the

theo

ries

outli

ned

in Q

uest

ion

03 w

ith p

artic

ular

em

phas

is o

n th

e na

ture

of r

elat

ions

hips

in d

iffer

ent

cultu

res.

(1

6 m

arks

)

AO

2 / A

O3

= 16

mar

ks A

naly

sis

and

eval

uatio

n of

one

theo

ry o

f for

mat

ion

and/

or m

aint

enan

ce o

f rel

atio

nshi

ps a

nd

inte

rpre

tatio

n an

d m

etho

dolo

gica

l eva

luat

ion

of s

tudi

es u

sed

to s

uppo

rt or

cha

lleng

e th

e th

eory

Theo

ries

of fo

rmat

ion

and/

or m

aint

enan

ce o

f rel

atio

nshi

ps m

ay b

e ev

alua

ted

in v

ario

us w

ays.

Res

earc

h st

udie

s ca

n pr

ovid

e su

ppor

ting

or c

ontra

dict

ory

findi

ngs.

Des

crip

tions

of r

elev

ant s

tudi

es m

ay o

nly

be c

redi

ted

if th

ey a

re u

sed

effe

ctiv

ely

to e

valu

ate

an e

xpla

natio

n. E

valu

atio

n of

rele

vant

stu

dies

is c

redi

twor

thy

and

may

take

the

form

of m

etho

dolo

gica

l ana

lysi

s an

d cr

itici

sm, o

r pe

rhap

s po

intin

g ou

t tha

t the

focu

s of

som

e re

sear

ch is

lim

ited

to s

hort-

term

rela

tions

hips

.

Can

dida

tes

are

requ

ired

to c

onsi

der c

ultu

ral d

iffer

ence

s in

rela

tions

hip

form

atio

n an

d/or

mai

nten

ance

whe

n ev

alua

ting

the

theo

ry. T

here

is a

rang

e of

mat

eria

l the

y m

ay d

raw

on,

incl

udin

g in

divi

dual

istic

ver

sus

colle

ctiv

ist s

ocie

ties,

'fre

e' c

hoic

e ve

rsus

ar

rang

ed m

arria

ges,

the

role

of '

love

', et

c. If

no

refe

renc

e to

cul

tura

l diff

eren

ces

is m

ade,

the

max

imum

AO

2/A

O3

mar

k is

8.

Mor

e ge

nera

l com

men

tary

cou

ld in

clud

e th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e th

eory

, ass

umpt

ions

und

erpi

nnin

g th

e th

eory

, or t

he a

ppro

ach

it re

pres

ents

. Alte

rnat

ive

theo

ries/

expl

anat

ions

may

be

intro

duce

d as

an

effe

ctiv

e w

ay o

f eva

luat

ing

the

targ

et th

eory

, but

can

on

ly re

ceiv

e cr

edit

if us

ed e

xplic

itly

in th

is w

ay.

Issu

es a

nd d

ebat

es re

leva

nt to

this

are

a m

ight

incl

ude

cros

s-cu

ltura

l and

sub

-cul

tura

l bia

ses

and

ethi

cal i

ssue

s. R

elev

ant

refe

renc

e to

issu

es a

nd d

ebat

es is

nec

essa

ry fo

r AO

2/A

O3

mar

ks a

bove

Bas

ic.

Not

e Th

is q

uest

ion

does

not

exc

lude

mat

eria

l fro

m, f

or in

stan

ce, s

ocio

-bio

logy

or e

volu

tiona

ry p

sych

olog

y. H

owev

er, s

uch

mat

eria

l m

ust b

e sh

aped

to fo

rmat

ion/

mai

nten

ance

of r

elat

ions

hips

and

repr

esen

t a th

eory

to e

arn

mar

ks.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

14

A02

/3 M

ark

band

s

16-1

3 m

arks

Eff

ectiv

e E

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

tes

soun

d an

alys

is a

nd u

nder

stan

ding

. Th

e an

swer

is w

ell f

ocus

ed a

nd s

how

s co

here

nt e

labo

ratio

n an

d/or

a c

lear

line

of a

rgum

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed e

ffect

ivel

y.

Ther

e is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. Id

eas

are

wel

l stru

ctur

ed a

nd e

xpre

ssed

cle

arly

and

flue

ntly

. Con

sist

ently

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

ps

ycho

logi

cal t

erm

inol

ogy.

App

ropr

iate

use

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling.

12

-9 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Eva

luat

ion

dem

onst

rate

s re

ason

able

ana

lysi

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is g

ener

ally

focu

sed

and

show

s re

ason

able

ela

bora

tion

and/

or a

lin

e of

arg

umen

t is

evid

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed in

a re

ason

ably

effe

ctiv

e m

anne

r. Th

ere

is e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. M

ost i

deas

app

ropr

iate

ly s

truct

ured

and

exp

ress

ed c

lear

ly. A

ppro

pria

te

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Min

or e

rrors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling

only

occ

asio

nally

com

prom

ise

mea

ning

. 8-

5 m

arks

Bas

ic

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

dem

onst

rate

bas

ic, s

uper

ficia

l und

erst

andi

ng.

The

answ

er is

som

etim

es fo

cuse

d an

d sh

ows

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f ela

bora

tion.

S

uper

ficia

l ref

eren

ce m

ay b

e m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes.

Th

ere

is s

ome

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. Ex

pres

sion

of i

deas

lack

s cl

arity

. Lim

ited

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Erro

rs o

f gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e in

trusi

ve.

4-1

mar

ks R

udim

enta

ry

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

is ru

dim

enta

ry, d

emon

stra

ting

very

lim

ited

unde

rsta

ndin

g.

The

answ

er is

wea

k, m

uddl

ed a

nd in

com

plet

e. M

ater

ial i

s no

t use

d ef

fect

ivel

y an

d m

ay

be m

ainl

y irr

elev

ant.

If re

fere

nce

is m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes,

it is

mud

dled

or i

nacc

urat

e.

Ther

e is

littl

e or

no

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. D

efic

ienc

y in

exp

ress

ion

of id

eas

resu

lts in

con

fusi

on a

nd a

mbi

guity

. The

ans

wer

lack

s st

ruct

ure,

ofte

n m

erel

y a

serie

s of

unc

onne

cted

ass

ertio

ns. E

rror

s of

gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e fre

quen

t and

intru

sive

. 0

mar

ks N

o cr

editw

orth

y m

ater

ial i

s pr

esen

ted.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

15

AG

GR

ES

SIO

N

To

tal f

or th

is q

uest

ion:

25

mar

ks

05

Out

line

and

eval

uate

one

soc

ial p

sych

olog

ical

and

one

bio

logi

cal e

xpla

natio

n of

hum

an a

ggre

ssio

n.

(25

mar

ks)

AO

1 =

9 m

arks

O

utlin

e of

one

soc

ial a

nd o

ne b

iolo

gica

l exp

lana

tion

of a

ggre

ssio

n

Soc

ial p

sych

olog

ical

exp

lana

tions

incl

ude

soci

al le

arni

ng th

eory

and

dei

ndiv

idua

tion.

The

re a

re a

num

ber o

f bio

logi

cal

expl

anat

ions

, inc

ludi

ng h

orm

onal

(the

role

of e

g te

stos

tero

ne),

neur

oche

mic

al (e

g th

e in

volv

emen

t of n

euro

trans

mitt

ers)

, ge

netic

, and

bra

in s

yste

ms,

(eg

tradi

tiona

l and

con

tem

pora

ry m

odel

s in

volv

ing

the

amyg

dala

and

fron

tal c

orte

x). O

nly

one

expl

anat

ion

is re

quire

d an

d if

mor

e th

an o

ne is

pre

sent

ed a

ll sh

ould

be

mar

ked

and

the

best

cre

dite

d. H

owev

er, e

xam

iner

s sh

ould

be

sens

itive

to o

verla

ps, f

or in

stan

ce b

etw

een

neur

oche

mic

al a

nd b

rain

sys

tem

app

roac

hes.

Mat

eria

l nee

d no

t lim

ited

to

hum

an a

ggre

ssio

n.

Bio

logi

cal a

nd e

volu

tiona

ry e

xpla

natio

ns o

f agg

ress

ion

are

clea

rly d

iffer

entia

ted

in th

e S

peci

ficat

ion.

Evo

lutio

nary

exp

lana

tions

ar

e no

t the

refo

re c

redi

tabl

e in

this

que

stio

n, u

nles

s th

ey e

xplic

itly

refe

r to

pure

ly b

iolo

gica

l asp

ects

suc

h as

gen

etic

mec

hani

sms

or b

rain

sys

tem

s.

If on

ly o

ne s

ocia

l psy

chol

ogic

al o

r on

e bi

olog

ical

exp

lana

tion

is p

rese

nted

, the

re is

a m

axim

um m

ark

of 4

for A

O1.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

16

AO

1 M

ark

band

s 9-

8 m

arks

Sou

nd

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ac

cura

te a

nd w

ell d

etai

led.

A

good

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is s

ubst

antia

l evi

denc

e of

br

eadt

h/de

pth.

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

coh

eren

t. 7-

5 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ge

nera

lly a

ccur

ate

and

reas

onab

ly d

etai

led.

A

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is e

vide

nce

of b

read

th a

nd/o

r dep

th.

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

reas

onab

ly c

oher

ent.

4-3

mar

ks B

asic

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

basi

c/re

lativ

ely

supe

rfici

al.

A re

stric

ted

rang

e of

mat

eria

l has

bee

n pr

esen

ted.

O

rgan

isat

ion

and

stru

ctur

e of

the

answ

er a

re b

asic

.

2-1

mar

ks R

udim

enta

ry

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ru

dim

enta

ry a

nd m

ay b

e m

uddl

ed a

nd/o

r ina

ccur

ate.

Th

e m

ater

ial p

rese

nted

may

be

very

brie

f or l

arge

ly ir

rele

vant

. La

cks

orga

nisa

tion

and

stru

ctur

e.

0 m

arks

N

o cr

editw

orth

y m

ater

ial.

AO

2 / A

O3

= 16

mar

ks A

naly

sis

and

eval

uatio

n of

exp

lana

tions

of h

uman

agg

ress

ion

and

met

hodo

logi

cal e

valu

atio

n of

st

udie

s us

ed to

sup

port

or c

halle

nge

expl

anat

ions

of h

uman

agg

ress

ion

Exp

lana

tions

can

be

mos

t effe

ctiv

ely

eval

uate

d th

roug

h th

e us

e of

rese

arch

evi

denc

e fro

m a

var

iety

of s

ourc

es. F

or s

ocia

l le

arni

ng th

eory

, for

inst

ance

, thi

s co

uld

incl

ude

Ban

dura

and

Zim

bard

o's

stud

ies.

For

the

biol

ogic

al e

xpla

natio

n, th

ere

are

man

y st

udie

s, in

clud

ing

hum

an a

nd n

on-h

uman

exp

erim

enta

l wor

k, c

ase

stud

ies

of in

tact

, ins

titut

iona

lised

or b

rain

- da

mag

ed h

uman

s, a

nd th

e hi

stor

ical

use

of p

sych

osur

gery

for a

ggre

ssiv

e di

sord

ers.

Met

hodo

logi

cal a

naly

sis

of re

sear

ch

evid

ence

wou

ld e

arn

cred

it.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

17

Alte

rnat

ive

expl

anat

ions

, suc

h as

evo

lutio

nary

exp

lana

tions

, may

be

intro

duce

d an

d w

ould

an

effe

ctiv

e so

urce

of m

arks

if u

sed

expl

icitl

y to

eva

luat

e so

cial

psy

chol

ogic

al a

nd b

iolo

gica

l exp

lana

tions

. Fur

ther

com

men

tary

cou

ld in

clud

e th

e pr

oble

ms

of

defin

ing

aggr

essi

on, d

iffer

ent t

ypes

of a

ggre

ssio

n (e

g re

activ

e an

d in

stru

men

tal),

gen

der d

iffer

ence

s an

d th

e in

terp

lay

of

biol

ogic

al, s

ocia

l, an

d cu

ltura

l fac

tors

in a

ggre

ssio

n.

Issu

es, d

ebat

es a

nd a

ppro

ache

s re

leva

nt to

this

que

stio

n co

uld

incl

ude

cultu

ral a

nd g

ende

r bia

s, th

e ro

le o

f non

-hum

an a

nim

als

in re

sear

ch, e

thic

al is

sues

, the

nat

ure-

nurtu

re d

ebat

e an

d th

e co

gniti

ve a

nd b

iolo

gica

l app

roac

hes.

Rel

evan

t ref

eren

ce to

is

sues

, deb

ates

and

app

roac

hes

wou

ld b

e ne

cess

ary

for m

arks

abo

ve B

asic

.

AO

2/3

Mar

k ba

nds

16-1

3 m

arks

Eff

ectiv

e E

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

tes

soun

d an

alys

is a

nd u

nder

stan

ding

. Th

e an

swer

is w

ell f

ocus

ed a

nd s

how

s co

here

nt e

labo

ratio

n an

d/or

a c

lear

line

of a

rgum

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed e

ffect

ivel

y.

Ther

e is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. Id

eas

are

wel

l stru

ctur

ed a

nd e

xpre

ssed

cle

arly

and

flue

ntly

. Con

sist

ently

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

ps

ycho

logi

cal t

erm

inol

ogy.

App

ropr

iate

use

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling.

12

-9 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Eva

luat

ion

dem

onst

rate

s re

ason

able

ana

lysi

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is g

ener

ally

focu

sed

and

show

s re

ason

able

ela

bora

tion

and/

or a

lin

e of

arg

umen

t is

evid

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed in

a re

ason

ably

effe

ctiv

e m

anne

r. Th

ere

is e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. M

ost i

deas

app

ropr

iate

ly s

truct

ured

and

exp

ress

ed c

lear

ly. A

ppro

pria

te

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Min

or e

rrors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling

only

occ

asio

nally

com

prom

ise

mea

ning

.

8-5

mar

ks B

asic

A

naly

sis

and

eval

uatio

n de

mon

stra

te b

asic

, sup

erfic

ial u

nder

stan

ding

. Th

e an

swer

is s

omet

imes

focu

sed

and

show

s so

me

evid

ence

of e

labo

ratio

n.

Sup

erfic

ial r

efer

ence

may

be

mad

e to

issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s.

Ther

e is

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f syn

optic

ity.

Exp

ress

ion

of id

eas

lack

s cl

arity

. Lim

ited

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Erro

rs o

f gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e in

trusi

ve.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

18

4-1

mar

ks R

udim

enta

ry

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

is ru

dim

enta

ry, d

emon

stra

ting

very

lim

ited

unde

rsta

ndin

g.

The

answ

er is

wea

k, m

uddl

ed a

nd in

com

plet

e. M

ater

ial i

s no

t use

d ef

fect

ivel

y an

d m

ay

be m

ainl

y irr

elev

ant.

If re

fere

nce

is m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes,

it is

mud

dled

or i

nacc

urat

e.

Ther

e is

littl

e or

no

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. D

efic

ienc

y in

exp

ress

ion

of id

eas

resu

lts in

con

fusi

on a

nd a

mbi

guity

. The

ans

wer

lack

s st

ruct

ure,

ofte

n m

erel

y a

serie

s of

unc

onne

cted

ass

ertio

ns. E

rror

s of

gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e fr

eque

nt a

nd in

trus

ive.

0

mar

ks N

o cr

editw

orth

y m

ater

ial i

s pr

esen

ted.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

19

EA

TIN

G B

EH

AV

IOU

R

To

tal f

or th

is q

uest

ion:

25

mar

ks

06

Out

line

fact

ors

influ

enci

ng a

ttitu

des

to fo

od a

nd e

atin

g be

havi

our.

(5

mar

ks)

AO

1 =

5 m

arks

O

utlin

e of

fact

ors

influ

enci

ng a

ttitu

des

to fo

od a

nd e

atin

g be

havi

our

Fact

ors

influ

enci

ng a

ttitu

des

to fo

od in

clud

e pa

rent

al a

nd p

eer a

ttitu

des,

lear

ning

exp

erie

nces

, cul

tura

l inf

luen

ces,

moo

d an

d he

alth

con

cern

s. E

xam

iner

s sh

ould

be

sens

itive

to d

epth

/bre

adth

trad

e-of

fs, p

artic

ular

ly g

iven

the

mar

ks a

vaila

ble

for t

his

ques

tion

part.

AO

1 m

ark

band

s (5

mar

ks)

5-4

mar

ksO

utlin

e is

reas

onab

ly th

orou

gh, a

ccur

ate

and

cohe

rent

. 3-

2 m

arks

Out

line

is li

mite

d, g

ener

ally

acc

urat

e an

d re

ason

ably

coh

eren

t. 1

mar

k O

utlin

e is

wea

k an

d m

uddl

ed.

0 m

arks

N

o cr

editw

orth

y m

ater

ial.

07

Out

line

and

eval

uate

one

or

mor

e ps

ycho

logi

cal e

xpla

natio

ns o

f one

eat

ing

diso

rder

. (2

0 m

arks

)

AO

1 =

4 m

arks

O

utlin

e de

scrip

tion

of p

sych

olog

ical

exp

lana

tion(

s) o

f one

eat

ing

diso

rder

Can

dida

tes

are

likel

y to

foc

us o

n an

orex

ia n

ervo

sa,

give

n th

e br

eadt

h of

mat

eria

l ava

ilabl

e. T

here

is a

ran

ge o

f ps

ycho

logi

cal

expl

anat

ions

ass

ocia

ted

with

ano

rexi

a ne

rvos

a: t

hese

incl

ude

soci

al le

arni

ng a

nd im

itatio

n, o

pera

nt a

nd c

lass

ical

con

ditio

ning

, co

gniti

ve a

bnor

mal

ities

, per

sona

lity

char

acte

ristic

s, fa

mily

dyn

amic

s (e

g M

inuc

hin)

, and

mor

e ps

ycho

dyna

mic

app

roac

hes

(eg

Bru

ch, F

reud

).

Var

iatio

n is

like

ly in

the

deta

il an

d ac

cura

cy o

f acc

ount

s, e

spec

ially

giv

en th

e m

arks

ava

ilabl

e fo

r thi

s qu

estio

n pa

rt. A

t the

top

end,

ans

wer

s sh

ould

be

reas

onab

ly th

orou

gh a

nd a

ccur

ate,

whi

le a

t the

low

er e

nd, t

hey

will

be

wea

k an

d m

uddl

ed.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

20

AO

1 M

ark

band

s 4

mar

ks

Out

line

is re

ason

ably

thor

ough

, acc

urat

e an

d co

here

nt

3-2

mar

ksO

utlin

e is

lim

ited,

gen

eral

ly a

ccur

ate

and

reas

onab

ly c

oher

ent

1 m

ark

Out

line

is w

eak

and

mud

dled

0

mar

ks

No

cred

itwor

thy

mat

eria

l A

O2

/ AO

3 =

12 m

arks

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

of p

sych

olog

ical

exp

lana

tion(

s) o

f one

eat

ing

diso

rder

and

met

hodo

logi

cal

eval

uatio

n of

stu

dies

use

d to

sup

port

or c

halle

nge

psyc

holo

gica

l exp

lana

tion

of o

ne e

atin

g di

sord

er

A c

lear

sou

rce

of A

O2

/ AO

3 w

ould

be

rese

arch

find

ings

rele

vant

to a

par

ticul

ar e

xpla

natio

n. M

etho

dolo

gica

l eva

luat

ion

and

criti

cism

of a

ny s

tudi

es q

uote

d w

ould

qua

lify

for m

arks

. An

alte

rnat

ive

sour

ce o

f cre

dit w

ould

be

the

succ

ess

or o

ther

wis

e of

an

expl

anat

ion

in a

ccou

ntin

g fo

r dis

tinct

ive

feat

ures

of t

he d

isor

der,

such

as

any

gend

er b

ias,

age

of o

nset

, or s

ever

e w

eigh

t los

s.

Alte

rnat

ive

expl

anat

ions

may

be

intro

duce

d an

d ea

rn c

redi

t if u

sed

effe

ctiv

ely

to e

valu

ate

psyc

holo

gica

l exp

lana

tions

. Gen

eral

re

leva

nt c

omm

enta

ry c

ould

als

o in

volv

e th

e m

ultif

acto

rial n

atur

e of

eat

ing

diso

rder

s.

Issu

es, d

ebat

es a

nd a

ppro

ache

s re

leva

nt to

this

que

stio

n co

uld

incl

ude

cultu

ral b

ias,

eth

ical

issu

es, f

ree

will

and

det

erm

inis

m,

and

the

psyc

hody

nam

ic, b

ehav

iour

al a

nd c

ogni

tive

appr

oach

es. T

o re

ceiv

e m

arks

abo

ve B

asic

, can

dida

tes

mus

t mak

e re

leva

nt re

fere

nce

to is

sues

, deb

ates

and

app

roac

hes.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

21

A02

/3 M

ark

band

s

16-1

3 m

arks

Eff

ectiv

e E

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

tes

soun

d an

alys

is a

nd u

nder

stan

ding

. Th

e an

swer

is w

ell f

ocus

ed a

nd s

how

s co

here

nt e

labo

ratio

n an

d/or

a c

lear

line

of a

rgum

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed e

ffect

ivel

y.

Ther

e is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. Id

eas

are

wel

l stru

ctur

ed a

nd e

xpre

ssed

cle

arly

and

flue

ntly

. Con

sist

ently

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

P

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

App

ropr

iate

use

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling.

12

-9 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Eva

luat

ion

dem

onst

rate

s re

ason

able

ana

lysi

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is g

ener

ally

focu

sed

and

show

s re

ason

able

ela

bora

tion

and/

or a

lin

e of

arg

umen

t is

evid

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed in

a re

ason

ably

effe

ctiv

e m

anne

r. Th

ere

is e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. M

ost i

deas

app

ropr

iate

ly s

truct

ured

and

exp

ress

ed c

lear

ly. A

ppro

pria

te

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Min

or e

rrors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling

only

occ

asio

nally

com

prom

ise

mea

ning

. 8-

5 m

arks

Bas

ic

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

dem

onst

rate

bas

ic, s

uper

ficia

l und

erst

andi

ng.

The

answ

er is

som

etim

es fo

cuse

d an

d sh

ows

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f ela

bora

tion.

S

uper

ficia

l ref

eren

ce m

ay b

e m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes.

Th

ere

is s

ome

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. Ex

pres

sion

of i

deas

lack

s cl

arity

. Lim

ited

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Erro

rs o

f gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e in

trusi

ve.

4-1

mar

ks R

udim

enta

ry

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

is ru

dim

enta

ry, d

emon

stra

ting

very

lim

ited

unde

rsta

ndin

g.

The

answ

er is

wea

k, m

uddl

ed a

nd in

com

plet

e. M

ater

ial i

s no

t use

d ef

fect

ivel

y an

d m

ay

be m

ainl

y irr

elev

ant.

If re

fere

nce

is m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes,

it is

mud

dled

or i

nacc

urat

e.

Ther

e is

littl

e or

no

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. D

efic

ienc

y in

exp

ress

ion

of id

eas

resu

lts in

con

fusi

on a

nd a

mbi

guity

. The

ans

wer

lack

s st

ruct

ure,

ofte

n m

erel

y a

serie

s of

unc

onne

cted

ass

ertio

ns. E

rror

s of

gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e fre

quen

t and

intru

sive

. 0

mar

ks N

o cr

editw

orth

y m

ater

ial i

s pr

esen

ted.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

22

GE

ND

ER

To

tal f

or th

is q

uest

ion:

25

mar

ks

08

"As

child

ren

bran

ch o

ut to

soc

ial r

elat

ions

hips

with

thei

r pee

rs, g

ende

r dev

elop

men

t con

tinue

s in

ver

y po

wer

ful w

ays

- in

the

gam

es th

ey p

lay,

the

rela

tions

hips

they

form

, and

how

they

reac

t to

each

oth

er's

beh

avio

urs.

"

Dis

cuss

the

influ

ence

of s

ocia

l con

text

on

gend

er d

evel

opm

ent.

(25

mar

ks)

AO

1 =

9 M

arks

D

escr

iptio

n of

how

asp

ects

of t

he s

ocia

l con

text

influ

ence

gen

der d

evel

opm

ent

AO

1 cr

edit

can

be e

arne

d by

a d

escr

iptio

n of

fact

ors

and

expl

anat

ions

rela

ted

to th

e so

cial

con

text

of g

ende

r dev

elop

men

t. Th

e so

cial

con

text

con

sist

s of

par

ents

and

pee

rs, a

nd a

des

crip

tion

of h

ow th

ese

may

affe

ct g

ende

r dev

elop

men

t wou

ld b

e di

rect

ly

rele

vant

. Exp

lana

tions

incl

ude

soci

al le

arni

ng th

eory

, psy

choa

naly

tic th

eory

and

cog

nitiv

e-de

velo

pmen

tal a

ppro

ache

s.

How

ever

, the

soc

ially

-rel

evan

t asp

ects

of e

xpla

natio

ns m

ust b

e em

phas

ised

for t

hem

to e

arn

AO

1 cr

edit.

Som

e of

thes

e ex

plan

atio

ns a

lso

deal

mor

e w

ith p

artic

ular

asp

ects

of g

ende

r suc

h as

iden

tity

or ro

le, b

ut a

s th

e di

stin

ctio

ns a

re s

ubtle

, ca

ndid

ates

are

not

requ

ired

to d

istin

guis

h be

twee

n th

em in

thei

r ans

wer

s.

Oth

er a

spec

ts o

f dev

elop

men

t, su

ch a

s m

oral

or c

ogni

tive,

are

unl

ikel

y to

ear

n m

arks

unl

ess

ther

e is

a s

peci

fic fo

cus

on

impl

icat

ions

for g

ende

r dev

elop

men

t.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

23

AO

1 M

ark

band

s 9-

8 m

arks

Sou

nd

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ac

cura

te a

nd w

ell d

etai

led.

A

good

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is s

ubst

antia

l evi

denc

e of

br

eadt

h/de

pth.

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

coh

eren

t. 7-

5 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ge

nera

lly a

ccur

ate

and

reas

onab

ly d

etai

led.

A

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is e

vide

nce

of b

read

th a

nd/o

r dep

th

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

reas

onab

ly c

oher

ent.

4-3

mar

ks B

asic

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

basi

c/re

lativ

ely

supe

rfici

al.

A re

stric

ted

rang

e of

mat

eria

l has

bee

n pr

esen

ted.

O

rgan

isat

ion

and

stru

ctur

e of

the

answ

er a

re b

asic

. 2-

1 m

arks

Rud

imen

tary

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

rudi

men

tary

and

may

be

mud

dled

and

/or i

nacc

urat

e.

The

mat

eria

l pre

sent

ed m

ay b

e ve

ry b

rief o

r lar

gely

irre

leva

nt.

Lack

s or

gani

satio

n an

d st

ruct

ure.

0

mar

ks

No

cred

itwor

thy

mat

eria

l.

AO

2 / A

O3

= 16

mar

ks C

omm

enta

ry a

nd e

valu

atio

n of

how

the

soci

al c

onte

xt in

fluen

ces

gend

er d

evel

opm

ent a

nd

met

hodo

logi

cal e

valu

atio

n of

rele

vant

rese

arch

stu

dies

One

sou

rce

of A

O2

/ AO

3 m

ater

ial w

ould

be

rese

arch

stu

dies

rela

ted

to th

e ef

fect

of v

ario

us fa

ctor

s on

gen

der d

evel

opm

ent

or p

rovi

ding

evi

denc

e fo

r or a

gain

st p

artic

ular

exp

lana

tions

. Met

hodo

logi

cal e

valu

atio

n an

d cr

itici

sms

of s

uch

stud

ies

wou

ld b

e el

igib

le fo

r mar

ks.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

24

The

succ

ess

of e

xpla

natio

ns in

acc

ount

ing

for g

ener

al fe

atur

es o

f the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

soci

al c

onte

xt a

nd g

ende

r de

velo

pmen

t, su

ch a

s ch

ange

s ov

er ti

me

or th

e de

velo

pmen

tal t

raje

ctor

y, w

ould

als

o qu

alify

for m

arks

. Fur

ther

AO

2 / A

O3

oppo

rtuni

ties

wou

ld in

clud

e ge

nera

l com

men

tary

on

the

com

plex

ity o

f fac

tors

affe

ctin

g ge

nder

dev

elop

men

t. A

ltern

ativ

e ex

plan

atio

ns, s

uch

as b

iolo

gica

l app

roac

hes,

wou

ld q

ualif

y fo

r cre

dit i

f use

d ex

plic

itly

to e

valu

ate

the

role

of s

ocia

l con

text

in

gend

er d

evel

opm

ent.

Issu

es, d

ebat

es a

nd a

ppro

ache

s re

leva

nt to

this

que

stio

n m

ight

incl

ude

gend

er a

nd c

ultu

ral b

ias,

eth

ical

issu

es, n

atur

e/nu

rture

, an

d be

havi

oura

l, ps

ycho

dyna

mic

and

cog

nitiv

e ap

proa

ches

. Rel

evan

t ref

eren

ce to

issu

es, d

ebat

es a

nd a

ppro

ache

s is

ne

cess

ary

for m

arks

abo

ve B

asic

. A

nsw

ers

on g

ende

r dev

elop

men

t tha

t do

not r

efer

to th

e so

cial

con

text

can

not r

ecei

ve m

arks

abo

ve R

udim

enta

ry.

AO

2/3

Mar

k ba

nds

16-1

3 m

arks

Eff

ectiv

e C

omm

enta

ry a

nd e

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

te s

ound

ana

lysi

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is w

ell f

ocus

ed a

nd s

how

s co

here

nt e

labo

ratio

n an

d/or

a c

lear

line

of a

rgum

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed e

ffect

ivel

y.

Ther

e is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. Id

eas

are

wel

l stru

ctur

ed a

nd e

xpre

ssed

cle

arly

and

flue

ntly

. Con

sist

ently

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

psy

chol

ogic

al

term

inol

ogy.

App

ropr

iate

use

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling.

12

-9 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Com

men

tary

and

eva

luat

ion

dem

onst

rate

reas

onab

le a

naly

sis

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g. T

he a

nsw

er

is g

ener

ally

focu

sed

and

show

s re

ason

able

ela

bora

tion

and/

or a

lin

e of

arg

umen

t is

evid

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed in

a re

ason

ably

effe

ctiv

e m

anne

r. Th

ere

is

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. M

ost i

deas

app

ropr

iate

ly s

truct

ured

and

exp

ress

ed c

lear

ly. A

ppro

pria

te

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Min

or e

rror

s of

gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g on

ly

occa

sion

ally

com

prom

ise

mea

ning

.

8-5

mar

ks B

asic

C

omm

enta

ry a

nd e

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

te b

asic

, sup

erfic

ial u

nder

stan

ding

. Th

e an

swer

is s

omet

imes

focu

sed

and

show

s so

me

evid

ence

of e

labo

ratio

n.

Sup

erfic

ial r

efer

ence

may

be

mad

e to

issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s.

Ther

e is

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f syn

optic

ity.

Exp

ress

ion

of id

eas

lack

s cl

arity

. Lim

ited

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Err

ors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

25

spel

ling

are

intru

sive

. 4-

1 m

arks

Rud

imen

tary

C

omm

enta

ry a

nd e

valu

atio

n is

rudi

men

tary

, dem

onst

ratin

g ve

ry li

mite

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is w

eak,

mud

dled

and

inco

mpl

ete.

Mat

eria

l is

not u

sed

effe

ctiv

ely

and

may

be

mai

nly

irrel

evan

t. If

refe

renc

e is

mad

e to

issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s, it

is m

uddl

ed o

r ina

ccur

ate.

Th

ere

is li

ttle

or n

o ev

iden

ce o

f syn

optic

ity.

Def

icie

ncy

in e

xpre

ssio

n of

idea

s re

sults

in c

onfu

sion

and

am

bigu

ity. T

he a

nsw

er la

cks

stru

ctur

e, o

ften

mer

ely

a se

ries

of u

ncon

nect

ed a

sser

tions

. Err

ors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling

are

freq

uent

and

intr

usiv

e.

0 m

arks

No

cred

itwor

thy

mat

eria

l is

pres

ente

d.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

26

INTE

LLIG

ENC

E A

ND

LEA

RN

ING

To

tal f

or th

is q

uest

ion:

25

mar

ks

09

Des

crib

e on

e th

eory

of i

ntel

ligen

ce.

(9 m

arks

)

AO

1 =

9 m

arks

D

escr

iptio

n of

one

theo

ry o

f int

ellig

ence

Ther

e is

a v

arie

ty o

f the

orie

s of

inte

lligen

ce, i

nclu

ding

Spe

arm

an 'g

', Th

urst

one'

s G

roup

Fac

tor t

heor

y, G

uild

ford

's A

bilit

ies,

S

tern

berg

's T

riarc

hic

mod

el, a

nd G

ardn

er's

mul

tiple

inte

llige

nces

. The

re is

als

o a

grea

t dea

l of c

onte

mpo

rary

inte

rest

in

emot

iona

l int

ellig

ence

(eg

Gol

eman

's m

odel

), an

d an

asp

ect o

f int

ellig

ence

theo

ries

from

this

are

a w

ould

be

acce

ptab

le.

Bey

ond

a si

mpl

e de

scrip

tion

of th

e th

eory

, can

dida

tes

may

als

o re

fer t

o un

derly

ing

aspe

cts

such

as

impl

icat

ions

for

natu

re/n

urtu

re, d

evel

opm

enta

l asp

ects

and

usa

ge. A

ll of

thes

e w

ould

be

rele

vant

to th

e qu

estio

n.

AO

1 M

ark

band

s

9-8

mar

ks S

ound

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

accu

rate

and

wel

l det

aile

d.

A go

od ra

nge

of re

leva

nt m

ater

ial h

as b

een

sele

cted

. The

re is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of

brea

dth/

dept

h. O

rgan

isat

ion

and

stru

ctur

e of

the

answ

er a

re c

oher

ent.

7-5

mar

ks R

easo

nabl

e K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

gene

rally

acc

urat

e an

d re

ason

ably

det

aile

d.

A ra

nge

of re

leva

nt m

ater

ial h

as b

een

sele

cted

. The

re is

evi

denc

e of

bre

adth

and

/or d

epth

. O

rgan

isat

ion

and

stru

ctur

e of

the

answ

er a

re re

ason

ably

coh

eren

t. 4-

3 m

arks

Bas

ic

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ba

sic/

rela

tivel

y su

perfi

cial

. A

rest

ricte

d ra

nge

of m

ater

ial h

as b

een

pres

ente

d.

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

bas

ic.

2-1

mar

ks R

udim

enta

ry

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ru

dim

enta

ry a

nd m

ay b

e m

uddl

ed a

nd/o

r ina

ccur

ate.

Th

e m

ater

ial p

rese

nted

may

be

very

brie

f or l

arge

ly ir

rele

vant

. La

cks

orga

nisa

tion

and

stru

ctur

e.

0 m

arks

N

o cr

editw

orth

y m

ater

ial.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

27

10

Eva

luat

e th

e ro

le o

f gen

etic

fact

ors

in in

telli

genc

e te

st p

erfo

rman

ce.

(16

mar

ks)

AO

2 / A

O3

= 16

mar

ks E

valu

atio

n of

the

role

of g

enet

ic fa

ctor

s in

inte

llige

nce

test

per

form

ance

and

eva

luat

ion

of th

e m

etho

dolo

gy o

f stu

dies

to in

vest

igat

e th

e ro

le o

f gen

etic

s

Ther

e is

a w

ide

rang

e of

evi

denc

e on

gen

etic

fact

ors

in in

telli

genc

e pe

rform

ance

, esp

ecia

lly M

Z/D

Z tw

in s

tudi

es a

nd a

dopt

ion

stud

ies.

Evi

denc

e on

the

cont

ribut

ion

of e

nviro

nmen

tal f

acto

rs, s

uch

as e

nric

hmen

t stu

dies

, can

not e

arn

mar

ks u

nles

s us

ed

effe

ctiv

ely

as A

O2

/ AO

3 m

ater

ial,

ie to

eva

luat

e th

e ge

netic

arg

umen

t. M

etho

dolo

gica

l crit

icis

ms

of, f

or e

xam

ple,

inte

lligen

ce

test

s th

emse

lves

, or o

f MZ/

DZ

twin

stu

dies

, may

ear

n m

arks

.

Gen

eral

com

men

tary

cou

ld in

clud

e th

e in

tera

ctio

n of

gen

etic

and

env

ironm

enta

l fac

tors

, his

toric

al d

ebat

es a

nd c

ontro

vers

ies,

an

d th

e m

ultip

le a

nd c

ompl

ex n

atur

e of

inte

llige

nce.

Issu

es a

nd d

ebat

es re

leva

nt to

this

que

stio

n in

clud

e ge

nder

and

cul

tura

l bia

s, e

thic

al is

sues

and

the

natu

re/n

urtu

re d

ebat

e.

Rel

evan

t ref

eren

ce to

issu

es a

nd d

ebat

es is

requ

ired

for m

arks

bey

ond

Bas

ic.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

28

A02

/3 M

ark

band

s

16-1

3 m

arks

Eff

ectiv

e E

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

tes

soun

d an

alys

is a

nd u

nder

stan

ding

. Th

e an

swer

is w

ell f

ocus

ed a

nd s

how

s co

here

nt e

labo

ratio

n an

d/or

a c

lear

line

of a

rgum

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed e

ffect

ivel

y.

Ther

e is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. Id

eas

are

wel

l stru

ctur

ed a

nd e

xpre

ssed

cle

arly

and

flue

ntly

. Con

sist

ently

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

ps

ycho

logi

cal t

erm

inol

ogy.

App

ropr

iate

use

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling.

12

-9 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Eva

luat

ion

dem

onst

rate

s re

ason

able

ana

lysi

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is g

ener

ally

focu

sed

and

show

s re

ason

able

ela

bora

tion

and/

or a

lin

e of

arg

umen

t is

evid

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed in

a re

ason

ably

effe

ctiv

e m

anne

r. Th

ere

is e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. M

ost i

deas

app

ropr

iate

ly s

truct

ured

and

exp

ress

ed c

lear

ly. A

ppro

pria

te

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Min

or e

rrors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling

only

occ

asio

nally

com

prom

ise

mea

ning

. 8-

5 m

arks

Bas

ic

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

dem

onst

rate

bas

ic, s

uper

ficia

l und

erst

andi

ng.

The

answ

er is

som

etim

es fo

cuse

d an

d sh

ows

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f ela

bora

tion.

S

uper

ficia

l ref

eren

ce m

ay b

e m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes.

Th

ere

is s

ome

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. Ex

pres

sion

of i

deas

lack

s cl

arity

. Lim

ited

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Erro

rs o

f gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e in

trusi

ve.

4-1

mar

ks R

udim

enta

ry

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

is ru

dim

enta

ry, d

emon

stra

ting

very

lim

ited

unde

rsta

ndin

g.

The

answ

er is

wea

k, m

uddl

ed a

nd in

com

plet

e. M

ater

ial i

s no

t use

d ef

fect

ivel

y an

d m

ay

be m

ainl

y irr

elev

ant.

If re

fere

nce

is m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes,

it is

mud

dled

or i

nacc

urat

e.

Ther

e is

littl

e or

no

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. D

efic

ienc

y in

exp

ress

ion

of id

eas

resu

lts in

con

fusi

on a

nd a

mbi

guity

. The

ans

wer

lack

s st

ruct

ure,

ofte

n m

erel

y a

serie

s of

unc

onne

cted

ass

ertio

ns. E

rror

s of

gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e fre

quen

t and

intru

sive

. 0

mar

ks N

o cr

editw

orth

y m

ater

ial i

s pr

esen

ted.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

29

CO

GN

ITIO

N A

ND

DEV

ELO

PMEN

T

To

tal f

or th

is q

uest

ion:

25

mar

ks

11

Des

crib

e an

d ev

alua

te re

sear

ch s

tudi

es in

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of p

ersp

ectiv

e ta

king

in c

hild

ren.

(2

5 m

arks

)

AO

1 =

9 m

arks

D

escr

iptio

n of

rese

arch

stu

dies

into

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f per

spec

tive

taki

ng

Per

spec

tive

taki

ng is

the

abili

ty to

imag

ine

wha

t oth

er p

eopl

e ar

e th

inki

ng a

nd fe

elin

g. It

is c

entra

l to

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f the

se

lf-co

ncep

t and

the

capa

city

to u

nder

stan

d th

e th

ough

ts a

nd fe

elin

gs o

f oth

ers.

As

such

it is

the

basi

s of

soc

ial c

omm

unic

atio

n,

(eg

empa

this

ing

with

oth

ers,

und

erst

andi

ng th

eir i

nten

tions

, etc

). It

is a

bro

ad a

rea

enco

mpa

ssin

g fo

rmal

mod

els

such

as

Sel

man

's s

tage

s of

per

spec

tive

taki

ng a

nd c

once

pts

such

as

Theo

ry o

f Min

d. T

here

is th

eref

ore

a w

ide

varie

ty o

f rel

evan

t st

udie

s th

at w

ould

qua

lify

for A

O1

mar

ks. T

hese

cou

ld in

clud

e sp

ecifi

c te

sts

of T

oM, (

eg fi

rst a

nd s

econ

d or

der f

alse

bel

ief

task

s) in

rela

tion

to a

ge, a

nd m

any

syst

emat

ic s

tudi

es o

f the

dev

elop

ing

child

's a

war

enes

s of

the

know

ledg

e an

d in

tent

ions

of

othe

rs. W

ork

on e

g m

irror

neu

rons

wou

ld a

lso

be c

redi

twor

thy

if sh

aped

exp

licitl

y to

the

ques

tion.

Ans

wer

s w

ill va

ry in

acc

urac

y an

d de

pth

of d

etai

l, an

d ex

amin

ers

shou

ld b

e se

nsiti

ve to

dep

th/b

read

th tr

ade-

offs

. Mod

els

of p

ersp

ectiv

e ta

king

, suc

h as

S

elm

an's

or T

heor

y of

Min

d ap

proa

ches

, wou

ld n

ot b

e el

igib

le fo

r AO

1 m

arks

, but

may

allo

w a

cces

s to

AO

2 cr

edit.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

30

AO

1 M

ark

band

s 9-

8 m

arks

Sou

nd

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ac

cura

te a

nd w

ell d

etai

led.

A

good

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is s

ubst

antia

l evi

denc

e of

br

eadt

h/de

pth.

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

coh

eren

t. 7-

5 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g ar

e ge

nera

lly a

ccur

ate

and

reas

onab

ly d

etai

led.

A

rang

e of

rele

vant

mat

eria

l has

bee

n se

lect

ed. T

here

is e

vide

nce

of b

read

th a

nd/o

r dep

th

Org

anis

atio

n an

d st

ruct

ure

of th

e an

swer

are

reas

onab

ly c

oher

ent.

4-3

mar

ks B

asic

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

basi

c/re

lativ

ely

supe

rfici

al.

A re

stric

ted

rang

e of

mat

eria

l has

bee

n pr

esen

ted.

O

rgan

isat

ion

and

stru

ctur

e of

the

answ

er a

re b

asic

. 2-

1 m

arks

Rud

imen

tary

K

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

are

rudi

men

tary

and

may

be

mud

dled

and

/or i

nacc

urat

e.

The

mat

eria

l pre

sent

ed m

ay b

e ve

ry b

rief o

r lar

gely

irre

leva

nt.

Lack

s or

gani

satio

n an

d st

ruct

ure.

0

mar

ks

No

cred

itwor

thy

mat

eria

l.

AO

2 =

12 m

arks

Eva

luat

ion

of re

sear

ch s

tudi

es in

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of p

ersp

ectiv

e ta

king

in c

hild

ren

AO

3 =

4 m

arks

E

valu

atio

n of

the

met

hodo

logy

of s

tudi

es

Met

hodo

logi

cal e

valu

atio

n an

d cr

itici

sm o

f stu

dies

wou

ld q

ualif

y fo

r AO

3 m

arks

. AO

2 m

ater

ial c

ould

incl

ude

the

supp

ort t

hat

stud

ies

prov

ide

for m

odel

s an

d th

eorie

s of

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f per

spec

tive

taki

ng, b

ut th

e lin

k be

twee

n th

e st

udie

s de

scrib

ed

and

any

theo

ry/m

odel

sho

uld

be e

xplic

it. G

ener

al c

omm

enta

ry c

ould

refe

r to

the

sign

ifica

nce

of p

ersp

ectiv

e ta

king

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

he s

elf-c

once

pt, s

ocia

l cog

nitio

n an

d so

cial

beh

avio

ur. R

efer

ence

to d

evel

opm

enta

l dis

orde

rs o

f per

spec

tive

taki

ng (e

g au

tism

) wou

ld a

lso

be c

redi

tabl

e.

Issu

es, d

ebat

es a

nd a

ppro

ache

s re

leva

nt to

this

que

stio

n co

uld

incl

ude

ethi

cal i

ssue

s in

volv

ed in

wor

k w

ith c

hild

ren,

cul

tura

l bi

as, t

he n

atur

e/nu

rture

deb

ate

and

the

cogn

itive

and

beh

avio

ural

(so

cial

lear

ning

) ap

proa

ches

. Ref

eren

ce to

at l

east

two

of

thes

e w

ould

be

nece

ssar

y fo

r mar

ks in

the

top

2 ba

nds.

Psy

chol

ogy

A (P

SY

A3)

- A

QA

GC

E S

peci

men

Mar

k S

chem

e

31

AO

2 / A

O3

Mar

k ba

nds

16-1

3 m

arks

Eff

ectiv

e E

valu

atio

n de

mon

stra

tes

soun

d an

alys

is a

nd u

nder

stan

ding

. Th

e an

swer

is w

ell f

ocus

ed a

nd s

how

s co

here

nt e

labo

ratio

n an

d/or

a c

lear

line

of a

rgum

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed e

ffect

ivel

y.

Ther

e is

sub

stan

tial e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. Id

eas

are

wel

l stru

ctur

ed a

nd e

xpre

ssed

cle

arly

and

flue

ntly

. Con

sist

ently

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

ps

ycho

logi

cal t

erm

inol

ogy.

App

ropr

iate

use

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling.

12

-9 m

arks

Rea

sona

ble

Eva

luat

ion

dem

onst

rate

s re

ason

able

ana

lysi

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing.

Th

e an

swer

is g

ener

ally

focu

sed

and

show

s re

ason

able

ela

bora

tion

and/

or a

lin

e of

arg

umen

t is

evid

ent.

Issu

es/d

ebat

es/a

ppro

ache

s ar

e us

ed in

a re

ason

ably

effe

ctiv

e m

anne

r. Th

ere

is e

vide

nce

of s

ynop

ticity

. M

ost i

deas

app

ropr

iate

ly s

truct

ured

and

exp

ress

ed c

lear

ly. A

ppro

pria

te

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Min

or e

rrors

of g

ram

mar

, pun

ctua

tion

and

spel

ling

only

occ

asio

nally

com

prom

ise

mea

ning

. 8-

5 m

arks

Bas

ic

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

dem

onst

rate

bas

ic, s

uper

ficia

l und

erst

andi

ng.

The

answ

er is

som

etim

es fo

cuse

d an

d sh

ows

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f ela

bora

tion.

S

uper

ficia

l ref

eren

ce m

ay b

e m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes.

Th

ere

is s

ome

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. Ex

pres

sion

of i

deas

lack

s cl

arity

. Lim

ited

use

of p

sych

olog

ical

term

inol

ogy.

Erro

rs o

f gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e in

trusi

ve.

4-1

mar

ks R

udim

enta

ry

Ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

is ru

dim

enta

ry, d

emon

stra

ting

very

lim

ited

unde

rsta

ndin

g.

The

answ

er is

wea

k, m

uddl

ed a

nd in

com

plet

e. M

ater

ial i

s no

t use

d ef

fect

ivel

y an

d m

ay

be m

ainl

y irr

elev

ant.

If re

fere

nce

is m

ade

to is

sues

/deb

ates

/app

roac

hes,

it is

mud

dled

or i

nacc

urat

e.

Ther

e is

littl

e or

no

evid

ence

of s

ynop

ticity

. D

efic

ienc

y in

exp

ress

ion

of id

eas

resu

lts in

con

fusi

on a

nd a

mbi

guity

. The

ans

wer

lack

s st

ruct

ure,

ofte

n m

erel

y a

serie

s of

unc

onne

cted

ass

ertio

ns. E

rror

s of

gra

mm

ar, p

unct

uatio

n an

d sp

ellin

g ar

e fre

quen

t and

intru

sive

. 0

mar

ks N

o cr

editw

orth

y m

ater

ial i

s pr

esen

ted.

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES UNIT 3

Question AO1 mark AO2 mark AO3 mark Total 01 9 12 4 25 02 9 12 4 25 03 9

04 12 4 25 05 9 12 25 06 5

07 4 12 4 25 08 9 12 4 25 09 9

10 12 4 25 11 9 12 4 25

TOTALS 27 36 12 75