archaeological report - 11 patricks st, kilkenny, co. kilkenny (ireland)

Issue 14 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation Report

06E0230 - 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny

Pits, a post-medieval stone-built well and two post-medieval walls

Eachtra Journal

Contact details:

The Forge, Innishannon, Co. CorkTel.: 021 4701616E-mail: [email protected] Site: www.eachtra.ie

July 2008

Written by:

Client:

Archaeological Excavation Report,11 Patrick Street,Kilkenny,Co. Kilkenny

David Gillespie,Nolan Ryan Partnership10 Ormond Street,Kilkenny.

05/135

06E0230

Jacinta Kiely

Jacinta Kiely & Antonia Doolan

Planning Register No.:

Licence No.:

Licensee:

11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny 06E0230

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ISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237

http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/06e0230-11-patrick-st-kilkenny-co-kilkenny/

Table of Contents

1 Summary .............................................................................................................1

2 Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................1

3 Introduction ........................................................................................................2

4 Description of Development ................................................................................2

5 Site location and topography ................................................................................2

6 Background to the current development ..............................................................3

7 Patrick Street: recent archaeological investigations ..............................................3

8 Archaeological and Historical background ...........................................................5

9 Excavation Results ...............................................................................................9

9.1 Medieval ...........................................................................................................10

9.2 Post-medieval ....................................................................................................11

9.3 Modern .............................................................................................................12

10 Discussion ..........................................................................................................13

11 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 15

12 References ...........................................................................................................16

13 Figures ................................................................................................................19

14 Plates ..................................................................................................................37

Appendix 1: Context register ........................................................................................43

Appendix 2: Matrix ......................................................................................................63

Appendix 3: Finds register ............................................................................................64

Appendix 4: Pottery Report .........................................................................................76


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Appendix 5: Animal Remains ......................................................................................83

Appendix 6: Plant Remains ..........................................................................................88

Appendix 7: Catalogue of clay pipes .............................................................................98

Appendix 8: Catalogue of metal artefacts ....................................................................106

Appendix 9: Catalogue of stone artefacts ...................................................................107

Appendix 10: Catalogue of glass .................................................................................109

Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this report, including all original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed matter deemed to be the writer’s, remains the property of the writer and Eachtra Archaeological Projects and so may not be reproduced or used in any form without the written consent of the writer or Eachtra Archaeological Projects.


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List of FiguresFigure 1: Extract from OS Discovery Series map 67 showing site location. ........................... 19

Figure 2: Record of Monuments and Places map sheet 19 for County Kilkenny. .................. 20

Figure 3: Urban Archaeological Survey map 4d of Kilkenny showing site location. .............. 21

Figure 4: Urban Place Map showing site location. ................................................................. 22

Figure 5: Rocque’s Survey of the city of Kilkenny 1758 showing site location. ...................... 23

Figure 6: Ordnance Survey five-foot plan of Kilkenny 1872 showing site location. ............... 24

Figure 7: 11 Patrick Street showing the area of the excavation. .............................................. 25

Figure 8: Post-excavation plan of the west end of the site. ..................................................... 26

Figure 9: Post-excavation plan of the east end of the site. ...................................................... 27

Figure 10: 11 and 12 Patrick Street showing possible boundaries of five burgage plots. ......... 28

Figure 11: West-facing sections of Sondage 1 showing pit C.40, east-facing section of Sondage 1 showing pit C.40 and east-facing section of Sondage 4 showing layers C61 and C.62.. ......... 29

Figure 12: East-facing section of Sondage 2 showing pits C.80, C.56 and C.72. ................... 30

Figure 13: West-facing section of Sondage 2 showing pits C.72, C.56 and C.80. .................. 31

Figure 14: West-facing section of Sondage 3 showing pits C.68, C.76, and C.81. ................. 32

Figure 15: Section of pit C.53. ............................................................................................... 33

Figure 16: Section of pit C.66. .............................................................................................. 34

Figure 17: Profile of the exterior & interior of the well C.24 and the cut C.22. ..................... 35

Figure 18: Section of the well C.24 and the cut C.22. .......................................................... 36

List of PlatesPlate 1: View of area of excavation from west. ....................................................................... 37

Plate 2: View of pits C.74 and C.75 at mid-excavation from east. ......................................... 37

Plate 3: View of pits C.40, C.74 and C.75 from east. ............................................................ 38

Plate 4: View of pits C.32 and C.33 from south. ................................................................... 38

Plate 5: View of pit C.53 from west. ...................................................................................... 39

Plate 6: View of pit C.91 from east. ....................................................................................... 39

Plate 7: View of western section of the site from south-east. .................................................. 40

Plate 8: View of cess pit C.4 from north-west. ....................................................................... 40

Plate 9: View of well C.24 from west. ................................................................................... 41

Plate 10: View of eastern section of the site from west. .......................................................... 41

Plate 11: Aerial view of central section of the site from south. ............................................... 42

Plate 12: Aerial view of eastern section of the site from south. ............................................... 42


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1 SummaryLocation No.11, Patrick Street Kilkenny County KilkennyNational Grid Reference 250700

155590Sites and Monument Record No.

KK19026

Excavation Licence no. 06E0230 extOS Map Sheet no. Kilkenny sheet 19Elevation OD 54 m

2 Acknowledgements

The excavation field crew included Antonia Doolan, Finn Delaney, Sara Camplese, Filip Debniak, Raphael Wolanski, Adam O’ Leary, Simon Bolton and Ben Blakeman. Post-exca-vation work was carried out by Antonia Doolan, Sara Camplese, Enda O’ Mahony and Ben Blakeman. Specialists included Sara Camplese (medieval & post-medieval ceramics), Marga-ret McCarthy (animal bone) and Penny Johnston (plant remains).


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3 Introduction

The following report details the results of an archaeological excavation undertaken in January and February 2007 to the rear of the existing HSE building at 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny. Archaeological testing and an architectural survey had previously been carried out in early 2006 (O’ Donoghue and McQueen 2006). This work has been carried out in advance of a proposed development comprising of alterations to the existing building and construction of a 3-storey office building (P.05/135) to rear, on behalf of Mr David Gillespie, c/o Dalton & O’Donnell Architects. The features excavated comprised 26 pits, a post-medieval stone-built well, and two post-medieval walls.

4 Description of Development

The Development Site currently comprises renovation of the existing HSE building front-ing onto Patrick Street to the west, with an extension for an office built onto the rear. A new building consisting of two offices, hallway and toilets is intended to be located against the eastern boundary wall. The extension of the building fronting onto Patrick’s Street will measure c. 34.7 m². The new building at the east of the site, which will occupy the northwest corner of the site, will measure c. 255.4 m².

5 Site location and topography

Kilkenny city is located on a prominent bend on the River Nore in central County Kilkenny. Two bridges, John’s Bridge and Greens Bridge, traverse the Nore linking both sides of the city (figures 2 and 3). The River Nore flows in a southeast direction from Kilkenny and joins the River Barrow immediately north of New Ross. Kilkenny is located at the junction of several major roads, notably the N9/N10 between Carlow and Waterford, the N76 to Clonmel, the N77 to Durrow and the N78 to Athy.

Kilkenny city is listed in the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) as an Historic Town (RMP KK019-026) and is therefore protected under the National Monuments Acts 1930-2004 (figure 2). The historic core of the city contains numerous sub-elements of ar-chaeological and historical interest, which are detailed in the Urban Archaeological Survey of County Kilkenny (figure 3).

The Proposed Development Site is located on the east side of Patrick Street in the city centre within the zone of archaeological potential for Kilkenny City, RMP number KK019 026 (figure 2). The Nore River is c. 200 m to the north of the PDS and Kilkenny castle is c.


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100 m to the northeast. The site of St.Patricks Church, after which the street and parish are named, is situated c. 150 m to the south of the PDS. A new hotel, The Pembroke, on the site of Stratham’s Garage is located adjacent to the PDS to the south. Lanigan and Tyler (1987) describe the South East Health Board (now the HSE) building, along with that of the adja-cent Stratham’s Garage, as being out of proportion with the surrounding Georgian terraces that lay along the eastern side of Patrick Street.

6 Background to the current development

Previous archaeological work at the site consisted of an archaeological assessment, undertaken in 2006 by Julianna O’ Donoghue and Alison McQueen for Eachtra Archaeological Projects (O’ Donoghue & McQueen 2006, presented in www.excavations.ie as site 1999:450). Four trenches were opened, and archaeological material was recorded in each. Based on the results presented in the assessment report, the subsequent Grant of Planning contained a condition related to the archaeological aspects of the site. Condition 7 stipulated:

(a) The developer shall engage a suitably qualified archaeologist to carry out a full archaeological excavation of the archaeological deposits to be impacted by the proposed development…

(b) The substructure of the proposed building shall be designed to ensure minimal ground disturbance and preservation in situ of archaeological deposits…

(c) A detailed report describing the results of all archaeological work, including any required specialist reports, shall be submitted to the Local Authority and the Department (DoEHLG) following the completion of archaeological work on site.

The necessary archaeological excavations were carried out in January and February of 2007 under an extension to the testing licence (Licence number 06E0230 ext).

7 Patrick Street: recent archaeological investigations

A large number of testing and excavation works have been undertaken on Patrick Street and the area around Pennyfeather Lane/Pudding Lane and St. Mary’s/ St. Patrick’s Ward be-tween 1990 and 2005 as follows:

(Most of the following descriptions are taken from www.excavations.ie which details the results of excavations which have taken place between 1970 and 2002)

In 1990 test excavation by Heather King at Pennyfeather Lane/Pudding Lane and St Mary’s/ St Patrick’s. Eighteen trenches were opened on the site, the front area of which was disturbed. Evidence for Anglo-Norman occupation was uncovered at the rear of the site along

http://www.excavations.ie



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with part of the foundations of the medieval town wall and the town ditch, possibly dating to the 13th or 14th centuries.

In 1995 test excavations were undertaken by Margaret Gowen Ltd. at Pudding Lane (Li-cence 95E224). Five trenches were opened, a cobbled surface was uncovered.

In 1997 at Patrick Street/Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane, nine test trenches were ex-cavated by Judith Carroll (Licence 97E468). Medieval pottery and slag was recovered from the layers and the remains of a wall were uncovered, along with a possible 17th to 18th century ditch.

In 1998, archaeological excavation located in the back gardens of nos. 26-29 Patrick Street and at house no. 26 by Judith Carroll (Licence 98E0092) was undertaken. A dense concentration of pits was excavated with a possible 12th to 16th century date, along with a large possible palisade trench.

Excavation at 33 Patrick St, undertaken by Judith Carroll (Licence 98E0402) led to the discovery of a dense concentration of medieval pits.

In 1998, excavation at Patrick St./Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane (Licence 97E0468) was undertaken by Judith Carroll. Five areas were excavated with the discovery of a large number of medieval and post-medieval pits and linear features, the foundations of earlier walls, structural trenches, hearths, metal working evidence and undated human remains, both articulated and disarticulated.

In 1999 Eachtra Archaeological Projects undertook further excavations at 26 Patrick St under licence 99E0165. During this work a number of medieval pits were excavated and re-corded along with the foundations of a post-medieval building.

Eachtra Archaeological Projects conducted further excavations at 33 Patrick Street in 1999 following design changes under licence 98E0402ext. A number of large deep pits were excavated which were interpreted to have served a variety of functions, from domestic cess pits to industrial pits. Two small drying kilns and iron working evidence were also recorded on the site.

Eachtra Archaeological Projects conducted further excavations at Patrick St./Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane in 1999 under an extension to licence 97E0468. This additional area was composed of a cluster of intercutting pits, with the partial remains of a post-medi-eval building.


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Anne Marie Lennon tested a development site at Patrick Street Upper for Mary Henry Archaeological Services Ltd. under excavation licence number 01E0272. The site was imme-diately northwest of the boundary wall of the site of St. Patricks Church. Two trenches at the southeast end of site, one contained a spread of material with sherds of 13th to 14th century Kilkenny type pottery and the other trench contained disarticulated human bone.

In 2002 Daniel Noonan conducted an impact assessment at 101 Patrick’s St under licence 02E1570 for Eachtra Archaeological Projects. The five trenches opened contained no archaeo-logical remains.

Also in 2002, No.4 Rose Inn Street was tested and excavated under licence number 01E0466 by Simon Ó Faoláin for Eachtra Archaeological Projects. This site is approximately 150 m north of the current PDS. A well was uncovered and excavated to a depth of 0.5 m. It was not possible to date the well.

In 2005 Bruce Sutton undertook excavations at Stratham’s Garage (Sutton and Johnston 2007), immediately east of the PDS under the Pembroke Hotel, following testing carried out in 1999 by Jacinta Kiely for Eachtra Archaeological Projects, both of these phases were carried out under excavation licence number 99E0757. In total 80 pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval structural elements also being present on-site.

Overall, excavations over the past 10 years along Patrick Street have produced similar archaeological material characterised by large numbers of densely concentrated medieval pits in addition to a number of linear trenches and ditches. The pits served a variety of functions, from domestic cesspits to industrial metal working pits and hearths. Although structural remains of buildings and floor surfaces were recorded, these date to the post-medieval period and there is no structural evidence for the early Anglo-Norman occupation that founded Patrick Street. The preceding paragraphs have been adapted from Sutton and Kiely 2005.

8 Archaeological and Historical background

(Adapted from Sutton & Johnston 2007)

To date, no archaeological evidence for prehistoric settlement has been uncovered in Kil-kenny city, suggesting that it was first occupied in historic times, and it has been a country town for as long as historical records have existed (Bradley 1990, 63).


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Kilkenny is a corruption of Cill chainnigh which means ‘Canice’s Church’ and owes its name to the foundation of St. Canice’s Monastery in the 6th century AD. According to the Annals of Ulster, St. Canice died circa 600AD, but this date is based on later calculations (Bradley 1990, 64). There are different accounts of the life of St. Canice all of which were compiled in the 12th century. It is possible that St. Canice himself founded the monastery but alternatively it may have been one of his disciples. The monastery itself was founded on a small hill overlooking a fording point of the River Nore, at the present location of Green’s Bridge.

Although St. Canice’s church provides the city of Kilkenny with its name, it was not the earliest religious structure. A second church, St. Patrick’s, is also mentioned in a Life of St. Canice and was located to the south, off what is now Patrick Street Lower (and south of the PDS), though nothing survives of it today (Farrelly et al. 1993, 79). This church is known to have pre-dated St. Canice’s and was possibly founded in the 5th century, with a later dedica-tion to St. Patrick (Bradley 2000, 1). Although nothing is known of this early monastery there must have been a central church building. There is evidence for a surrounding enclo-sure, similar to other ecclesiastical sites of this period, which can be seen in the curved pat-tern of Vicar Street, St. Canice’s Place and Dean Street (Bradley 1995, 156). Although not present today, a lane running north to Troy’s Gate of the then existing town wall is visible on Rocque’s map of 1758 (figure 5) and traces a possible continuation north of the enclosure (Bradley 1990, 65). By the time of the arrival of the Normans, a stone church was located at St. Patrick’s along with a round tower, which would have been a later 11th or 12th century addition to the site (ibid., 66).

With the emergence of a powerful group known as the Osraige in the latter half of the first millennium, Kilkenny began to increase in importance due to the fact that the central base of power for this group comprised the fertile plains of Co. Kilkenny (Bradley 1990, 65). The location of the monastery towards the centre of these lands, and at a fording point of the River Nore, meant that its success as an ever growing settlement in size and importance was almost guaranteed (Bradley 1995, 154). By the 12th century, the successors to the Osraige, the Mac Gilla Patraic, held court at Kilkenny which suggests that even in pre-Norman times the settlement served not just a religious function, but also an administrative one (ibid., 156). This political importance most likely drew craftspeople and tradespeople to the settlement, further increasing its importance.

The Anglo-Normans arrived in Ireland towards the end of the 12th century and quickly supplanted the Mac Gilla Patraic in Kilkenny. At this time, settlement in the country con-sisted of ports established by the Vikings and inland settlements concentrated around ec-clesiastical sites. The Anglo-Normans swiftly constructed a number of towns and boroughs around Ireland over the next hundred or so years, indicating a large influx of people into the country. Kilkenny is one such city that saw the construction of an Anglo-Norman borough in the town. The Normans were initially attracted to Kilkenny due to its strategic location on land and riverine routeways (Bradley 2000, 2).


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Kilkenny castle, most likely constructed on an earlier motte and bailey, was built in 1173 some 750 m south of St.Canice’s on a knoll overlooking a second fording point of the Nore. The existing structure dates to some time in the 13th century and served as an aristocratic residence, administrative centre and gaol (Bradley 2000, 2). The castle passed out of the Mar-shall family to the Norman de Clares in the mid 13th century. It passed to the Butlers in 1391 and stayed with this family until 1969 when the state took ownership (Bradley 1995, 158). Kilkenny Castle to the south and St. Canice’s to the north effectively defined the boundaries of the town. It is around the castle that the borough of Hightown or Englishtown was estab-lished with burgesses - the backbone of Anglo-Norman town planning – in existence here by 1176 (Bradley 1990, 66). The earlier pre-Norman settlement centred on St. Canice’s became known as Irishtown (Farrelly et al. 1993, 1), although care should be taken when referring to these as ethnically separate areas (Bradley 1985, 446).

The 13th century saw large-scale development in Kilkenny, development which defined the town for centuries to come. Richard Fitzgilbert de Clare undertook the initial Norman settlement of Kilkenny, but it was not until his successor, William Marshall, visited Kilkenny in 1207 that much of the building works in the settlement commenced. In that year new foundation charters were issued to the town (Farrelly et al. 1993, 1) and after Marshall ne-gotiated with the Bishop of Ossary for the procurement of the land between the castle and St. Canice’s, the settlement began to expand. The settlement was centred on a single main street, High Street, which was wider in the centre to accommodate a market in the town. The burgage plots along the street would have been well-suited for commercial premises due to their narrow frontage area, allowing a large number of shops and houses to front onto the market and the main street (Bradley 1985, 439). Once burgage plots had been handed out, it is quite possible that their boundaries remained unchanged for many years, although some plots may have been divided or combined over time (ibid., 429) as owners bought or sold ad-jacent plots of land. It is also during the middle of the 13th century that the first references are made to a third borough, Donaghmore, which was located outside the town wall to the south of Hightown, at what is now the southern end of Patrick Street. It is likely that a pre-existing settlement was located here prior to this centred on St. Patrick’s Church.

The 13th century also saw the construction and renovation of a number of religious estab-lishments, some of which later served as parish churches. Between 1207 and 1225 a Francis-can monastery was built in Hightown. Construction of an Augustinian priory commenced in 1211 and was completed in 1220. This was the first religious structure to be located on the eastern bank of the River Nore. It prompted the building of a road and a second bridge which linked the priory, and subsequent growth of settlement, to the town (Bradley 2000, 4). The Dominican priory, or ‘Black Abbey’, was established in 1225 outside the city walls and a small portion of it survives today (ibid., 4). St. Mary’s Church possibly began as a chapel for those living close to the castle and would have been established soon after the foundation of Hightown at the end of the 12th century. It later grew into a large Medieval parish church with council meetings and town plays performed here (ibid., 3). Perhaps the most impressive


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religious structure to be constructed in the 13th century was the Cathedral, built at the loca-tion of the earlier Canice’s church by Bishop Hugh de Rous. Building of the various sections continued throughout the 13th century, long after de Rous’ death (Bradley 2000, 5). The Ca-thedral is the only religious structure to have been constructed in the Borough of Irishtown and continues to dominate the area to this day.

Construction of town walls around Hightown also began in the 13th century, probably instigated by William Marshall after his visit in 1207, though they were not completed for many years. The final completion of the town walls is dated to 1400 and attributed to Robert Talbot, a man about which little is known (Prim 1949-51, 36). The walls are known to have been in a near perfect state in the 18th century as represented on Rocque’s map of 1758 (figure 5) (Birthistle 1966, 5), although only small sections survive at present. There are 11 known murage grants from Kilkenny dating to between 1250 and 1460 (Bradley 1990, 70) which suggest ongoing work on the walls. These grants were provided by the king and gave towns the right to impose tolls and taxes for the purpose of building the town’s defences, in order to lessen the cost to the inhabitants. Kilkenny Castle was incorporated into the southern line of the town wall, as often seen where castles are located at the edge of towns (Bradley 1985, 444). The western town wall ran along a natural ridge that commanded the approach from that side. The northern wall formed the boundary with Irishtown. There was no eastern wall as the river ran along this side creating a natural boundary. In total, the Hightown wall encompassed an area of roughly 29 hectares (Farrelly et al. 1993, 7). That the construction of the town walls took such a substantial length of time is evidenced by the fact that the wall is of varied thickness and the four known towers – only one of which survives – were of different types. This lack of uniformity suggests that the long length of time needed to build the walls resulted in a lack of continuous planning in their construction (Bradley 1985, 442). Seven gates are known to have existed along the length of the wall: one at the border to Irishtown, three along the western wall, one at John’s Bridge and two in the southern wall. The gates in the southern wall were located next to the castle with a second on Patrick Street, roughly between Upper and Lower Patrick Street. The latter was demolished at the end of the 19th century (Kenealy 1948, 34).

Irishtown was protected by its own set of defences, although these were neither as sub-stantial nor as well maintained as those of Hightown, and little is known about them (Ke-nealy 1948, 32). It has been suggested though that these walls were completed prior to 1400, therefore before the completion of the Hightown wall. Four gates were located in the defences surrounding Irishtown. As with the Hightown walls, no wall was present to the east as the River Nore provided sufficient natural defence.

During the 14th century Kilkenny saw a period of decline with the outbreak of the Black Plague. It was not until the 16th century when the Butler family were reinstated that the town once again began to expand (Bradley 1995, 151). Prior to this, Kilkenny was ruled by a number of rich merchant families. These families constructed many of the stone houses of Kilkenny, such as Rothe House on High Street. It was the work of these families in 1609 that


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secured the elevation of Kilkenny to city status by James I (Farrelly et al. 1993, 2), although this was revoked in 1650 with the Cromwellian invasions. After its capture by Cromwell the importance of Kilkenny began to decline, although it was granted university status in 1690. The rise of Dublin and Waterford meant that Kilkenny would never again be the administra-tive centre it had been in the past. By the 18th century it had become a quiet country town, despite the development of some new industries.

In 1843 the boroughs of Irishtown and Hightown were joined to form a single city with one corporation and although much had changed, the basic layout of the city remained con-stant to the early street pattern set out by the Normans, as can be seen by the first edition ordnance survey map and 1872 5ft map (figure 6).

The HSE building currently fronting onto Patrick Street is a modern building dating to around the 1960’s/70’s. Both the northern and eastern perimeter walls of the property are protected structures and potentially date from before 1758, as there are walls in these loca-tions represented on Roque’s map (O’ Donoghue and McQueen 2006, 6-7).

9 Excavation Results

Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total (figures 7-9, plates 10-12) two walls and a well were also excavated. Full contextual details are listed in the context register Appendix 1 and the stratigraphic matrix Appendix 2. The catalogue of all artefacts found is in the finds register Appendix 3 and specialist report on the pottery is in Appendix 4. The results of analysis of environmental material are presented in the animal bone report Appendix 5 and the plant remains report Appendix 6. Catalogues of clay pipes are in Appendix 7, metal artefacts are in Appendix 8, stone artefacts in Appendix 9 and glass artefacts in Appendix 10.

Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. There-fore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. Howev-er, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in use in the medieval period.

Prior to commencement of excavation works, the archaeologist monitored the removal of the garden soil horizon C.2 by machine to a depth of 0.3 m at the west end of the site and to a depth of 0.7m at the eastern end of the site. Sherds of medieval and post-medieval pottery were recovered from the garden soil. A section of the site, measuring c. 7 m NS by 8 m EW was left unexcavated (figure 7). This will be landscaped and will not be subject to intrusive groundworks.

When the garden soil C.2 was removed from the east end of the site a large dark spread of material was observed along the centre of the area. Four sondages were excavated through


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the material to determine the nature and extent of it (figure 7). It was initially interpreted as a ditch, orienated east-west which had been cut and recut. However, in the fourth sondage a layer of dark material, 0.2 m in depth, was recorded. The layer located between Sondage 4 and Sondage 1 was removed, revealing two large pits in the process. Therefore it was decided that the best way of proceeding would be to remove this dark spread of material which was effectively masking the pits underneath.

The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded (plates 10-12).

9.1 Medieval

A total of 21 pits (C.32, C.33, C.40, C.41, C.43, C.53, C.56, C.74, C.75, C.79, C.80, C.81, C.83, C.84, C.85, C.91, C.93, C.97, C.98, C.99 and C.100) were excavated (plates 2-4 and 6). They were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth (figures 11-16). The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. The pits were located in very close proximity to one another particularly at the eastern end of the site. Pit C.98 was the largest pit on site. It measured 6.6 m by 3.2 m by 0.95 m. The base sloped to the east. It cut pits C.81, C.99 and C.100. It is possible that the pit represents the remains of at least three intercut pits.

Four of the pits (C.32, C.33, C.93 and C.97) were located at the western end of the site (figure 8). They were truncated by a stone-lined pit C.4, wall C.27 and a modern sewer C.10. They extended beyond the area of the excavation to the north and east and measured on aver-age 1.4 m.

Fifteen pits (C.40, C.43, C.53, C.74, C.75, C.79, C.81, C.83, C.84, C.91, C.93, C.97, C.98, C.99 and C.100) containing inclusions of medieval pottery were excavated. A further six pits (C.32, C.33, C.41, C.56, C.80 and C.85) that did not contain any pottery are prob-ably medieval in date. Less than five sherds of pottery were recorded in the fills of nine of the pits (C.43, 74, C.84, C.91, C.93, C.97, C.98, C.99 and C.100). Between seven and eleven sherds of pottery were recovered from the fills of four of the pits (C.72, C.74, C.75, C.79 and C.81). 29 and 26 sherds of pottery were recovered from the fills of pits C.40 and C.53 respec-tively. Layer C.63, located at the eastern end of the site was cut by two pits C.68 and C.76. Three sherds of Kilkenny-type pottery were recovered from the layer. The medieval pottery recovered was a mix of Leinster cooking ware, Kilkenny-type coarse ware and Kilkenny-type. 73% of the medieval pottery recovered was Kilkenny-type, which dates to the 13th/14th cen-turies. The forms of Kilkenny-type pottery recovered are table vessels, mainly jugs.


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Plant remains were recorded in the fills of 12 of the pits (C.32, C.33, C.40, C.43, C.53, C.56, C.72, C.74, C.75, C.79, C.81 and C.93). The proportion of cereal grains differed from sample to sample but wheat and oats were the most common cereal types from all samples. Pit C.53 measured 2.5 m by 1.3 m by 0.55 m in depth (plate 5). It was not truncated by any of the other pits. It contained a large quantity of oat and wheat grains and a much smaller proportion of indeterminate grains than any of the other pits. The largest samples of bones came from pits C.40 and C.53 with lesser quantities of material occurring in eight other pits (C.32, C.33, C.43, C.74/75, C.79, C.81, C.84 and C.93).

9.2 Post-medieval

The majority of the features dated to the post-medieval period were located at the western end of the site (figure 8, plate 7). A large well and its associated cut were located to the south of a large stone-lined pit C.4. A wall, C.27, was build on top of the western wall of the pit C.4. Only the basal course of the wall had survived in situ. It was aligned north-south and measured 0.5 m in width.

The pit C.4 (plate 8) extended beyond the area of the excavation to the north. It measured 1.1m m NS by 2 m EW and was 0.8 m deep. Nine fills were recorded within the pit. With the exception of the basal two fills, C.19 and C.36, the fills were silty clays and included stone, pebbles, fragments of mortar, roof slates, ten sherds of post-medieval pottery, clay pipe stems and bottle glass. One of the basal fills C.19 was very rich in archaeobotanical and faunal remains. The evidence would indicate that it may have been used as a cess pit. The sample was rich in the remains of un-charred seeds, particularly blackberry, raspberry and figs. The presence of figs suggests a wealthy household’s diet. Bones from small domestic fowl, juvenile and adult, hake and dogfish were identified.

The well C.24 was constructed within a large aperture C.22 (figures 17 and 18, plate 9). The large aperture measured c. 3.3 m by 2.6 m. The well was constructed within the aperture and the remainder of the cut was backfilled (C.11, C.12, C.16 and C.20). Occasional sherds of pottery and clay pipe fragments were retrieved from fills C.12 and C.16. The well was stone lined and measured 1 m in diameter. It was only partially excavated for safety reasons. The fills (C.7, C.8 and C.23) included sherds of post-medieval pottery. No water was recorded in well during excavation works.

Four pits (C.66, C.68, C.72 and C.76) were dated to the post-medieval period. All were located on the northern side of the area of the excavation (figures 9 and 13). Three of the pits (C.66, C.68 and C.72) measured on average 2.7 m in diameter by 0.7 m in depth. Pit C.66 included 7 sherds of post-medieval pottery and 5 clay pipes fragments, pit C.68 included 1 sherd of medieval pottery, 11 sherds of post-medieval pottery and 58 clay pipes fragments and pit C.72 included 2 sherds of medieval pottery, 7 sherds of post-medieval pottery and 18 clay pipe fragments. No finds were recovered from pit C.76.


12



9.3 Modern

A sewer C.10, pit C.13 and the edge of the basement C.37 date to the recent past. The features were all located at the western end of the site (plate 10). The sewer was aligned east-west.

PotteryPottery from the site was examined by Sara Camplese (Appendix 4). A total of 183 sherds were counted from the site (after re-fitting) and almost 72% of these were medieval wares, with types dating from the late twelfth to the fourteenth centuries.

Kilkenny-type pottery made up 73% of the medieval pottery, it dates to the 13th/14th centuries. The forms of Kilkenny-type pottery recovered were table vessels, mainly jugs. The remaining 51 sherds were post-medieval and date from 17th to late 19th Century.

The medieval assemblage was predominantly local Kilkenny Type wares, but Leinster Cooking Ware and Bristol Redcliffe ware was also found. Imported ceramics included wares from England (Bristol Redcliffe ware, Tin glazed earthenware, North Devon wares, Sgraf-fito, Creamware, Pearlware, Glazed and Unglazed red earthenware, Transfer printed ware and Stoneware) Germany (Anglo-german slipware, German slipware) and Holland (Dutch glazed earthenware).

Animal BoneThe animal bone assemblage from this site was examined by Margaret McCarthy (Appendix 5). 901 bones were recovered and these derived mostly from pits. The faunal assemblage is typical of medieval urban samples the surface condition of the bone indicating that the bone was discarded into the pits shortly after use. The proportion of fragments showing evidence of butchery was high. Cattle and sheep dominated the samples with pigs being present in lower frequencies. As is the case with most urban settlements of the period, horses are poorly represented and there was no evidence to suggest that these animals were eaten. The range of animal types found is quite narrow for an urban site but it is noteworthy that domestic fowl dominate the post-medieval samples. The one feature that stands out is the absence of other potential food animals such as wild game and fowl, food resources that would have been plentiful in the local environment.

Plant RemainsThe plant remains assemblage from this site was examined by Penny Johnston (Appendix 6). A plant remains assemblage from medieval and post-medieval deposits produced large quan-tities of wheat and oat grains. Only small amounts of barley and rye were found. Of note in the samples was the presence of several legumes. Although preservation was poor several peas were identified. These probably only became an important cultivar in Ireland after the Anglo-Norman invasion. The widespread retrieval of legumes may be indicative of intensive arable


13



management. The low density of the plant remains in all samples, except pit C.40, suggests that these are carbonised plant remains included in discarded waste scattered across the site. The rich sample from pit C.40 may have been taken from close to a source of burnt grains such as a hearth or kiln. The proportions of cereal grains retrieved, while markedly differ-ent from those found at the adjacent site of 12 Patrick St. (Stratham’s Garage site), had good parallels in some other plant remains assemblages from medieval and post-medieval deposits from Kilkenny city.

10 Discussion

The area of Patrick Street, Kilkenny, was originally occupied in the late 12th century by the Anglo-Normans. The archaeological evidence from this excavation and from the adjoining site to the south (12 Patrick St., Stratham’s Garage site 99E0757) supports this as no earlier material was recorded during the course of the excavation.

The majority of the cut features at the site were pits, 26 in total. The function of the pits seems to be domestic. None of the pit fills were burnt in situ or contained a large amount of charcoal. A total of 21 of the pits were dated to the medieval period on the basis of the arte-factual evidence. The inclusion of pottery sherds and animal bone in the pits would indicate that the final use of most of the pits at the site was as a refuse dump.

Four separate medieval burgage plots were identified at the adjoining site to the south (figure 10). The plots were identified on the basis of combining the spatial pattern of the medieval archaeology with existing boundaries. Over 80 pits were recorded with inclusions of pottery and animal bone. This suggests that the final use of most of the pits was as a refuse dump. Almost 90% of the pottery was medieval wares with types dating from the late twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. Cattle and sheep bone dominated the animal bone as-semblage. A relatively large sample of butchered horse bones was recovered from some of the medieval pits. Fowl included domestic fowl, goose and duck. Marine species included cod, haddock and ling.

Plot No. Medieval pits Post-medieval pits

Ditches and linear features

Pits of unknown date

1 3 2 22 14 9 3 63 23 20 3 184 9

Table 1: Distribution of features at 12 Patrick Street (Strathams’s Garage Site 99E0757)

Plot No. Medieval pits Post-medieval pits Ditches and linear features

Pits of unknown date

1 21 5Table 2: Distribution of features at 11 Patrick Street


14



A group of 11 pits dating to the medieval period were excavated at 26 Patrick St (Kiely 2000). Medieval pottery and animal bone was recovered from the pits. All the plant remains were preserved by charring and included cereals, cereal weeds, peas and beans.

The plant remains at 11 Patrick St. were predominantly cereals with wheat and oat as the most common types found. Wheat was the most common type, at 50% of the entire identifiable cereal assemblage, while oats were present in almost the same proportion (47%). Barley was found only in very small amounts (only 3% of the entire cereal assemblage) and only one grain of rye was retrieved from the site. These proportions differ from those retrieved from similar feature types in the adjoining properties (12 Patrick St. (Stratham’s Garage site), where 39% of the entire identifiable cereal assemblage was made up of wheat, 32% of oat, 24% of barley and 5% of rye (Dillon 2006). Most notably they differ in the proportions of barley and rye that were present. However, the general trend from both sites indicates that wheat and oat were the most common cereal types.

Site Wheat Barley Oat Rye Legumes11 Patrick St 50% 3% 47% Present12 Patrick St 39% 24% 32% 5% Present26 Patrick St 77% 11% 8% 4% Present

Table 3: Percentage composition of identifiable cereal assemblage from three sites on Patrick St. Kilkenny

The quantity of re-deposited subsoil on site suggests that the pits were excavated and the excavated soil placed along side. The subsoil masks some of the earlier pits e.g. layer C.88 masked the fills of pits C.66, C.84 and C.79. Some of the pits, e.g. C.79 and C.40 included a lens of re-deposited subsoil near the base of the pit. This suggests that a small layer of subsoil was placed over the initial contents of the pit, maybe to seal it. The contents of the pit may have been noxious or may have been sealed to prevent it being blown out of the pit. There is very little space between many of the pits at the eastern end of the site. It is not likely that many of the pits were open at the same time as access between them would have been difficult.

The function of the very large pit, C.98, at the eastern end of site, is uncertain. It is likely that this very large pit represents a number of intercut pits with very similar fills.

The well at the western end of the site was similar to a well excavated at the rear of 4, Rose Inn Street, Kilkenny (licence 01E0466), c. 200 m to the north of the site. It is difficult to date stone-lined wells. The well was back-filled with 19th and 20th pottery, brick and glass. The cut of the well aperture disturbed medieval and post-medieval layers and pits.

One stone-lined cess pit was recorded at the western end of the site. Stone-lined pits are commonly used as cess pits (Hurley 1997, 22; Hurley & Scully 1997, 245; Cleary & Hurley 2003, 89). In the case of stone-lined pits excavated in Waterford, 37 pits were excavated and ‘the presence of cess in most pits is noted’ (Hurley & Scully ibid.). As the layer C.19 contain-


15



ing evidence of seeds was immediately above the basal fill of the pit, it is possible that it had been partially cleaned out after use as a cess pit. It subsequently backfilled with mortar and building rubble and was sealed by a layer of cobbles, C.5, near the top.

11 Conclusion

The majority of the cut features at the site were pits, 26 of these were excavated. The arte-factual and/or stratigraphic evidence suggests that they dated to the medieval and/or the post-medieval periods and that they were used as refuse and cess pits. The medieval pits were primarily either rounded or sub-rectangular, with steep sides and flat base. All of the pits con-tained similar fills and inclusions. This could indicate that they originally fulfilled different functions but finally were infilled with the same (refuse) material.

The evidence from the excavation at 11, Patrick Street Kilkenny suggests that the area originally formed part of an Anglo-Norman burgage plot, which was intensively utilised. The burgage plot is the fourth to be excavated on the eastern side of Patrick Street. No evidence of a medieval structure was recorded on site. Any medieval house site may have been de-stroyed during the construction of the buildings that fronted onto Patrick Street or they may have been located further west, under the footpath and/or road surface. The archaeological material recorded at Patrick Street is comparable to that of earlier excavations in this part of Kilkenny city and in particular to the other sites on Patrick Street.


16



12 References

AbbreviationsNIAH National Inventory of Architectural Heritage OSNB Ordnance Survey Name BooksRMP Record of Monuments and Places

Birthistle, D. 1966. ‘Gateways of the walls of Kilkenny’. Old Kilkenny review, 18, 5-9.

Bradley, J. 1985. ‘Planned Anglo-Norman towns in Ireland’. In. H.B. Clarke and A. Simms, eds. History of Urban origins in Non-Roman Europe: Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Germany, Poland and Russia from the ninth to the thirteenth century. Part ii. BAR international series 255 (ii).

Bradley, J. 1990. ‘The early development of the medieval town of Kilkenny’. In. W. Nolan and K. Whelan, eds. Kilkenny. History and society. Geography publications

Bradley, J. 1995. ‘Kilkenny – The Faire City’. In. C. Howard, ed. In Irish Cities. Dublin: Mercier Press, 150-163.

Bradley, J. 2000. ‘Kilkenny’. In. A. Simms, H.B Clarke and R. Gillespie, eds. Irish Historic Towns Atlas, Royal Irish Academy.

Byrne, J. 2004 Byrne’s dictionary of Irish Local History. Cork: Mercier Press.

Cleary, R. & Hurley, M. 2003. Excavations in Cork City 1984-2000. Cork City Council.

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. 2004 Architectural Heritage Protection: Guidelines for Planning Authorities. Dublin: Stationery Office.

Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands. 1999a Framework and Principles for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage. Dublin: Government Publications Office.

Elder, S. D & Richardson, A. 2001. Final Report on Excavations to the rear of No. 33 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, including Area six of the Patrick St./Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane Development block. Eachtra Archaeological Projects unpublished report submitted to the DoEHLG.

Farrelly, J, Loughran, A, and O’Reilly, B. 1993. Urban archaeological survey: County Kilkenny. Dublin: Office of public works.


17



Hurley, M. 1997. Excavations at the North Gate, Cork, 1994. Cork Corporation.

Hurley, M. & Scully, O. 1997. Late Viking Age & Medieval Waterford excavations 1986-1992. Waterford.

Kenealy, C.J. 1948. ‘The Walls of Kilkenny’. Old Kilkenny Review, 11, 32-38.

Kiely, J. 2000. Archaeological assessment report, former Stratham’s garage, Patrick St, Kilkenny. Eachtra Archaeological Projects unpublished report submitted to the DoEHLG.

Kiely, J. 2000. ‘Archaeological excavation at No. 26, Patrick Street, Kilkenny’. In Old Kilkenny review, 52, 116-122.

Kilkenny County Council 2002 County Development Plan 2002. Kilkenny County Council.

Lanigan, K.M. and Tyler, G. (ed) 1987. Kilkenny: Its Architecture and History. Belfast.

Noonan , D and Ryan, M. 2002. Archaeological assessment at 101 Patrick St, Kilkenny. Eachtra Archaeological Projects unpublished report submitted to the DoEHLG.

O’ Donoghue, J. and McQueen, A. 2006. Archaeological Assessment & Test Excavation Report, 11, Patrick Street, Kilkenny. Unpublished Eachtra Archaeological Projects report submitted to the DoEHLG.

Prim, J.G.A. 1849-51. ‘The builder of the walls of Kilkenny’. In Royal society of antiquities in Ireland, 1, 34-37.

Smithwick, P. 1988. ‘St Francis Abbey’. In Old Kilkenny review, 5, 521-525.

Sutton, B. & Johnston, P. 2007. Archaeological Excavation Report, Stratham’s Garage Site, Patrick Street, Kilkenny. Unpublished Eachtra Archaeological Projects Report submitted to the DoEHLG.

Thomas, A. 1998. The Walled Towns of Ireland. Irish Academic Press.

Cartographic SourcesByron, S. c. 1780 A plan of the city of Kilkenny. Dublin.

Dalton & O’Donnell. 2005 Proposed site ground plans.


18



Down’s Survey map c. 1655

Dúchas – the Heritage Service. 1997 Record of Monuments and Places Map of County Kilkenny (Reduced OS six-inch 2nd edition). Dublin.

Ordnance Survey. 1841 First edition six-inch map. Dublin.

Ordnance Survey. 1872 Five-foot plan of Kilkenny. Dublin.

Ordnance Survey. 1983 Urban Place map of Kilkenny. Dublin. (Urban Archaeological Survey map).

Ordnance Survey. 1995 Discovery series first edition 1:50,000.

Ordnance Survey. 2005 Urban Place map of Kilkenny. Dublin. (Urban Archaeological Survey map).

Online sourcesDoEH&LG (2002) Excavations.ie – database of Irish excavation reports. Wordwell. www.

excavations.ie Accessed 28/02/06.

Kilkenny Borough Council. 2005 Kilkenny City Centre Local Area Plan. Kilkenny

www.kilkennycoco.ie Accessed 07/04/06.

NIAH (2005) National Inventory of Architectural Heritage of County Kilkenny. www.builldingsofireland.ie Accessed 07/04/06.



http://www.kilkennycoco.ie

http://www.builldingsofireland.ie

http://www.builldingsofireland.ie


19



Figu

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20



Figure 2: Record of Monuments and Places map sheet 19 for County Kilkenny.


21



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22



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24



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25



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C.92

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0N,0W

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26



Figure 8: Post-excavation plan of the west end of the site.

G

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27



Figure 9: Post-excavation plan of the east end of the site.

N

05 m

5 m

223

226

228

221

235

234

212

239

241

380

382

395

378

372

404

397

407

413

376

394

374

392

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360

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28



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29



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30



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31



Figu

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32



Figu

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33



Figure 15: Section of pit C.53.

C.6

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34



Figu

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6: S

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C.6

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35



Figu

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050

cm10

cm

C.2

4


36



Figu

re 1

8: S

ecti

on o

f the

wel

l C.2

4 an

d th

e cu

t C.2

2.


37



14 Plates

Plate 2: View of pits C.74 and C.75 at mid-excavation from east.

Plate 1: View of area of excavation from west.


38



Plate 4: View of pits C.32 and C.33 from south.

Plate 3: View of pits C.40, C.74 and C.75 from east.


39



Plate 6: View of pit C.91 from east.

Plate 5: View of pit C.53 from west.


40



Plate 8: View of cess pit C.4 from north-west.

Plate 7: View of western section of the site from south-east.


41



Plate 10: View of eastern section of the site from west.

Plate 9: View of well C.24 from west.


42



Plate 12: Aerial view of eastern section of the site from south.

Plate 11: Aerial view of central section of the site from south.


43



Appe

ndix

1: C

onte

xt re

gist

erC

onte

xt

Num

ber

Are

a N

umbe

rO

rien

-ta

tion

Len

gth

(met

res)

Wid

th

(met

res)

Dep

th

(met

res)

Con

text

T

ype

Con

text

Des

crip

tion

Tru

n-ca

tes

Tru

n-ca

ted

By

Sam

ples

Dra

win

g N

umbe

r1

1 &

2E-

WSi

teSi

te0.

2Ta

r &

conc

rete

Laye

r of t

ar &

con

cret

e ov

er th

e en

tire

site

21

& 2

E-W

Site

Site

0.5

Gar

den

soil

Dar

k br

own

firm

cla

y sil

t with

mod

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g su

b-an

gula

r med

ium

peb

bles

, sm

all &

med

ium

ston

es. M

oder

ate

anim

al

bone

. 3

1E-

W5

1.2

0.15

Laye

r w

ithin

C.4

Dar

k br

own

stiff

silty

cla

y w

ith su

b-an

-gu

lar f

requ

ently

occ

urrin

g co

arse

peb

bles

, m

oder

ate

med

ium

& o

ccas

iona

l lar

ge

stone

s. M

oder

ate

med

ium

lum

ps o

f bur

nt

clay

, mod

erat

e sm

all p

iece

s of c

harc

oal &

m

orta

r. U

nder

C.2

, ove

r C.5

.

1

41

S-N

&

E-W

2.05

E-

W1.

13

N-S

0.8

Ston

e lin

ed

pit

Thr

ee si

des o

f a st

one-

lined

pit,

the

N si

de

exte

nds b

eyon

d th

e ar

ea o

f the

exc

ava-

tion

to th

e N

. The

wal

ls ar

e co

mpo

sed

of

smal

l, m

ediu

m &

larg

e su

b-ro

unde

d lim

e &

sand

stone

s bon

ded

with

sand

& li

me

mor

tar.

The

S w

all w

as 0

.24m

wid

e an

d th

e E

wal

l was

0.5

m w

ide.

The

W si

de is

ov

erla

in b

y w

all C

.27

whi

ch e

xten

ds to

the

S. A

foun

datio

n tr

ench

C.3

5 an

d pa

ckin

g fil

l C.3

4 w

ere

not e

xcav

ated

. 9 fi

lls w

ere

reco

rded

in th

e pi

t.

48

51

E-W

1.15

0.9

0.15

Cob

bles

w

ithin

C.4

Dar

k gr

ey b

row

n fir

m si

lt cl

ay w

ith

roun

ded

mod

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g co

arse

peb

-bl

es &

freq

uent

smal

l sto

nes.

Und

er C

.3,

over

C.1

4 &

15.

5


44



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

61

NW

-SE

40.

580.

1Fi

ll of

se

wer

C.1

0M

ottle

d m

ixed

fill,

mid

gre

yish

bro

wn

&

mid

ora

nge

yello

w fi

rm si

lty c

lay

with

red-

bric

k, b

one

& o

yste

r she

ll, p

last

ic. U

nder

C

.2, o

ver c

oncr

ete

casin

g ar

ound

the

sew

er

pipe

whi

ch w

as re

mov

ed b

y m

achi

ne.

Bone

&

shel

l #

2

1

71

NW

-SE

10.

920.

28Fi

ll of

wel

l C

.24

Mid

bro

wni

sh g

rey

soft

silt s

and

with

oc-

casio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar fi

ne p

ebbl

es &

smal

l sto

nes.

Und

er C

.2, o

ver C

.8.

2

81

E-W

1.06

0.97

0.65

Fill

of w

ell

C.2

4Ve

ry d

ark

brow

n so

ft cl

ay si

lt w

ith m

od-

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g su

b-an

gula

r fin

e pe

bble

s &

smal

l sto

nes.

Mod

erat

e sm

all p

iece

s of

anth

raci

te. U

nder

C.7,

ove

r C.2

3.

2

91

N-S

53

0.2

Laye

rD

ark

brow

n gr

ey fi

rm si

lty c

lay

with

sub-

angu

lar f

requ

ent c

oars

e pe

bble

s, m

oder

-at

e sm

all &

med

ium

& o

ccas

iona

l lar

ge

stone

s. O

ccas

iona

l lar

ge p

iece

s of c

harc

oal,

& o

ccas

iona

l sm

all p

iece

s of b

one

& sh

ell.

Ove

r wal

l C.2

7 an

d la

yers

C.2

6 &

16.

10

101

NW

-SE

40.

50.

7C

ut o

f m

oder

n se

wer

Mac

hine

dug

sew

er w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p &

bas

e, v

ertic

al &

smoo

th si

des

& a

flat

bas

e. F

illed

with

C.6

, con

cret

e &

th

e se

wer

pip

e.

9, 1

6,

25,

27,

93,

32,

44

Bone

&

shel

l #

2

7, 1

3

111

E-W

1.5

1.2

0.15

Fill

of C

.22

Mid

gre

yish

bro

wn

com

pact

sand

y sil

t w

ith su

b-an

gula

r mod

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es &

smal

l sto

nes &

occ

a-sio

nal m

ediu

m st

ones

. Mod

erat

e m

ediu

m

piec

es o

f red

bric

k. U

nder

C.2

, ove

r C.1

2.


45



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

121

E-W

1.4

1.25

0.31

Fill

of C

.22

Mid

gre

yish

whi

te lo

ose

silty

sand

with

m

oder

atel

y oc

curr

ing

fine,

med

ium

&

coar

se p

ebbl

es. O

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f cha

r-co

al. U

nder

C.1

1 &

ove

r C.1

3.

3

131

NW

-SE

0.65

0.48

0.28

Cut

of p

itSu

b re

ctan

gula

r sha

ped

cut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p at

NE

& S

W, g

radu

al

at N

W &

SE.

Sid

es v

ertic

al &

irre

gula

r at

NE,

stee

p &

smoo

th a

t NW

, ver

tical

&

smoo

th a

t SW

& S

E. S

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

. Bas

e is

irreg

ular

in p

lan

& p

rofil

e.

Fille

d w

ith C

.12,

cut

into

C.2

0.

4

141

E-W

0.9

0.8

0.09

Laye

r w

ithin

C.4

Ligh

t gre

yish

bro

wn

firm

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

occa

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

fine

peb

bles

. Fre

-qu

ent s

mal

l pie

ces o

f mor

tar.

Und

er C

.5,

over

C.1

7 &

18.

Sam

e as

C.15

.

6

151

E-W

0.8

0.6

0.09

Laye

r w

ithin

C.4

Mot

tled

dark

gre

y br

own

firm

silty

cla

y w

ith fr

eque

ntly

occ

urrin

g fin

e su

b-an

gula

r &

sub-

roun

ded

fine

pebb

les &

occ

asio

nal

med

ium

sub-

angu

lar p

ebbl

es. M

oder

ate

smal

l pie

ces o

f mor

tar.

Und

er C

.5, o

ver

C.1

8 &

19.

C.15

is th

e sa

me

as C

.14.

6

161

N-S

84

0.7

laye

rD

ark

brow

n st

iff c

lay

silt w

ith m

oder

-at

ely

occu

rrin

g su

b-an

gula

r med

ium

&

coar

se p

ebbl

es &

smal

l sto

nes.

Occ

asio

nal

med

ium

pie

ces o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

C.2

, C

.9, &

C.2

0, in

cut

C.2

2. T

his i

s a la

yer

whi

ch a

ccum

ulat

ed o

ver A

rea

. The

cut

of

the

wel

l cav

ity C

.22

dist

urbe

d m

edie

val

& la

ter f

eatu

res,

num

erou

s lay

ers,

laye

rs &

fil

ls m

ixed

toge

ther

& b

ackf

illed

the

wel

l cu

t C.2

2 &

raise

d th

e gr

ound

leve

l of t

he

entir

e ar

ea.

10N

o


46



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

171

N-S

0.8

0.6

0.06

Laye

r w

ithin

C.4

Mid

ora

ngish

bro

wn

stiff

silt

clay

with

oc

casio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar fi

ne p

ebbl

es &

fr

eque

nt c

oars

e su

b-an

gula

r peb

bles

. Oc-

casio

nal f

leck

s of m

orta

r. U

nder

C.1

4/15

, ov

er C

.18.

8

181

E-W

1.5

0.08

0.3

Laye

r w

ithin

C.4

Mor

tar,

light

gre

y w

hite

loos

e pe

bbly

lim

e w

ith fr

eque

nt su

b-an

gula

r & su

b-ro

unde

d m

ediu

m &

sub-

roun

ded

coar

se p

ebbl

es

& m

oder

ate

sub-

roun

ded

smal

l sto

nes.

Und

er C

.14/

15 &

C.1

7, o

ver C

.19.

8

191

E-W

1.5

0.08

0.12

Laye

r w

ithin

C.4

Mid

red

brow

n so

ft pe

at si

lt w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sub

-rou

nded

fine

peb

bles

&

med

ium

ston

es. F

requ

ent s

mal

l she

lls &

fr

eque

nt sm

all p

iece

s of a

nim

al b

one.

U

nder

C.1

8, o

ver C

.36.

Bone

#

8, S

oil

# 6

11

201

N-S

1.24

1.16

0.28

Fill

of C

.22

Mid

yel

low

red

hard

cla

y w

ith su

b-an

gula

r m

oder

ate

med

ium

& c

oars

e pe

bble

s &

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

s. O

ccas

iona

l fle

cks

of m

orta

r. U

nder

C.1

3, o

ver C

.16.

13So

il #

49

211

N-S

1.8

1.4

0.1

laye

rVe

ry m

ottle

d lig

ht to

mid

redd

ish b

row

n,

whi

te &

bla

ck sq

uash

ed b

rick

& m

orta

r w

ith fr

eque

nt fi

ne su

b-an

gula

r peb

bles

. U

nder

C.2

, ove

r the

top

of w

alls

C.2

7 &

C

.4 &

ove

r lay

er C

.28.

1011

221

N-S

>3.3

>2.6

>0.7

Cut

of w

ell

Irre

gula

r sha

ped

cut w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s at

the

NE

& N

W. B

reak

of s

lope

top

shar

p at

NE

& N

. Sid

es m

oder

ate

&

conc

ave

at N

E, m

oder

ate

& c

onca

ve a

t N.

Base

not

unc

over

ed. F

illed

with

C.1

6, 2

4,

20, 1

2, 1

1, 7

, 8, &

23.

25,

4437

10, 2

4


47



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

231

E-W

1.06

0.97

>0.2

Fill

of w

ell

C.2

4M

ixed

mid

-bro

wn

pink

& d

ark

grey

br

own

firm

to so

ft cl

ay si

lt. O

ccas

iona

lly

occu

rrin

g su

b-an

gula

r coa

rse

pebb

les,

smal

l & m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es. U

nder

C.8

, C

.23

not f

ully

exc

avat

ed.

241

E-W

2.4

2>0

.95

Ston

e w

ell

Inte

rior:

Dre

ssed

lim

esto

ne a

ngul

ar o

c-ca

siona

l sm

all &

larg

e sto

nes &

freq

uent

m

ediu

m st

ones

set i

n a

cylin

dric

al sh

ape.

Pa

cked

in p

lace

by

rubb

le o

n th

e ex

terio

r. Ex

terio

r: R

ubbl

e sto

ne, m

oder

atel

y oc

cur-

ring

angu

lar s

mal

l sto

nes &

freq

uent

ly

occu

rrin

g m

ediu

m st

ones

with

no

bond

-in

g pa

cked

aro

und

the

inte

rior o

f the

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n. P

acke

d in

pla

ce b

y C

.16.

T

he w

ell d

id n

ot e

xten

d ab

ove

grou

nd,

the

wel

l ope

ning

was

at g

roun

d le

vel.

The

w

ell w

as fi

lled

with

C.7,

C.8

& C

.23.

The

in

terio

r was

not

fully

exc

avat

ed &

the

base

of

the

wel

l was

not

reve

aled

.

7, 1

0, 1

2,

24

251

N-S

1.5

0.7

0.33

Wal

lO

ne c

ours

e of

a st

one

wal

l tru

ncat

ed b

y C

.10,

the

wal

l con

tinue

s N o

f C.1

0 as

C

.27.

The

wal

l is o

f ran

dom

rubb

le c

on-

stru

ctio

n, c

ompo

sed

of su

b-an

gula

r oc-

casio

nal s

mal

l & la

rge

stone

s & fr

eque

nt

med

ium

ston

es. B

onde

d w

ith sa

nd &

lim

e m

orta

r. O

ne c

ours

e of

the

wal

l rem

ains

&

ther

e w

as n

o fo

unda

tion

cut f

or th

e w

all.

Und

er C

.2, o

ver C

.92.

107

261

E-W

2.7

2.5

0.6

laye

rM

id b

row

n ye

llow

firm

silty

cla

y w

ith

mod

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g pa

tche

s of m

orta

r. U

nder

C.9

, ove

r C.2

9.

3511


48



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

271

N-S

2.18

0.7

0.3

Wal

lO

ne c

ours

e of

a st

one

wal

l tru

ncat

ed b

y C

.10,

the

wal

l con

tinue

s S o

f C.1

0 as

C

.25.

The

wal

l is o

f ran

dom

rubb

le c

on-

stru

ctio

n, c

ompo

sed

of su

b-an

gula

r oc-

casio

nal s

mal

l & la

rge

stone

s & fr

eque

nt

med

ium

ston

es. B

onde

d w

ith sa

nd &

lim

e m

orta

r. O

ne c

ours

e of

the

wal

l rem

ains

&

ther

e w

as n

o fo

unda

tion

cut f

or th

e w

all.

Und

er C

.21,

cov

ers C

.4, i

s ove

r C.3

4 &

C

.92.

1011

281

N-S

20.

4N

ot e

x-ca

vate

dLa

yer

Mid

red

brow

n fir

m c

lay

silt w

ith m

oder

-at

e re

d br

ick

& m

orta

r. T

his w

as u

nder

C

.21,

is im

med

iate

ly w

est o

f C.2

7 &

C.4

. N

ot e

xcav

ated

. Thi

s is t

he sa

me

as C

.92

pit f

ill, i

nto

whi

ch C

.4 w

as e

xcav

ated

.

35

291

N-S

2.5

1.45

0.05

Laye

rLi

ght g

rey

whi

te c

ompa

ct sa

nd &

lim

e m

orta

r. Su

b-an

gula

r mod

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g fin

e pe

bble

s & o

ccas

iona

l coa

rse

pebb

les.

Und

er C

.26,

ove

r C.1

6 &

C.3

0.

3511

301

N-S

2.48

0.71

>0.8

5Fi

ll of

pits

C

.32

& 3

3D

ark

grey

bro

wn

soft

clay

silt

with

mod

er-

ate

sub-

angu

lar c

oars

e pe

bble

s. O

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l & m

oder

ate

med

ium

pi

eces

of a

nim

al b

one.

Und

er C

.29,

this

is th

e fil

l of p

it C

.33

& is

the

uppe

r fill

of p

it C

.32

over

C.3

1.

Bone

#

9, S

oil

# 7

11

311

N-S

1.2

0.7

0.9

Fill

of p

it C

.32

Mid

gre

y br

own

soft

sand

y sil

t with

oc-

casio

nal s

ub-r

ound

ed c

oars

e pe

bble

s &

fleck

s of c

harc

oal.

Und

er C

.30

in c

ut

C.3

2.

Bone

#

10


49



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

321

N-S

>1.2

>0.7

0.9

Cut

of p

itE

end

exte

nds i

nto

the

E ba

ulk

of A

rea

1 &

S e

nd is

trun

cate

d by

C.1

0. S

ub-c

ircu-

lar i

n pl

an w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s at N

W

& S

W, s

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p &

bas

e.

Side

s ste

ep &

smoo

th a

t N &

W. B

ase

is su

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n &

con

cave

in p

rofil

e.

C.3

2 is

a re

cut o

f pit

C.9

7. T

he re

latio

n-sh

ip b

etw

een

C.3

2 &

33

is un

cert

ain

but

it se

ems l

ikel

y th

at C

.32

is tr

unca

ted

by

C.3

3. F

illed

with

C.3

0 &

C.3

1.

9633

Bone

#

9 &

10,

So

il #

7

13

331

N-S

>1.1

4>0

.75

>0.8

5C

ut o

f pit

The

pit

was

not

fully

exc

avat

ed a

s it

exte

nded

bey

ond

the

area

of t

he e

xcav

a-tio

n to

the

N a

nd E

. Sub

-circ

ular

in p

lan

with

roun

ded

corn

ers a

t NW

& S

W, s

harp

br

eak

of sl

ope

top.

Sid

es st

eep

& u

nder

cut

at W

& S

W, s

teep

& sm

ooth

at S

. Bas

e w

as n

ot re

veal

ed a

s exc

avat

ion

was

too

dang

erou

s bec

ause

of p

roxi

mity

of p

it C

.4 a

nd si

te b

ound

ary

wal

l. Tr

unca

ted

by

wal

l fou

ndat

ion

cut C

.35,

C.3

3 m

ay c

ut

C.3

2 to

the

S. F

illed

with

C.3

0 &

cut

into

su

bsoi

l.

3235

Bone

#

9, S

oil

# 7

13

341

S-N

&

E-W

2.07

E-

W,

1.15

N

-S

0.31

N

-S,

0.8

E-W

Un-

know

nFi

ll of

fo

unda

tion

cut C

.35

Dar

k br

own

clay

pac

ked

arou

nd p

it C

.4 in

fo

unda

tion

cut C

.35.

Not

exc

avat

ed.

351

S-N

&

E-W

2.07

E-

W,

1.15

N

-S

0.31

N

-S,

0.8

E-W

Un-

know

nFo

unda

tion

cut f

or p

it C

.4

Not

exc

avat

ed.

97, 3

3


50



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

361

E-W

1.5

0.8

0.08

Laye

r w

ithin

C.4

Ligh

t red

dish

gre

y co

mpa

ct st

ony

sand

w

ith fr

eque

nt su

b-an

gula

r fin

e &

coa

rse

pebb

les &

occ

asio

nal m

ediu

m st

ones

. Thi

s is

the

base

laye

r with

in C

.4. U

nder

C.1

9,

over

subs

oil.

371

N-S

31

Un-

know

nC

ut o

f ba

sem

ent

Rec

tang

ular

cut

with

a sq

uare

cor

ner a

t th

e N

E. T

his c

onte

xt w

as n

ot e

xcav

ated

.22

, 24

&

25

7

381

N-S

31

Un-

know

nFi

ll of

bas

e-m

ent C

.37

Mid

gre

y br

own

firm

cla

y sil

t with

sub-

angu

lar o

ccas

iona

l med

ium

peb

bles

&

stone

s & m

oder

ate

coar

se p

ebbl

es. U

nder

C

.2, i

n cu

t C.3

7. T

his c

onte

xt w

as n

ot

exca

vate

d.

7

392

N-S

1.2

1.2

0.5

Fill

of p

it C

.40

Dar

k br

own

soft

silt c

lay

with

sub-

angu

lar

mod

erat

e fin

e pe

bble

s & o

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

s. O

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

C.2

, ove

r fill

C.4

6.

Bone

#

11, S

oil

# 29

18, 1

9, 3

4

402

N-S

3.18

20.

7C

ut o

f pit

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top

& b

ase,

N, &

E

sides

are

stee

p &

con

cave

, S si

de is

gen

tle

to st

eep

& ir

regu

lar,

W si

de e

xten

ds in

to

the

site

baul

k. B

ase

is co

ncav

e in

pro

file

&

sub-

circ

ular

in p

lan.

Fill

ed w

ith C

.39,

45,

46

& 4

9. T

runc

ates

C.7

4.

74Bo

ne #

11

, Soi

l #

29

35

412

E-W

1.5

0.5

0.35

Cut

of p

itSu

b-re

ctan

gula

r sha

ped

cut w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s at t

he N

& W

, squ

are

at S

& E

. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

& b

ase

shar

p at

N &

S,

gra

dual

at E

& W

. Sid

es m

oder

ate

&

irreg

ular

at N

, ste

ep &

smoo

th a

t S, g

entle

&

con

cave

at E

& W

. Irr

egul

ar sh

ape

in

plan

& p

rofil

e. F

illed

with

C.4

2, c

ut in

to

subs

oil.

35


51



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

422

E-W

1.5

0.5

0.35

Fill

of p

it C

.41

Dar

k gr

ey b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

oc-

casio

nal s

ub-r

ound

ed m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es

& st

ones

. Mod

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g fle

cks o

f ch

arco

al. U

nder

C.2

, thi

s is t

he o

nly

fill o

f pi

t C.4

1.

35

432

E-W

1.04

0.75

0.15

Cut

of p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s, gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p, N

, & E

side

s ar

e st

eep

& ir

regu

lar,

S sid

e is

mod

erat

e &

irre

gula

r, W

side

is g

entle

& ir

regu

lar.

Impe

rcep

tible

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase.

Bas

e is

conc

ave

in p

rofil

e &

irre

gula

r in

plan

. Fi

lled

with

C.5

0, c

ut in

to C

.77.

Bone

#

17, S

oil

# 15

21

441

E-W

21.

5U

n-kn

own

Laye

rM

id b

row

n ye

llow

com

pact

sand

cla

y w

ith

sub-

roun

ded

freq

uent

coa

rse

pebb

les &

sm

all s

tone

s & m

oder

ate

med

ium

ston

es.

Mod

erat

e fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. Tr

unca

ted

by

C.2

2 &

C.1

0, u

nder

C.1

6. N

ot e

xcav

ated

. T

his i

s pos

sibly

a v

ery

roug

h co

bble

d su

rfac

e.

10, 2

27

452

E-W

>10.

70.

2Fi

ll of

pit

C.4

0M

id b

row

n ye

llow

soft

silt c

lay

with

oc-

casio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar fi

ne p

ebbl

es. T

his i

s a

laye

r of r

edep

osite

d su

bsoi

l with

in C

.39.

14

462

N-S

1.08

0.9

0.22

Fill

of p

it C

.40

Exte

nds i

nto

the

W b

aulk

of A

rea

2. D

ark

brow

nish

gre

y so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

a-sio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar fi

ne, m

ediu

m &

coa

rse

pebb

les.

Occ

asio

nal f

leck

s of c

harc

oal.

Und

er fi

ll C

.39,

ove

r fill

C.4

9.

Bone

#

1215

472

N-S

21.

620.

2Fi

ll of

pit

C.7

4Li

ght b

row

n gr

ey fi

rm si

lt cl

ay w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

fine

peb

bles

& sm

all

stone

s. U

nder

fill

C.5

1 in

the

base

of c

ut

C.7

4

7418

, 19,

31

, 32


52



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

482

N-S

2.2

1.23

0.6

Fill

of p

it C

.53

Dar

k gr

eyish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cla

y. Su

b-an

gula

r & su

b-ro

unde

d m

oder

ate

fine

&

med

ium

peb

bles

& o

ccas

iona

l coa

rse

peb-

bles

, occ

asio

nal s

ub-r

ound

ed sm

all s

tone

s. Fr

eque

nt fl

ecks

& m

oder

atel

y oc

curr

ing

smal

l pie

ces o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

C.2

, thi

s is

the

only

fill

of C

.53.

Bone

#

16, S

oil

# 18

16

492

N-S

0.4

>0.3

0.05

Fill

of p

it C

.40

Exte

nds i

nto

the

W b

aulk

of A

rea

2. L

ight

br

own

yello

w fi

rm si

lt cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l su

b-ro

unde

d co

arse

peb

bles

. Und

er C

.46,

in

the

base

of c

ut C

.40.

18, 1

9

502

E-W

1.04

0.75

0.15

Fill

of p

it C

.43

Dar

k gr

ey b

row

n so

ft cl

ay si

lt w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

fine

& c

oars

e pe

bble

s &

mod

erat

e fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

C

.2, t

his i

s the

onl

y fil

l of c

ut C

.43.

Bone

#

17, S

oil

# 15

16

512

E-W

2.15

30.

32Fi

ll of

pit

C.7

4D

ark

grey

ish b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay.

Sub-

roun

ded

mod

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g co

arse

pe

bble

s & sm

all s

tone

s. M

oder

ate

fleck

s of

char

coal

. Und

er C

.2, o

ver C

.47.

7431

522

N-S

1.64

0.88

0.48

Fill

of p

it C

.56

Mid

bro

wn

very

soft

sand

y sil

t with

oc-

casio

nally

occ

urrin

g su

b-an

gula

r med

ium

&

coa

rse

pebb

les.

Occ

asio

nal f

leck

s of

char

coal

. Und

er C

.59,

it is

the

basa

l fill

of

pit C

.56.

72So

il #

1417

532

N-S

2.5

1.3

0.55

Cut

of p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

shar

p at

NE,

SW

&

NW

, gra

dual

at S

E. S

ides

ver

tical

& st

eep

at N

, mod

erat

e &

smoo

th a

t S, s

teep

&

smoo

th a

t E &

stee

p &

step

ped

at W

. Br

eak

of sl

ope

base

gra

dual

. Bas

e su

b-ci

r-cu

lar i

n pl

an &

flat

in p

rofil

e. F

illed

with

C

.48,

cut

into

C.7

7.

Bone

#

16, S

oil

# 18

21


53



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

542

N-S

2.4

0.8

0.21

Fill

of p

it C

.56

Mot

tled

dark

gre

y br

own

& li

ght y

ello

w

brow

n so

ft cl

ay si

lt. M

oder

ate

sub-

angu

lar

coar

se p

ebbl

es. M

oder

ate

fleck

s of c

har-

coal

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y C

.72,

und

er C

.55,

ove

r C

.59.

7222

, 23

552

N-S

1<1

0.24

Fill

of p

it C

.56

Dar

k gr

ey b

row

n so

ft cl

ay si

lt. O

ccas

iona

l su

b-an

gula

r med

ium

peb

bles

& m

oder

ate

sub-

roun

ded

coar

se p

ebbl

es. O

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. Tr

unca

ted

by C

.72,

ov

er C

.54.

7222

, 23

562

N-S

2.25

Trun

-ca

ted

0.55

Cut

of p

itIr

regu

lar s

hape

d cu

t with

a sq

uare

cor

ner

at th

e SW

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe sh

arp

at to

p &

ba

se a

t S &

W. S

ides

stee

p &

smoo

th a

t W

, ver

tical

& c

onca

ve a

t S, N

& E

side

s tr

unca

ted.

Bas

e irr

egul

ar in

pla

n. F

illed

w

ith C

.52,

54,

55

& 5

9.

8072

22, 2

3,

45

572

N-S

2.8

2.7

0.3

Fill

of p

it C

.72

Mot

tled

dark

gre

y br

own

& m

id b

row

n ye

llow

soft

silty

cla

y. M

oder

ate

sub-

roun

ded

coar

se p

ebbl

es. M

oder

ate

fleck

s of

cha

rcoa

l. T

his i

s the

top

fill o

f C.7

2, it

is

unde

r C.2

& o

ver C

.71.

22, 2

3

582

E-W

2.35

10.

63Fi

ll of

pit

C.8

0M

id to

dar

k gr

ey b

row

n so

ft cl

ay si

lt w

ith

sub-

roun

ded

mod

erat

e co

arse

peb

bles

&

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

s. M

oder

ate

fleck

s of

cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

C.2

this

is th

e on

ly fi

ll of

pit

C.8

0.

5622

, 23

592

N-S

0.53

<10.

15Fi

ll of

pit

C.5

6M

ottle

d m

id g

rey

brow

n &

ligh

t yel

low

br

own

soft

clay

sand

. Occ

asio

nal m

ediu

m

sub-

roun

ded

pebb

les.

Und

er C

.54,

ove

r C

.52.

22, 2

3


54



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

602

E-W

4.4

3.2

0.7

Fill

of p

it C

.81

Dar

k gr

ey b

row

n so

ft cl

ay si

lt w

ith m

oder

-at

e su

b-ro

unde

d m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es &

smal

l sto

nes.

Mod

erat

e fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

C

.2, m

argi

nally

ove

r C.6

3.

76Bo

ne #

19

, Soi

l #

20

612

E-W

3.7

2.15

1.05

Fill

of p

its

C.7

4 &

75

Dar

k gr

ey b

row

n so

ft cl

ay si

lt w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sub

-rou

nded

coa

rse

pebb

les &

m

oder

ate

fleck

s of c

harc

oal.

Und

er C

.2,

over

C.6

2, T

his i

s the

onl

y fil

l of p

it C

.75

and

is a

top

fill o

f C.7

4.62

2N

-S1.

5>1

0.1

Laye

rM

id b

row

n ye

llow

firm

sand

y sil

t with

oc

casio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar fi

ne p

ebbl

es &

an

gula

r & su

b-an

gula

r sm

all s

tone

s. O

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. T

his l

ayer

of

rede

posit

ed su

bsoi

l is u

nder

C.6

1, &

is

over

subs

oil.

Thi

s was

slig

htly

ove

r ex

cava

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ctua

l sub

soil

was

un

dern

eath

.

75

632

E-W

>10.

840.

25La

yer

Mid

yel

low

bro

wn

soft

clay

silt

with

oc-

casio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar c

oars

e pe

bble

s &

mod

erat

e su

b-ro

unde

d sm

all s

tone

s. O

c-ca

siona

l fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

C.6

0,

trun

cate

d by

C.6

8 &

C.7

6, it

is a

bove

su

bsoi

l. O

nly

exca

vate

d w

ithin

Son

dage

3.

68, 7

627

642

N-S

1.77

>10.

15Fi

ll of

pit

C.6

8Li

ght y

ello

w fi

rm si

lty c

lay.

Und

er C

.2,

over

fill

C.6

7.76

27

652

E-W

2.6

2.1

0.76

Fill

of p

it C

.66

Dar

k gr

ey b

lack

soft

silt s

and

with

sub-

angu

lar m

oder

ate

fine

pebb

les &

occ

a-sio

nal s

mal

l sto

nes.

Und

er C

.2, t

his i

s the

on

ly fi

ll of

pit

cut C

.66.

Bone

#

3435


55



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

662

N-S

2.8

2.6

0.76

Cut

of p

itSu

b-re

ctan

gula

r sha

ped

pit w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

& b

ase

shar

p at

N, S

& W

, & g

radu

al a

t E. S

ides

stee

p &

smoo

th a

t W &

S, g

entle

to st

eep

&

step

ped

at E

, ver

tical

& sm

ooth

at N

. Bas

e su

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, fl

at in

pro

file.

Fill

ed

with

C.6

5.

77, 8

3 &

84

Bone

#

3445

672

N-S

1.7

>10.

22Fi

ll of

pit

C.6

8D

ark

grey

bro

wn

soft

clay

silt

with

oc-

casio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar fi

ne p

ebbl

es &

smal

l sto

nes &

mod

erat

e fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

n-de

r C.6

4, o

ver f

ill C

.70.

Onl

y ex

cava

ted

with

in S

onda

ge 3

.

76Bo

ne #

23

No

682

N-S

>1.6

>1.4

1.25

Cut

of p

itSu

b-re

ctan

gula

r to

irreg

ular

in p

lan,

sq

uare

cor

ner a

t N. B

reak

of s

lop

top

&

base

shar

p at

S &

SW

. Sid

es v

ertic

al &

irr

egul

ar a

t S &

stee

p &

und

ercu

t at S

W.

Base

con

cave

in p

rofil

e. F

illed

with

C.6

4,

67, 7

0, 7

3. O

nly

exca

vate

d w

ithin

Son

dage

3.

6376

Bone

#

23, 2

4,

25, 2

8,

30, S

oil

# 27

36

692

E-W

>1.5

>10.

2Fi

ll of

pit

C.7

6D

ark

grey

bro

wn

soft

stony

silt

with

su

b-ro

unde

d m

oder

ate

smal

l & fr

eque

nt

med

ium

ston

es. U

nder

C.6

0 th

is is

the

basa

l fill

of C

.76.

Onl

y ex

cava

ted

with

in

Sond

age

3.

30

702

N-S

1.4

>10.

49Fi

ll of

pit

C.6

8M

id o

rang

e ye

llow

soft

silt c

lay

with

occ

a-sio

nal s

ub-r

ound

ed c

oars

e pe

bble

s & su

b-an

gula

r sm

all s

tone

s. O

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f an

thra

cite

. Und

er C

.67,

ove

r C.7

3. O

nly

exca

vate

d w

ithin

Son

dage

3.

76Bo

ne #

24

30


56



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

712

E-W

2.8

2.7

1Fi

ll of

pit

C.7

2D

ark

grey

bro

wn

soft

clay

silt.

Sub

-rou

nd-

ed o

ccas

iona

l fin

e &

med

ium

peb

bles

&

smal

l sto

nes,

mod

erat

e co

arse

peb

bles

. M

oder

ate

smal

l & m

ediu

m p

iece

s of

char

coal

. Und

er C

.57,

this

is th

e ba

sal f

ill

of C

.72.

Bone

#

35, S

oil

# 13

22, 2

3

722

E-W

2.8

2.7

1.09

Cut

of p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar sh

aped

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top

& b

ase.

Si

des g

entle

& c

onca

ve a

t N, s

teep

to

vert

ical

& c

onca

ve a

t S, g

entle

to st

eep

& st

eppe

d at

W &

stee

p &

smoo

th a

t E.

Base

is ir

regu

lar i

n pr

ofile

. Fill

ed w

ith

C.7

1 &

57.

56Bo

ne #

35

, Soi

l #

13

45

732

N-S

1.57

>10.

87Fi

ll of

pit

C.6

8M

id b

row

n so

ft sil

t with

occ

asio

nal a

ngu-

lar m

ediu

m st

ones

& fl

ecks

of c

harc

oal.

Und

er C

.70,

this

is th

e ba

sal f

ill o

f C.6

8.

Onl

y ex

cava

ted

with

in S

onda

ge 3

.

76Bo

ne #

25

, 28,

30

, Soi

l #

2774

2N

-S2.

061.

80.

42C

ut o

f pit

Irre

gula

r sha

ped

cut w

ith ro

unde

d co

r-ne

rs. B

reak

of s

lope

top

shar

p at

N, S

&

W, g

radu

al a

t E. S

ides

gen

tle &

con

cave

at

N, s

teep

& c

onca

ve a

t W, s

teep

& sm

ooth

at

S &

mod

erat

e &

smoo

th a

t E. B

reak

of

slop

e ba

se g

radu

al a

t N &

Wm

shar

p at

S &

E. B

ase

is su

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n &

co

ncav

e in

pro

file.

Fill

ed w

ith C

.47,

51

&

61. R

elat

ions

hip

betw

een

C.7

4 &

75

is no

t ce

rtai

n, o

ne m

ay tr

unca

te th

e ot

her,

C.6

1 is

the

uppe

r fill

of C

.74

& is

the

com

plet

e fil

l of C

.75.

C.7

4 ia

trun

cate

d by

pit

C.4

0.

40,

may

-be

75

May

be

7535


57



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

752

N-S

2.12

1.88

1.05

Cut

of p

itSu

b-re

ctan

gula

r sha

ped

pit w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of sl

ope

shar

p at

top

&

base

. Sid

es v

ertic

al &

con

cave

. Bas

e su

b-re

ctan

gula

r in

plan

, fla

t to

conc

ave

in

prof

ile. F

illed

with

C.6

1. R

elat

ions

hip

be-

twee

n C

.74

& 7

5 is

not c

erta

in, o

ne m

ay

trun

cate

the

othe

r, C

.61

is th

e up

per f

ill o

f C

.74

& is

the

com

plet

e fil

l of C

.75.

May

-be

74

May

be

74Bo

ne #

21

, Soi

l #

22

762

N-S

2.5

0.9

0.7

Cut

of p

itO

val s

hape

d cu

t with

roun

ded

corn

ers a

t E

& W

, squ

are

at N

& S

. Sha

rp b

reak

of

slope

top

at N

E, g

radu

al a

t SE

& N

W &

im

perc

eptib

le a

t SW

. Sid

es m

oder

ate

&

conc

ave

at N

, gen

tle &

smoo

th a

t S, E

&

W. B

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l at N

E &

N

W, i

mpe

rcep

tible

at S

W &

SE.

Bas

e is

sub-

circ

ular

in p

lan,

con

cave

in p

rofil

e.

Fille

d w

ith C

.69.

Onl

y ex

cava

ted

with

in

Sond

age

3.

68 &

81

36

772

E-W

127

0.2

laye

rM

id b

row

n or

ange

soft

sand

y sil

t. Su

b-an

gula

r mod

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g m

ediu

m

pebb

les &

occ

asio

nal c

oars

e pe

bble

s &

smal

l sto

nes.

Und

er C

.2, p

its C

.43,

53,

74

& 7

5 ar

e cu

t int

o C

.77.

C.7

7is r

edep

osite

d su

bsoi

l & is

ove

r sub

soil.

43, 5

3,

74, 7

535

782

E-W

2.8

1.07

0.51

Fill

of p

it C

.79

Dar

k gr

ey b

row

n so

ft sil

t cla

y w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

& su

b-ro

unde

d fin

e,

med

ium

& c

oars

e pe

bble

s. Fr

eque

ntly

oc-

curr

ing

smal

l pie

ces &

occ

asio

nal m

ediu

m

piec

es o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

rede

posit

ed

subs

oil C

.88,

this

is th

e m

ain

fill o

f C.7

9.

66Bo

ne #

32

, Soi

l #

31


58



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

792

E-W

2.82

1.07

0.51

Cut

of p

itLi

near

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top

& b

ase.

Sid

es v

ertic

al

& sm

ooth

. Bas

e su

b-ov

al in

pla

n, c

onca

ve

in p

rofil

e. F

illed

with

C.7

8 &

86,

it is

im-

med

iate

ly S

of C

.83.

80Bo

ne #

32

, Soi

l #

31

45

802

E-W

2.35

10.

63C

ut o

f pit

Hea

vily

trun

cate

d pi

t, po

ssib

ly li

near

. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

shar

p at

NW

, SW

& S

. Si

des m

oder

ate

& c

onca

ve a

t NW

, ver

tical

&

smoo

th a

t SW

& v

ertic

al &

irre

gula

r at

S. B

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp

at S

& S

W,

grad

ual a

t NW

. Bas

e is

flat i

n pr

ofile

. Tr

unca

ted

at N

& E

. Fill

ed w

ith C

.58.

56 &

79

22 &

45

812

N-S

4.4

3.2

0.7

Cut

of p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar sh

aped

pit

with

squa

re

corn

ers a

t SE

& ro

unde

d co

rner

s at N

E &

N

W. S

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p &

bas

e at

S,

grad

ual a

t E &

impe

rcep

tible

at N

. Sid

es

gent

le &

irre

gula

r at N

, ste

ep &

smoo

th a

t S,

gen

tle &

con

cave

at E

. Bas

e is

irreg

ular

in

pla

n &

con

cave

in p

rofil

e. F

illed

with

C

.60.

76, 9

8 &

99

Bone

#

19, S

oil

# 2

0

822

N-S

10.

890.

5Fi

ll of

pit

C.8

4Li

ght g

rey

brow

n so

ft sil

t cla

y. O

ccas

iona

l fin

e su

b-ro

unde

d pe

bble

s & fl

ecks

of a

n-th

raci

te. U

nder

rede

posit

ed su

bsoi

l C.8

8,

this

is th

e on

ly fi

ll of

pit

cut C

.84.

66Bo

ne #

33

832

N-S

2.2

1.4

0.35

Cut

of p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar sh

aped

cut

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top

at S

, E

& W

. Sid

es m

oder

ate

& c

onca

ve a

t S, E

&

W. B

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp

at S

, im

per-

cept

ible

at E

& W

. Bas

e is

sub-

rect

angu

lar

in p

lan,

flat

in p

rofil

e. F

illed

with

C.7

8.

66Bo

ne #

32

, Soi

l #

31

45


59



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

842

N-S

10.

890.

5C

ut o

f pit

Sub-

circ

ular

shap

ed c

ut w

ith ro

unde

d co

r-ne

rs a

t NE

& S

E, sq

uare

at N

W &

SW

. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

shar

p at

N, g

radu

al a

t E

& im

perc

eptib

le a

t S &

W. S

ides

stee

p &

co

ncav

e at

N, g

entle

& sm

ooth

at S

& W

, ge

ntle

& c

onca

ve a

t E. B

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l at N

, sha

rp a

t S, E

& W

. Bas

e is

irreg

ular

in p

lan,

con

cave

in p

rofil

e. F

illed

w

ith C

.82.

7966

Bone

#

3345

852

N-S

1.53

0.94

0.39

Cut

of p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar sh

aped

cut

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top

at N

&

W, g

radu

al a

t S. S

ides

ver

tical

& c

onca

ve

at N

, gen

tle &

con

cave

at S

, ver

tical

& u

n-de

rcut

at W

, tru

ncat

ed a

t E. B

reak

of s

lope

ba

se g

radu

al. B

ase

is su

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n,

conc

ave

in p

rofil

e. F

illed

with

C.9

5.

9945

862

E-W

2.5

0.8

0.15

Fill

of p

it C

.79

Ligh

t bro

wn

yello

w fi

rm sa

nd c

lay

with

oc

casio

nal s

ub-r

ound

ed c

oars

e pe

bble

s &

smal

l sto

nes.

Thi

s is a

laye

r of r

edep

osite

d su

bsoi

l with

in C

.78

the

mai

n fil

l of C

.79.

44

872

N-S

87

1.3

Fill

of p

its

C.9

8, 9

9,

100

Dar

k gr

ey b

row

n so

ft sil

t cla

y w

ith su

b-ro

unde

d m

oder

ate

coar

se p

ebbl

es, o

cca-

siona

l sm

all &

med

ium

ston

es. .

Mod

er-

atel

y oc

curr

ing

smal

l pie

ces o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

C.2

, thi

s is t

he fi

ll of

larg

e pi

ts

C.9

8, 9

9 &

100

.

38

882

E-W

2.75

20.

1La

yer

Mid

bro

wn

oran

ge fi

rm sa

ndy

clay

. Oc-

casio

nally

occ

urrin

g su

b-an

gula

r fin

e &

co

arse

peb

bles

& sm

all s

tone

s, &

sub

-ro

unde

d m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es. R

edep

osite

d su

bsoi

l und

er C

.2, o

n to

p of

pit

fills

C.6

5,

82, &

78.

44


60



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

892

N-S

1.7

0.9

0.53

Laye

rM

id o

rang

e gr

ey v

ery

soft

silt s

and

with

oc

casio

nal r

ound

ed m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es.

Trun

cate

d by

pit

cut C

.56,

C.8

0 &

C.9

8,

this

rede

posit

ed su

bsoi

l is u

nder

C.2

&

over

subs

oil.

56, 8

0,

9846

902

N-S

1.42

0.86

0.24

Fill

of p

it C

.91

Dar

k br

own

soft

silt c

lay

with

sub-

angu

lar

occa

siona

l med

ium

ston

es. O

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

C.2

, ove

r cut

C

.91.

Bone

#

3638

912

N-S

1.42

0.86

0.24

Cut

of p

itO

val s

hape

d cu

t with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top

& b

ase.

Sid

es

gent

le &

con

cave

at N

, mod

erat

e &

sm

ooth

at S

, mod

erat

e &

con

cave

at E

&

mod

erat

e &

step

ped

at W

. Bas

e is

oval

in

plan

, con

cave

in p

rofil

e. F

illed

with

C.9

0.

Bone

#

3645

921

N-S

1.9

1.3

0.4

Fill

of p

it C

.93

Mid

gre

y br

own

firm

silt

clay

. Occ

asio

nal

sub-

roun

ded

fine

& m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es,

fleck

s & sm

all p

iece

s of c

harc

oal.

Und

er

wal

ls C

.25

& C

.27,

this

is th

e on

ly fi

ll of

pi

t cut

C.9

3.

10Bo

ne #

38

, Soi

l #

37

47

931

N-S

1.9

1.3

0.4

Cut

of p

itIr

regu

lar s

hape

d cu

t with

roun

ded

cor-

ners

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p gr

adua

l at S

&

SE, i

mpe

rcep

tible

at N

E. S

ides

gen

tle &

co

ncav

e at

S, m

oder

ate

& c

onca

ve a

t E.

Trun

cate

d by

C.3

5, c

ut in

to C

.44.

Not

fu

lly e

xcav

ated

.

4435

Bone

#

38, S

oil

# 37

48

941

N-S

0.5

0.5

0.03

Laye

rM

id g

rey

brow

n fir

m si

lt cl

ay. O

ccas

iona

l su

b-ro

unde

d fin

e &

med

ium

peb

bles

, fle

cks &

smal

l pie

ces o

f cha

rcoa

l. U

nder

w

all C

.25,

this

is a

laye

r ide

ntic

al to

C.9

2 w

hich

is lo

cate

d im

med

iate

ly to

the

N.

47


61



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

952

N-S

1.52

0.94

0.38

Fill

of p

it C

.85

Mid

bro

wn

grey

ver

y so

ft sa

nd si

lt w

ith

occa

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

med

ium

& c

oars

e pe

bble

s & fl

ecks

of c

harc

oal.

Und

er C

.2,

this

is th

e on

ly fi

ll of

pit

cut C

.85

43

961

N-S

1.3

1U

n-kn

own

Fill

of p

it C

.97

Ligh

t gre

y br

own

soft

silt c

lay.

Sub-

angu

-la

r & su

b-ro

unde

d oc

casio

nal m

ediu

m &

co

arse

peb

bles

& sm

all s

tone

s, m

oder

ate

fine

pebb

les.

Occ

asio

nal f

leck

s & sm

all

piec

es o

f cha

rcoa

l. Tr

unca

ted

by p

it cu

t C

.32

this

is th

e fil

l of p

it cu

t C.9

7.

10, 3

2,

3547

971

N-S

1.3

1U

n-kn

own

Cut

of p

itH

eavi

ly tr

unca

ted

irreg

ular

shap

ed c

ut.

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top.

W si

de is

stee

p &

con

cave

. Not

fully

exc

avat

ed. T

his i

s fil

led

with

C.9

6 &

is tr

unca

ted

by C

.32

to E

, C.1

0 to

S, C

.35

to N

. It i

s cut

into

su

bsoi

l.

10, 3

2,

3548

982

N-S

6.6

3.2

0.95

Cut

of p

itL-

shap

ed c

ut w

ith sq

uare

cor

ners

at N

E,

NW

, SE

& S

W, r

ound

ed a

t N, S

, E &

W.

Brea

k of

slop

e to

p &

bas

e sh

arp.

Sid

es v

er-

tical

& sm

ooth

at N

, ver

tical

& ir

regu

lar

at W

& S

, ste

ep to

ver

tical

& sm

ooth

, ir-

regu

lar &

und

ercu

t at E

. Bas

e is

irreg

ular

in

pla

n. F

illed

with

C.8

7. T

his i

s lik

ely

to

be th

e cu

t of s

ever

al p

its, w

hich

trun

cate

d ea

ch o

ther

.

81,

99, &

10

0

45

992

N-S

1.6

10.

4C

ut o

f pit

Sub-

circ

ular

shap

ed p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p at

N &

E.

Sid

es v

ertic

al to

gen

tle &

con

cave

at N

, st

eep

& c

onca

ve a

t E, t

runc

ated

at W

&

S. B

reak

of s

lope

bas

e im

perc

eptib

le a

t N,

grad

ual a

t E. B

ase

is su

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n,

conc

ave

in p

rofil

e. F

illed

with

C.8

7.

85 &

98

45


62



Con

text

N

umbe

rA

rea

Num

ber

Ori

en-

tati

onL

engt

h (m

etre

s)W

idth

(m

etre

s)D

epth

(m

etre

s)C

onte

xt

Typ

eC

onte

xt D

escr

ipti

onT

run-

cate

sT

run-

cate

d B

ySa

mpl

esD

raw

ing

Num

ber

100

2N

-S2.

41.

51.

35C

ut o

f pit

Sub-

circ

ular

shap

ed p

it w

ith sq

uare

cor

ner

at N

E, ro

unde

d at

SE,

NW

& S

W. S

harp

br

eak

of sl

ope

top

& b

ase.

Sid

es m

oder

-at

e to

ver

tical

& ir

regu

lar a

t N, s

teep

&

irreg

ular

at v

ertic

al &

con

cave

at S

, ste

ep

& c

onca

ve a

t E. B

ase

is irr

egul

ar in

pla

n,

undu

latin

g in

pro

file.

Fill

ed w

ith C

.87.

9845


63



Appe

ndix

2: M

atrix


64



Appe

ndix

3: F

inds

regi

ster

Con

text

N

umbe

rFi

nd

Num

ber

Are

aM

ater

ial

Typ

eD

escr

ipti

onD

ate

Init

ials

Not

es

21

1C

eram

icPo

tter

yBo

dy sh

erd

1/26

/200

7A

DM

edie

val

22

1C

eram

icPo

tter

yBo

dy sh

erd

1/26

/200

7A

DM

edie

val

23

1C

eram

icPo

tter

yBo

dy sh

erd

1/26

/200

7A

DM

edie

val

24

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/26

/200

7A

D2

51

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

26/2

007

AD

26

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/26

/200

7A

D2

71

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

26/2

007

AD

Prob

able

Lat

e 17

th

Cen

tury

28

1C

eram

icPo

tter

yPo

st M

edie

val s

herd

s (x8

)1/

26/2

007

AD

Post-

med

ieva

l

29

2C

eram

icPo

tter

yBo

dy sh

erd

1/29

/200

7A

DM

edie

val

210

2C

eram

icPo

tter

yBo

dy sh

erd

1/29

/200

7A

DM

edie

val

211

2G

lass

Bott

leFr

agm

ents

(x2)

1/29

/200

7A

D2

122

Cer

amic

Pott

ery

Post

Med

ieva

l she

rds (

x2)

1/29

/200

7A

DPo

st-m

edie

val

213

2St

one

Slat

eR

oof S

late

1/29

/200

7A

D2

142

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

29/2

007

AD

215

2C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

2/13

/200

7SC

216

2C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

2/13

/200

7SC

217

2C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

2/13

/200

7SC

218

2C

eram

icPo

tter

yBo

dy sh

erd

2/13

/200

7SC

Med

ieva

l2

192

Cer

amic

Pott

ery

Body

sher

d2/

13/2

007

SCM

edie

val

220

2C

eram

icPo

tter

yBo

dy sh

erd

2/13

/200

7SC

Med

ieva

l2

212

Cer

amic

Pott

ery

Body

sher

d2/

13/2

007

SC3

11

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

25/2

007

Ao’L

32

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/25

/200

7Ao

’L3

31

Cer

amic

Pott

ery

Post

med

ieva

l she

rds (

x3)

1/25

/200

7Ao

’LPo

st-m

edie

val

51

1C

eram

icPo

tter

yPo

st M

edie

val b

ody

sher

d1/

29/2

007

AD

Post-

med

ieva

l5

21

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

29/2

007

AD


65



Con

text

N

umbe

rFi

nd

Num

ber

Are

aM

ater

ial

Typ

eD

escr

ipti

onD

ate

Init

ials

Not

es

53

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/29

/200

7A

D6

11

Cer

amic

Pott

ery

Post

Med

ieva

l bod

y sh

erd

1/26

/200

7FD

/Ao’

LPo

st-m

edie

val

62

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/26

/200

7FD

/Ao’

L6

31

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

26/2

007

FD/A

o’L

64

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/26

/200

7FD

/Ao’

L7

11

Met

alIr

onN

ails

(x4)

1/30

/200

7SC

72

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/30

/200

7SC

73

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Bow

l1/

30/2

007

SCPr

obab

le 1

8th

Cen

tury

74

1G

lass

Bott

leBa

se fr

agm

ent

1/30

/200

7SC

Prob

able

seco

nd h

alf

of 1

9th

cent

ury

75

1St

one

Slat

eR

oof S

late

1/30

/200

7SC

76

1St

one

Slat

eR

oof S

late

1/30

/200

7SC

81

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/30

/200

7SC

Prob

able

18t

h C

entu

ry8

21

Gla

ssM

edic

ine

Phia

lN

eck

1/30

/200

7SC

Befo

re 1

910

83

1G

lass

Bott

leSm

all b

ottle

1/30

/200

7SC

Man

ifact

ured

in

1887

84

1G

lass

Bott

leIn

k bo

ttle

1/30

/200

7SC

ca. 1

900

85

1G

lass

Bott

leBo

dy1/

30/2

007

SC8

61

Cer

amic

Pott

ery

Post

Med

ieva

l she

rds (

x9)

1/30

/200

7SC

Post-

med

ieva

l8

71

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC8

81

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC8

91

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC8

101

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC8

111

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC8

121

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC8

131

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC8

141

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC8

151

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC8

161

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te1/

30/2

007

SC


66



Con

text

N

umbe

rFi

nd

Num

ber

Are

aM

ater

ial

Typ

eD

escr

ipti

onD

ate

Init

ials

Not

es

817

1St

one

Slat

eR

oof S

late

1/30

/200

7SC

818

1St

one

Slat

eR

oof S

late

1/30

/200

7SC

91

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/29

/200

7A

D9

21

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

29/2

007

AD

93

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/29

/200

7A

D9

41

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

29/2

007

AD

95

1C

eram

icPo

tter

yPo

st M

edie

val s

herd

s (x2

)1/

30/2

007

RW/A

o’L

/FD

Post-

med

ieva

l

96

1G

lass

Bott

leFr

agm

ent

1/30

/200

7RW

/Ao’

L /F

D9

71

Cer

amic

Pott

ery

Han

dle

Sher

d1/

30/2

007

RW/A

o’L

/FD

Med

ieva

l

98

1C

eram

icPo

tter

yBo

dy S

herd

1/30

/200

7RW

/Ao’

L /F

DM

edie

val

99

1C

eram

icPo

tter

yBo

dy S

herd

1/30

/200

7RW

/Ao’

L /F

DM

edie

val

141

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/30

/200

7Ao

’L14

21

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

30/2

007

Ao’L

143

1C

eram

icPo

tter

yPo

st M

edie

val s

herd

s (x2

)1/

30/2

007

Ao’L

Post-

med

ieva

l14

41

Gla

ssBo

ttle

Post

Med

ieva

l Fra

gmen

ts (x

2)1/

30/2

007

Ao’L

Post-

med

ieva

l15

11

Gla

ssBo

ttle

Post

Med

ieva

l Fra

gmen

ts (x

3)1/

30/2

007

Ao’L

152

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Stem

1/30

/200

7Ao

’L15

31

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

30/2

007

Ao’L

154

1C

eram

icC

lay

Pipe

Bow

l1/

30/2

007

Ao’L

1760

-178

0 ca

.15

51

Ston

eC

hert

1/30

/200

7Ao

’L16

11

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

30/2

007

FD16

21

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

30/2

007

FD16

31

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peBo

wl

1/30

/200

7FD

Early

18t

h C

entu

ry16

41

Cer

amic

Cla

y Pi

peSt

em1/

30/2

007

FD16

51

Cer

amic

Pott

ery

Med

ieva

l bod

y sh

erd

1/30

/200

7FD

Med

ieva

l18

11

Ston

eSl

ate

Roo

f Sla

te2/

1/20

07Ao

’L


67



Con

text

N

umbe

rFi

nd

Num

ber

Are

aM

ater

ial

Typ

eD

escr

ipti

onD

ate

Init

ials

Not

es

182

1St

one

Slat

eR

oof S

late

2/1/

2007

Ao’L

183

1C

eram

icT

ileR

oof T

ile2/

1/20

07Ao

’LPo

st-m

edie

val

184

1C

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7113

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(Son

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2/2/

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(Son

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72



Con

text

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112

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73



Con

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462

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(Son

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74



Con

text

N

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75



Con

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76



Appendix 4: Pottery Report

A total of 183 sherds of pottery and 4 (1 floor tile and 3 roof tile) tile fragments were recov-ered on the site. 132 of the sherds (72.1%) are medieval in date, the remaining 51 sherds are post medieval and date from 17th to late 19th Century.

The fabrics have been identified visually and the information is presented in Table 1. The table contains the quantity of sherds in each fabric type, the Minimum Number of Vessels (MNV – Based on the presence of rim+handle sherds), an average number of the Minumum Vessels Represented (MVR) and the date range of the fabric type according to extensive as-semblages in Ireland. The identification of sherds by context is contained in Table 2 (medieval pottery) and Table 3 (late medieval and post-medieval pottery), together with the probable form of vessels.

As regards medieval pottery, the diagnostic sherds are indicated by the letters R, B, H, RH, S for rim, base, handle, rim/handle and spout respectively (see Table 2).

Table 1 – List of pottery and tiles by typeFabric type Sherds MNV MVR DatingLeinster cooking ware 14 - 2 > L12 th/14th

Kilkenny-type 96 2 11 > 13th/14 th

Kilkenny-type coarse ware 7 - 3 > 13 th

Kilkenny-type cooking ware 6 - 2 13th/14 th

Miscellaneous French 6 - 2 > E13th/14 th

Bristol Redcliffe ware 3 - 1 M13th/14 th

Total Medieval 132Tin glazed earthenware 2 - 1 17 th

North Devon Sgraffito 3 - 1 17 th

North Devon gravel free 1 - 1 17 th

Anglo-German slipware 1 - 1 17 th

German slipware 1 - 1 L16 th/17 th

Dutch glazed earthenware ? 1 - 1 17 th

Creamware 9 - 2 18 th/19 th

Pearlware 1 - 1Glazed Red earthenware 19 - 3 > L17 th/19 th

Unglazed Red earthenware 6 - 1 > L17 th/19 th Transfer printed ware 4 - 2 19 th/20 th

Stoneware 3 - 2 L19 th/20 th

Total Post Medieval 51Floor Tile 1 18th?Roof Tile 3 Modern


77



Medieval Pottery

Leinster cooking wareThis is “..the most widespread medieval pottery type in Leinster”. The ware is characterized by the presence of large flakes of mica and much quartz, but the most distinctive trait of the Leinster Cooking Ware is the sand marked base, which “..suggests that unfired vessels were deliberately placed on a bed of sand to dry before firing”. The vessels are generally in the form of cooking pots, in the standard medieval form with everted rims, ovoid bodies and a slightly sagging base. A total of fourteen sherds were found on site.

Kilkenny-type waresThe use of the suffix –type is recommended in pottery studies to indicate that while a fabric has been found regularly in a particular area, as yet no production site has been located. The terminology used below reflects that adopted for the Dublin wares, and before then for the London ones. It aims to avoid any chronological implications, and convenientely brings to-gether pottery types whose similarities in fabric and methods of manifacture suggest either a single source, or group of source sharing a potting tradition (Mc Cutcheon 2006, pag.59). In addiction, the Recently comproved presence of a kiln in the Kilkenny area stands as a con-firm for a local production of medieval pottery (Cfr. O’ Drisceoil n.p.).

Kilkenny-type coarse ware. Light pink fabric, sandy at touch. Standard medieval jug form, with wide body, strap handle. Five sherds, among which there are two plan handle sherds. Irregularly green glazed.

Kilkenny-type. Wheel-thrown, quite fine fabric. From brownish-yellow to green glazed ex-ternally. The largest amount of pottery (96 sherds) found at Patrick St, can be included in this type. The forms represented are table vessels, mainly jugs, with globular bodies, slightly everted rims and strap handles. The variations in the decoration of the handles follow the typology of the ones from Ham Green B and Dublin-type wares. Two handle sherds belong to C3 group, one to D3 and other two to E1 (Cfr. Mc Cutcheon 2006, Fig.18, Pag.49).

Kilkenny-type cooking ware. Fabric generally calcareous. This class presents storage vessels rather than cooking ones. The forms are those typical of medieval cooking pots, with everted rims, ovoid bodies and slightly sagging bases, following the tradition of Leinster Cooking Ware.


78



Miscellaneous FrenchThis generic term is conveniently used for those glazed wares that are evidently French but clearly not from the Saintonge. They are wheel-trown wares with light yellow fabric. Six body sherds were recovered on site, all presumably belonging to small jugs.

Bristol Redcliffe wareThe Redcliffe is a wheel-thrown ware that replaced the earlier hand-built Ham Green by the middle 13th Century and was produced up to the 15th Century. The Redcliffe is the only type of medieval English ware recovered during the excavation, with only three body sherds found on site. This is most likely due to the fact that by the later 13th Century enough material was being produced in the Kilkenny area itself.

Table 2 – List of medieval pottery by contextContext Fabric type Finds Number Form2 Leinster cooking ware

Kilkenny-type19, 320, 10, 18, 9, 1, 2

Pot

9 Kilkenny-type 7H, 8, 916 Kilkenny-type 521 Bristol Redcliffe ware 18 Jug25 Kilkenny-type 139 Leinster cooking ware

Miscellaneous FrenchKilkenny-type coarse wareKilkenny-type

22, 4B, 17B6, 716, 1223RH, 24, 2, 18, 8, 29, 20, 11, 19, 1, 3, 5, 13, 10, 25, 9, 28R, 15, 21S, 14, 26, 31RH

Pot

Jug

44 Bristol Redcliffe ware 147 Kilkenny-type 2H, 348 Kilkenny-type cooking ware

Leinster cooking wareKilkenny-type

Miscellaneous French

10, 20, 13, 237, 14, 5R21, 16, 8, 15, 9, 22, 19, 4, 1, 3, 17, 2B, 18, 26, 25R, 11, 612, 48

PotPot

50 Kilkenny-typeKilkenny-type cooking ware

12, 3

51 Kilkenny-type 160 Kilkenny-type cooking ware

Leinster cooking wareKilkenny-type coarse wareKilkenny-type

137H9H, 8, 4, 50, 2, 6, 11H

PotPot

Jug61 Leinster cooking ware

Kilkenny-type coarse wareKilkenny-typeBristol Redcliffe ware

3R127H, 5, 8, 2, 10, 11, 6, 94

PotJug

63 Kilkenny-type 2, 170 Kilkenny-type 4


79



71 Kilkenny-type 23, 24, 25H, 26, 27R, 28, 2978 Leinster cooking ware

Miscellaneous FrenchKilkenny-type coarse wareKilkenny-type

75, 298H, 12, 3, 6, 4, 11, 10

Pot

Jug

82 Leinster cooking wareKilkenny-type coarse ware

12H

PotJug

87 Leinster cooking wareKilkenny-type

3, 24, 5R

Pot

88 Kilkenny-type 190 Kilkenny-type

Kilkenny-type cooking ware12B Pot

92 Kilkenny-type 1R, 3B, 2S Jug96 Kilkenny-type coarse ware 1R Pot

Post-Medieval Pottery

Tin glazed earthenwareThis ware, originally from Italy, reached Holland in the late 15th Century and then England in the late 16th Century, carried by Dutch delftware producers. English and Irish produc-tion of tin glazed earthenware went on throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, until it was superseded in the 1770’s by Creamware. Most likely the two body sherds with a light blue external decoration from Patrick St belonged to a small pot, and can be considered as Anglo-Netherlands.

North Devon WaresNorth Devon wares were produced in England from the late 16th Century, with a large scale export trade in the 17th Century and, though less extended, 18th Century. Considerable quan-tities were exported to Ireland in the second half of the 17th Century to service the provisions trade , especially of butter, to the North American colonies. (Mc Cutcheon 2003).

Sgraffito. The fabric is orangish-pink and quite uniform. A white slip was applied internally on dishes and plates; the slipped area was then decorated with incised motifs and the clear lead glaze fired to yellow over the slip and brown over the sgraffito. The decoration on the three sherds from the site recalls the one of a dish from Grattan Street in Cork. Cfr. Mc Cutcheon 2003, Fig. 4.11.1, pag.230.

Gravel free. The fabric is bownish-grey, the lead glaze is fired to yellow on the outside and to brown on the inside. The only body sherd recovered of this type presents the attach of a handle and probably belongs to a bowl.


80



Anglo-german slipwareOne sherd of pottery with light pink fabric, green glazed both internally and externally, probably belonging to a table jug. The exterior part of the body is decorated with wavy lines in a thick yellow glaze. It reminds the English slipware, with a different colour of the glaze though; for this reason its origin remains uncertain between the two countries.

German slipwareA single sherd from a table plate. Wheel-thrown, presents a light yellow polished fabric and is glazed only internally with a motif of light brown and yellow alternated stripes in relief.

Dutch glazed earthenwareFragment of a rim from either a storage vessel or a large serving plate. Wheel-thrown, with orangish fabric and a thick green glazing over the whole surface of the sherd. These glazed usually date to the 17th Century (Mc Cutcheon 2003, pag.228).

CreamwareThis cream-coloured earthenware was created about 1750 in Stafforshire, England. It was popular for domestic use until the 1820’s (Cfr. http://www.en.wikipedia.org). A clear lead glaze was applied to vessels made from clay with calcinated flint, resulting in the charac-teristic cream colour (ibid, pag.151). The colour of the glaze used can change.

PearlwareThe pearlware pottery started is development from the popular cream-coloured earthenware in the last decades of the 18Th Century. Though the fabric and the range of forms of both wares are similar, the lead glaze used for the creamware is whiter, due to the addition of small amounts of cobalt blue (Gahan 1997).

Glazed Red EarthenwareThe sherds have a hard-fired, fine fabric that is orage/red, buff or brown in colour without any particolar inclusions. The different range of colours of the clay simply depends on the vari-ation of firing conditions. The pottery is usually glazed on the inner surface and present no other decorations. The nuance of the glaze changes from a light yellow to an opaque green. Most of the sherds belong to open vessels, like bowls (of various size), plates and pancheons. This type of wares, also known as ‘brownwares’ were made widely in Britain and Ireland from the late 17th to 19th Century (Cfr. Clearly 1987, pag.127).

http://www.en.wikipedia.org


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Unglazed Red EarthenwareThis class presents the same fabric and forms of the previos one but without the glaze. Due to the reduced size of the sherds found, it is difficult to determinate if that depends on gaps occurred during the glazing process or on the fact that the vessel were not intended to be glazed.

Transfer printed wareTransfer printed ware is an earthenware decorated prior to firing. This technique developed during the later stages of the 18th Century and then was perfected in the early 19th Century. During the process the pattern is transferred from copper plates onto the vessels by means of specially treated issue paper. Once transferred the paper could be removed by washing. The vessel then was glazed and fired.

Initially, cobalt blue was used in all transfers, being the only colour capable of whitstand-ing the necessary firing temperatures and it always remained the most popular colour. How-ever, during the 19th Century other colours were used extensively most notably black and dark brown. Pearlware vessels were most commonly used for transfer printing. The influence of Chinese porcelain is evident in much of the decoration (ibid, pagg.156-158).

Four sherds decorated in blue and green were found at Patrick St.

StonewareThis class of clay and ceramic is distinguished by its firing and maturation temperature (from ca.1200°C to 1315°C), which is higher than for the earthenware pottery and makes the stoneware recipients totally waterproof. Stoneware is usually grey or brownish in colour and is normally covered by an opaque glaze.

Table 3 – List of post-medieval pottery by contextContext Fabric type Sherds Form2 Creamware

Glazed Red EarthenwareNorth Devon Sgraffito

711

??Plate

3 Glazed Red EarthenwareUnglazed Red EarthenwareCreamware

111

??Plate

5 Unglazed Red Earthenware 1 Jug?6 Pearlware 1 Cup?8 Stoneware

Unglazed Red EarthenwareTransfer Printed Ware

243

BottlesJug?Plate, bowl

9 Glazed Red Earthenware 2 Bowl12 Glazed Red Earthenware 2 Plate/bowl14 Glazed Red Earthenware 2 ?18 Roof Tile 3 ?19 Transfer Printed Ware 1 Cup


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39 Glazed red earthenware 2 Cup48 German slipware 1 Plate65 North Devon Sgraffito

North Devon gravel freeTin Glazed earthenwareGlazed Red Earthenware

2122

PlateBowlSmall pot?Bowl

67 Floor TileGlazed Red Earthenware

12 Bowls

70 Glazed Red Earthenware 2 Bowl71 Stoneware

Glazed Red Earthenware11

Jug?Bowl

73 Anglo-German slipwareDutch glazed earthenware ?CreamwareGlazed Red Earthenware

1113

JugPlate?

Bibliographic References

Cleary 1987. Cleary R.M., “Drumlummin, Co.Tipperary”, in “Archaeological Excavations on the Cork – Dublin gas pipeline (1981-82)”, Cork Archaeological Studies No.1, Department of Archaeology University College Cork, 1987 (pages 116-145).

Gahan 1997. Gahan A. and Twohig D.C., “Late medieval and Post-Medieval/Modern Pottery”, in “Skiddy’s Castle and Christ Church, Cork – Excavations 1974/77”, Cork 1997 (pages 130-158).

Mc Cutcheon 2003. Mc Cutcheon C., “Pottery”, in “Excavations in Cork City, 1984-2000”, Cork 2003 (pages 197-235).

Mc Cutcheon 2006. Mc Cutcheon C., “Medieval Pottery from Wood Quay, Dublin: the 1974-6 Waterfront Excavation”, National Museum of Ireland, Medieval Dublin Excavations 1962-81, Ser.B, vol.7, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin 2006.

Mc Cutcheon n.p. Mc Cutcheon C., “The Pottery from 33 Patrick Street, Kilkenny”, unpublished report for Eachtra Archaeological Projects.

O’ Drisceoil n. p. O’ Drisceoil C., “Excavations at Highhays, Kilkenny”, excavated in 2006.

Websiteshttp://www.wikipedia.org

http://www.wikipedia.org


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Appendix 5: Animal Remains

Margaret McCarthy, MA, MIAI

Introduction

Animal bones were recovered from a variety of features excavated by Eachtra Archaeological Projects at No. 11 Patrick Street in 2007 The vast majority of the remains were recovered from pits and layers that were dated by ceramic association to the medieval and post-medieval periods. A small quantity of bone was also recovered from the fills of a modern well.

Methods

All material recovered from dated contexts was assessed in this report and the bones were identified using the reference collections housed in University College Cork. Data were re-corded onto an Excel database, which includes categories for butchery, ageing and sexing as well as species and element identification. Bones not identified to species were categorised according to the relative size of the animal represented: large mammal (assumed to be cattle, horse or deer), medium mammal (assumed to be sheep, goat, pig or large dog) and indeter-minate. The material recorded as ‘large mammal’ in Table 1 for instance is likely to belong to cattle but was too small to eliminate the possibility of horse and red deer, although the latter species was not identified at the site and just three fragments of horse were present. Similarly, specimens that in all probability were sheep but which may have also originated from goat, pig or large dog were recorded as ‘medium mammal’. Due to the anatomical similarities between sheep and goat, bones of this type were assigned to the category ‘sheep/goat’ unless a definite identification using guidelines from Boessneck (1969) and Prummel and Frisch (1986) was made. There was just one definite identification of goat and the remainder of the elements allowing for discrimination between the two species were all identified to sheep. Ageing data were determined using procedures outlined by Silver (1971) for long bones and Grant (1975) for mandibles. The relative proportion of the different species was assessed using the fragments total and the minimum number of individuals represented.

Condition

The material is typical of medieval urban samples in that the surface condition of the bone is fresh indicating rapid deposition of the remains into the pits. Very few bones are complete and the metrical data set therefore consists totally of proximal and distal measurements. No greatest length measurements were available to calculate wither heights for the main domesti-cates. The material has not been affected by canid consumption and no dog bones are present in the assemblage. The proportion of fragments showing evidence of butchery is high with


84



over 42% affected in many contexts. Evidence of burning was scarce throughout the assem-blage, with only a few charred fragments present in a limited number of contexts. Rodent gnawing marks were clearly visible on two bones providing evidence that these scavengers frequented the rubbish tips of the town.

Analysis

Vertebrate material was recovered from a total of 16 contexts, dating mostly to the medieval and post-medieval periods. In all, 901 bones were recovered and these derived mostly from pits (81%) with the remaining bones coming from a variety of minor feature types. For the medieval period, the largest sample of bones came from pits C40 and C53 with lesser quanti-ties of material occurring in eight other pits. The bulk of the post-medieval assemblage came from one pit (C68) and a general layer (C19) associated with a stone-lined pit. The post-medieval layer (C19) contained a special deposit of 203 bird bones representing the remains of three different species including at least five domestic fowl. There is no indication that this is a ritual deposit rather it would appear to be the concentrated remains of a special meal. A modern well yielded a small sample of 46 bones. The composition of the assemblage is shown by individual context and period in Table 1. Since most of the remains were retrieved by hand and systematic sieving was not carried out, it is likely that small bones from mammals, birds and, in particular, fish are underrepresented.

Cattle, sheep and pigsIn all areas and contexts, cattle and sheep are the dominant taxa according to the NISP and MNI counts. Their remains mostly consist of vertebrae, teeth and skull fragments although the limb bones are also well represented and it is clear that all parts of the carcass are present including primary butchery debris and waste from the table. Denser longbone portions, no-tably the distal tibia, distal and proximal radius are particularly abundant, with portions of lower bone density, such as proximal tibia, proximal humerus and ulna being less well represented. Sample sizes are generally insufficient for much ageing to be considered and the data have been combined to give a general overview of slaughter patterns. Epiphyseal fusion evidence suggests that the average age of slaughter fell slightly between 3-4 years of age. Two cattle calcaneii were unfused proximally as well as two unfused proximal radii representing animals that were less than two years of age at slaughter. No foetal or neo-natal bones were recovered indicating that animals were brought into the town on the hoof when they had reached their maximum size for consumption. The dentition-based cull patterns demonstrate a similar pattern to that suggested by the epiphyseal evidence indicating slaughter at a stage when the animals had reached their optimum size for meat production. For sheep, a complete right humerus from a lamb was present as well as a tibia unfused proximally and distally. Pigs are less numerous than cattle and sheep but their remains are present in most areas and phases of the site. With the exception of a porous astragalus from a piglet, the remainder of


85



the pig bones came from adult individuals that were slaughtered mostly at around two years indicating that slaughter rates were high and with few pigs being kept to maintain the herd. This follows a common pattern for pig husbandry as pigs by their nature are very prolific and therefore only a small amount of adult sows are required to maintain stock levels. The presence of young individuals indicates that some pigs were kept in back yards, whereas meat from other animals was brought in. Only one goat bone, a horn core from a post-medieval pit (C66), was positively identified. Butchery marks are frequent on the cattle remains and axial splitting of long bones indicate that marrow was extracted. Most of the major limb bones bore chop and knife marks associated with the dismemberment of the carcass and the subsequent removal of meat.

HorseHorse remains are present in three contexts, one fused first phalanx from a medieval pit (C40), a tooth from a medieval pit (C81) and a fused second phalanx from a post-medieval pit (C68). The tooth is severely worn and belongs to an individual that was of considerable age at death. The phalanges are also from adult individuals and there are no marks on the bone to indicate that horseflesh was consumed by the occupants of this site.

BirdsAvian remains are present in the assemblage from all three phases of activity and are more numerous in terms of NISP and MNI than pigs. The bones were particularly abundant in a post-medieval layer, C19. A total of 214 bones were identified and domestic fowl are the dominant taxon throughout with domestic goose and duck being represented by just two bones each. The bones come from small fowl, of a size corresponding approximately to that of modern Bantams, and are comparable to bones of domestic fowl recovered from medieval de-posits in Cork, Dublin and Waterford (McCarthy 1989). The role of domestic fowl at Patrick Streeet can be inferred from a number of strands of evidence. The porous bones of juveniles account for 9% of the bones and 11 bones are from immature chicks that probably represent incidences of natural mortality rather than food waste. This is the clearest evidence for the breeding of fowl at the site. The remaining bones from juvenile or sub-adult individuals point to the exploitation of fowl for meat. The majority of bones, however, come from adult birds and the preponderance of older birds also suggests that egg production may have been as important as meat. The sample of bones included evidence for laying hens through the occur-rence of medullary bone in some of the long bones and evidence for at least one cockerel was provided by a tarso-metatarsus showing the spur which is characteristic of the male bird. The presence of medullary bone in 5 (out of 14) femora and in 6 (out of 21) tibiotarsii provides evidence of laying hens. This is a mineral deposit laid down in the hollow cavity of the limb bones of the hen approximately 10-14 days before laying commences and it remains in the


86



bone throughout the egg-laying season. It seems likely that domestic fowl were kept at the site for the dual purpose of providing a cheap and convenient supply of both meat and eggs.

FishA total of 8 fish bones were examined all from the same layer that produced the fowl bones. Six of these were identified as hake, a common marine food species and a large, full-bodied fish, which supported an important fishery during the Medieval and post-Medieval periods. They frequent depths of 60-400m and are often taken as indicators of deep-sea fishing. The species also responds well to preservation by salting and drying and were ideal fish to be transported inland to centres of population. The other species of fish identified was dogfish, a small member of the shark family.

Discussion

In all areas of the site, cattle and sheep dominate the samples with pigs being present in lower frequencies. As is the case with most urban settlements of the period, horses are poorly represented and there is no evidence to suggest that these animals were eaten. The range of taxa is quite narrow for an urban site but it is noteworthy that domestic fowl dominate the post-medieval samples. The relative abundance of cattle, sheep and pig fragments falls within the range of other urban sites in Ireland and is similar to results obtained from the adjoin-ing site to the east (Statham’s Garage Site Patrick St.) excavated by Eachtra Archaeological Projects in 2005. The one feature that stands out is the absence of other potential food ani-mals such as wild game and wild fowl, food resources that would have been plentiful in the local environment.


87



Tabl

e 1:

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

of sp

ecie

s by

indi

vidu

al c

onte

xtC

ON

TEX

T N

O.

CO

WS/

GPI

GH

OR

SER

AB

-BI

TBI

RD

FISH

LMM

MT

OTA

L

Med

ieva

l pits

C32

53

116

1944

C32

/33

23

211

523

C40

3325

11

216

5012

8C

431

32

28

C53

3517

217

1990

C74

/C75

42

26

115

C79

102

710

29C

8122

154

123

469

C84

33

6C

934

17

12To

tal

116

7418

21

2-

108

103

424

Post

Med

ieva

lC

19 L

ayer

1420

38

225

C66

Pit

22

4C

68 P

it48

492

11

5936

196

C72

Pit

15

6

Tota

l51

5616

1-

204

859

3643

1

Mod

ern

wel

lC

7 2

21

49

C8

102

88

937

Tota

l2

122

89

1346


88



Appendix 6: Plant Remains

By Penny Johnston

Non-technical summary

A plant remains assemblage from medieval and post-medieval deposits at 11 Patrick St. Kil-kenny produced large quantities of wheat and oat grains. Only small amounts of barley and rye were found. The proportions of cereal grains retrieved, while markedly different from those found at the adjacent site of 12 Patrick St. (Stratham’s Garage site), had good parallels in some other plant remains assemblages from medieval and post-medieval deposits from Kilkenny city.

Introduction

This report details the analysis of charred plant remains that were taken during excavations at 11 Patrick Street in Kilkenny. The site was excavated under licence no. 06E0230 and it comprised twenty-six pits, a post-medieval stone-built well and two post-medieval walls. Ce-real grains were the most numerous plant type found, but legumes (including some definite examples of peas) were also found in some quantity. The weed assemblage from this site was very limited and all the seeds were probably from arable weeds that were brought to site and carbonised along with the cereal crop.

Methodology

Samples were taken on site as bulk soil and these were processed using a simple manual flota-tion system whereby the samples were saturated in water and all the charred, floating material was collected in a stack of sieves. The minimum mesh size was 250 μm. The floated remains (‘flots’) were air-dried and subsequently analysed using a binocular microscope (magnifica-tion ranges x8 – x100). The results of identification are presented in Table 1 at the end of this report (samples are listed in sample no. order). Nomenclature and taxonomic orders follows Stace (1997). Scientific names are mainly confined to these identifications tables in order to facilitate easy reading of the text. Graphs and diagrams based on the results of analysis are found throughout the text of the report.

Results

Charred plant remains were found in thirteen samples. These were all from pit fills, taken from pits C.93, C.79, C.40, C.74, C.75, C.81, C.53, C.43, C.56, C.72 and C.32 & C.33. The


89



proportions of cereal grains differ from sample to sample (see Figure 1) although wheat and oats are the most common cereal types from all samples.

In some cases sample volume had a notable effect on the quantity of remains retrieved; the smallest samples from the site contained only small quantities of plant remains. However, the density of seeds per litre varies from samples to sample. It ranges from 0.15 to 33.8 (see Figure 2). The richest sample C.39 (S.29) contained the densest concentration of seeds. This suggests that this sample was taken from close to a source of burnt grains such as a hearth or a kiln. In all the other samples the low density of the plant remains suggests that these are carbonised plant remains included in discarded waste scattered across the site.

The charred seed assemblage from C.19 (S.6) was very small, with just three grains of bread wheat found despite the fact that 20 litres of soil were processed. However, the samples was rich in the remains of un-charred seeds, particularly Rubus seeds (both R. fructicosus and R. ideas were noted, indicating the remains of blackberry and raspberries), Ficus spp. (figs) and one seed of Vacinnium (bilberry). These seeds were not counted as the sample was not proc-essed in order to retrieve a representative quantitiy of uncharred remains; only the sturdiest seed types survived and therefore the results were biased towards seeds such as Rubus and Fi-cus. These were abundant throughout the sample and probably indicate that this deposit came from was originally a cess pit, as fruit seeds are often the most numerous remains recovered by archaeobotanists from ancient sewage deposits (Greig 1982). There is evidence to suggest that the history of fig importation into Ireland goes back several centuries: Mitchell reported the occurrence of Ficus carica in a thirteenth century drain and a seventeenth century forge from the Wood Quay/Fishamble St./Winetavern St. excavations in Dublin (Mitchell 1987). Figs were also found in samples taken from excavations at Drogheda in deposits dating to the sixteenth century and later (Mitchell and Dickson 1985). Their presence in the 11 Patrick St. deposits probably indicates a wealthy household’s diet.

The sample from C.30 (S.7) contained cereal grains such as oat, barley and wheat. How-ever, preservation was not good and in many cases it was not possible to identify the cereal grains present; these were listed as indeterminate cereal grains. Several other types of burnt plant material were found including fragments of hazelnut shells, several legumes (including pea) and a small quantity of common weed seeds.

The sample from C.71 (S.13) cereals such as oat, wheat and barley, with oat being the most numerous type found. Many of the cereal grains could not be identified to type because of poor quality preservation. The weeds included common hedge and field-edge varieties such as Cleavers and Sheep’s sorrel, and a small quantity of legumes was also recovered from this deposit.

The pit C.56 was filled by C.52 and a sample from this deposit (C.14) contained only a small amount of plant remains, with oat and wheat identified. In total only twenty-nine identifiable plant items were retrieved from this deposit. This is small in comparison to many of the other samples from the site (the largest number of items was two hundred and seventy)


90



but this is probably because only a small volume sample was taken from this deposit (4 litres in total, in comparison to 20 litres retrieved from some of the deposits at the site).

A small sample from C.50 (S.15) contained an assemblage of plant remains that was predominantly made up of indeterminate cereal grains. Where it was possible to distinguish types of grain, oat was the most common one found in this sample.

The large plant remains assemblage from C.48 (S.18) contained large amounts of oat and wheat grains as well as a large quantity of indeterminate cereal grains. There were also twenty-two legumes but only one of these was definitely identified (as a pea). Weed seeds included a small quantity of field weeds such as Cleavers and Corn marigolds and there were also many fragments from hazelnut shells.

The sample C.60 (S.20) contained a small quantity of cereals. These were mostly indeter-minate but where grains were identifiable they were classified as wheat and oat. Small amounts of legumes, weeds and hazelnut shell fragments were also recovered from this deposit.

The plant remains assemblage from C.61 (S.22) contained quite large amounts of oat and wheat grains (present in equal quantities) and a slightly smaller amount of indeterminate cereal grains. Weeds included Cleavers, Goosefoots and Sheep’s sorrel, and there was a small quantity of hazelnut shell fragments present.

The sample C.47 (S.26) contained a small assemblage of cereals, where identifiable these were classified as wheat, barley and oats, but most of the grains from this deposit were inde-terminate. The only other plant materials present were unidentifiable legumes.

The charred plant remains from C.73 (S.27) contained only small amounts of plant re-mains including bread wheat and indeterminate cereals. The only weeds present were two seeds from Cleavers.

The plant assemblage from C.39 (S.29) was the largest from the site. It contained large quantities of oat and wheat grains and a much smaller proportion of indeterminate grains than was noted in other samples from the site. The weeds included Cleavers and Sheep’s sorrel and there were hazelnut shell fragments and legumes present also.

The sample C.78 (S.31) contained oats and wheat and a small quantity of barley. There were several legumes in the sample, including three peas. Weed seeds included Cleavers and Sheep’s sorrel and fragments of hazelnut shell were also present.

The plant remains assemblage from C.92 (S.37) contained wheat and oat grains and a large proportion of indeterminate cereal grains. One seeds from Sheep’s sorrel was the only weed type identified and legumes were also present (including some peas).

Interpretation and Discussion

The plant remains were predominantly cereals with wheat and oat as the most common types found (Figure 3). Wheat was the most common type, at 50% of the entire identifiable cereal assemblage, while oats were present in almost the same proportion (47%). Barley was found


91



only in very small amounts (only 3% of the entire cereal assemblage) and only one grain of rye was retrieved from the site.

These proportions differ from those retrieved from similar feature types in the adjoining properties (excavated under licence no. 99E0757), where 39% of the entire identifiable cereal assemblage was made up of wheat, 32% of oat, 24% of barley and 5% of rye (Dillon 2006). Most notably they differ in the proportions of barley and rye that were present (Figure 4). However, the general trend from both sites indicates that wheat and oat were the most com-mon cereal types.

This trend is common at many late medieval and post-medieval sites; for example oats and wheat were the most common cereal types recovered from a kiln excavated along the Ballyveelish to Waterford gas pipeline (Monk 1989), at Kilferagh kiln, Co. Kilkenny (Monk 1987a) and at Ballyveelish 1, Co. Tipperary (Monk 1987b). Oats, barley and free-threshing wheat were found in deposits from the medieval house and yard site excavated at Irishtown/Brennan’s Yard in Kilkenny (02E1592). Oat was the most frequent grain type, although generally the samples did not produce sufficient quantities of cereal remains to comment on their relative importance (Johnston 2004). One of the most closely comparable plant remains assemblages to that retrieved from 11 Patrick St. came from a medieval and post-medieval site excavated at Friary St. Kilkenny (97E0087ext and 01E0569). The site comprised the remains of rear burgage plots and corn drying kilns and several pits. The plant remains assemblage from this site was rich and wheat and oats were recovered in abundance, with wheat account-ing for 51% of the identifiable cereal assemblage and oats at 43%. Barley only made up 6% of the assemblage (Johnston in progress). The proportions of identifiable cereals at Friary St. follow a similar pattern to those from 11 Patrick St., with wheat the most abundant cereal type, followed by oat, then barley (present in very small quantities) and rye (which was virtu-ally absent). O’Keefe (2000, 80) indicates that late medieval royal requests were primarily for oats (50%) and wheat (40%). Barley was requested in much smaller amounts in the form of crushed malt (10%). The plant remains from 11 Patrick St. more-or-less reflect these percent-ages, although the percentage of barley from the site was much smaller and there is no indica-tion in these samples that barley was used for the preparation of malt.

Some of the wheat from 11 Patrick St. was identified as bread wheat. These grains have a high gluten content, which produces good quality bread (Kelly, 1998, 220). It is a free-threshing cereal, making it easier to process than other cereals. Oat was generally a less valued cereal. It is common, however, as it is well suited to growth in the damp Irish climate and it can produce good yield with little trouble, being less labour intensive than bread wheat. Oats identified from sites in Ireland include the cultivated variety, wild oats and the bristle pointed oats (see Monk 1985/86). Oat species are difficult to distinguish on the basis of their grains, and floret bases are normally required before identifications can be made. At 11 Patrick Street the oats could not be identified to species, as no characteristic chaff was found. Barley was not well-represented in the 11 Patrick Street samples, with only a few grains recovered. It was bet-ter represented in samples from the adjacent site of 12 Patrick St. (also known as Stratham’s


92



Garage, see Dillon 2006). Rye was also notable absent from the 11 Patrick St. deposits, al-though it was consistently present in most of the samples from the adjoining site.

The plant remains assemblage also included a small variety of weed seeds that are associ-ated with crops. These included sedge, Cleavers, Sheep’s sorrel, goosefoots, Wild radish and Corn marigold. These are all relatively common in late medieval charred plant remains as-semblages and were probably weeds of the arable field.

The poor quality of preservation noted in many of the samples from 11 Patrick St. is re-flected in the large proportion of cereal grains that could not be identified to type (Figure 5). Indeterminate cereal grains (or Ceralia) make up 36% of the entire cereal assemblage from the site, the largest category of cereals retrieved. This is common in plant remains assemblages where the deposits have been back-filled, as movement within the deposit can cause erosion and abrasion, and a resultant deterioration in the surface quality of the seeds (Monk 2000, 74).

Of note in the samples from this site was the presence of several legumes. Although the preservation quality was often poor, it was possible to identify several peas. These probably only became an important cultivar in Ireland after the Anglo-Norman invasion and Monk (1987a) argues that legumes are under-represented in the plant remains assemblage. This is due to taphonomic factors as they are less likely to be burnt than cereals (because fire and heat is not required for processing), and therefore they are less likely to be preserved. Peas, beans and other legumes would have provided a valuable source of protein in the medieval diet. English medieval food historians suggest that dried peas and beans were commonly made into flour, or in some cases used as part of a pottage, and they were used in making the popular dish “pease pudding”, found at both rich and poor tables (Spencer 2002). Smaller legumes seeds such as vetches were also recovered in the samples. These are found repeatedly in samples from late medieval contexts from Ireland, in particular in areas associated with Anglo-Norman agricultural practices (e.g Kilferagh, Co. Kilkenny which is located near a potential moated site). They are probably an indication of crop rotation, using nitrogen fixing plants such as legumes to aid rejuvenation of the soil and as a form of green manure. It ap-pears to have been common practice in England by the fourteenth century (Campbell 1995), but as yet there is relatively little evidence to date its use in Ireland. Their presence in these samples suggests intensive agricultural practices.

Conclusion

A plant remains assemblage from medieval and post-medieval deposits at 11 Patrick St. Kilkenny produced large quantities of wheat and oat grains and small amounts of barley and rye. The proportions of cereal grains retrieved, while markedly different from those found at the adjacent site of 12 Patrick St. (Stratham’s Garage site), had good parallels in some other plant remains assemblages from medieval and post-medieval deposits from Kilkenny city. The density of seeds per litre indicated that most were scattered waste that was found throughout


93



the site, but in one sample the density was high and indicated that this sample was possibly near a source of carbonised seeds. In general, preservation was poor and this was probably the product of erosion and abrasion due to re-working of charred material within deposits. One of the most interesting aspects of the samples was the widespread retrieval of legumes, which may be indicative of intensive arable management.

References

Campbell, B. M. S. 1995 Ecology versus economics in late thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century English agriculture, in D. Sweeney (ed.) Agriculture in the Middle Ages: technology, practice and representation. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.

Dillon, M. 2006 Appendix 6: Plant remains from Patrick Street Kilkenny 99E757, unpublished report for Eachtra Archaeological Projects.

Greig, J. 1982 Guardrobes, sewers, cess pits and latrines, Current Archaeology.

Johnston, P. 2004 Analysis of the plant remains Irishtown/Brennan’s Yard 02E1592, unpublished report for Margaret Gowen and Co. Ltd.

Johnston, P. In progress Analysis of the plant remains from Friary St. Kilkenny 97E0087ext and 01E0569, unpublished report for Margaret Gowen and Co. Ltd.

Kelly, F. 1998 Early Irish Farming. Dublin, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Mitchell, G. F. 1987 Archaeology and Environment in Early Dublin. (Medieval Dublin Excavations 1962-81, Series C, Volume 1). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.

Mitchell, G. F. and Dickson, C. 1985. Plant remains and other items from medieval Drogheda. Circaea vol. 3, no. 1, pp.31-37.

Monk, M. 2000 Seeds and Soil of Discontent: An environmental archaeological contribution to the nature of the early Neolithic, in A. Desmond, G. Johnson, M. McCarthy, J. Sheehan and E. Shee Twohig (eds) New Agendas in Irish Prehistory: Papers in commemoration of LizAnderson. Bray, Wordwell.

Monk, M. 1989 Appendix 3 archaeobotanical study of samples from pipeline sites, in Gowen, M. Three Irish Gas Pipelines: new archaeological evidence in Munster. Dublin, Wordwell.


94



Monk, M. 1987a Appendix II: Charred seed and plant remains, in Cleary, R.M., Hurley, M.F. and Twohig, E.A. (eds.) Archaeological Excavations on the Cork-Dublin Gas Pipeline (1981-82). Cork Archaeological Studies No. 1. Department of Archaeology, University College Cork, 98-99.

Monk, M. 1987b Appendix IV: Charred plant remains, in Cleary, R.M., Hurley, M.F. and Twohig, E.A. (eds.) Archaeological Excavations on the Cork-Dublin Gas Pipeline (1981-82). Cork Archaeological Studies No. 1. Department of Archaeology, University College Cork, 86-87.

Monk, M. 1985/86. ‘Evidence from macroscopic plant remains for crop husbandry in prehistoric and early historic Ireland: A review’, Journal of Irish Archaeology 3.

O’Keeffe, T. 2000. Medieval Ireland: an archaeology. Stroud, Tempus.

Spencer, C. 2002. British Food: An extraordinary thousand years of history. London, Grub Street.

Stace, C.A. 1997 (second edition) New Flora in the British Isles, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.


95



Figure 1

Percentage cereal composition in samples from 11 Patrick St. Kilkenny

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

6 7 13 14 15 18 20 22 26 27 29 31

Samples

Oat Barley Rye Wheat

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Density of plant items per litre

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Samples

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Figure 3

Percentage composition of identifiable cereal assemblage

Oat 47%

Wheat 50%

Barley 3%

Rye 0%


96



Figure 4

Comparisons between results from 11 and 12 Patrick Street

0%

20%

40%

60%

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100%

12 Patrick St. 11 Patrick St.

oat barley rye wheat

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Percentage composition of entire cereal assemblage

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Ceralia


97



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98



Appendix 7: Catalogue of clay pipes

A total of 111 clay pipe stems and 14 bowls (or bowl fragments) were recovered. According to these numbers, a Minimum Number of ten different clay pipes can be recognized, while at least twenty types were most likely present on site.

Stems

Stem (06E0230:8:1) L. 57.4 mm, D. 6.8 mm. Incomplete. Spur present, with a “Milkmaid” stamp (in use from c. 1600-1940) on the heel. Dutch. Cfr. Fig. 86:7, pag.184, in Norton 1997. Probable dating: 18th Century.

Stem (06E0230:2:4) L. 40.05 mm, D. 7.9 mm. Incomplete.

Stem (06E0230:2:5) L. 28 mm, D. 7 mm. Incomplete.


Stem (06E0230:2:7) L. 60 mm, D. 9 mm. Incomplete. Flat spur present. Dating: Late 17th Century (according to the shape of the spur).



Stem (06E0230:73:25) L. 38.4 mm, D. 9 mm. Incomplete.




Stem (06E0230:73:49) L. 40mm, D. 11 mm. Incomplete.




99




Stem (06E0230:73:33) L. 46 mm, D. 7.9 mm. Incomplete.




















100
























101





Stem (06E0230:73:39) L. 46.4 mm, D. 9.1 mm. Incomplete. Small spur and first part of the bowl present.



















102















Stem (06E0230:71:21) L. 49.3 mm, D. 7.4mm. Incomplete.

Stem (06E0230:71:6 L. 28 mm, D. 7.3 mm. Incomplete.








103






Stem (06E0230:71:14) L. 30 mm, D. 10.04 mm. First part of the bowl present. Incomplete.

Stem (06E0230:71:7) L. 28 mm, D. 9.3 mm. First part of the bowl present. Incomplete.






Stem (06E0230:7:2) L. 18.5 mm, D. 6.7 mm. Covered with a clear blue glaze. Incomplete.



Stem (06E0230:2:15) L. 29.5 mm, D. 9.1 mm. Incomplete. First part of bowl present.



Bowls*

Bowl Fragment (06E0230:73:1) L. 19.2 mm, W. 11.5 mm. Incomplete.

Bowl Fragment (06E0230:70:1) L. 22.6 mm, W. 13 mm. Incomplete.

Bowl Fragment (06E0230:21:7) L. 31.5 mm, W. 17.8 mm. Incomplete.


104



Bowl Fragment (06E0230:73:13) L. 24 mm, W. 15.4 mm. Incomplete. Part of the lip present.

Bowl (06E0230:7:3) L. 34.3 mm, W. 22 mm. Incomplete. Half part missing. Lip missing. Spur and part of the stem present. Large straight-sided spurred bowl. Probable dating: 18th Century.

Bowl (06E0230:71:15) L. 43.7 mm, W. 19.7 mm. Incomplete. Half part missing. Lip miss-ing. Large straight-sided bowl with small and flat spur. Probable English provenance. Average dating: 18th Century. Cfr. Lane 2003, Fig. 33:19, Pag. 103.

Bowl (06E0230:16:3) L. 41 mm, W. 18.5 mm. Incomplete. Lip and upper part missing. Large plain spurred bowl. Average dating: Early 18th Century. Cfr. Norton 1997, Fig. 86:10, Pag. 183.

Bowl (06E0230:15:4) L. 37.5 mm, W. 17.6 mm. Incomplete. Lip and part of the bowl miss-ing. Large plain spurred bowl. Dating: 1760-1780 ca. Cfr. Lane 1997b, Fig. 33:17, Pag. 103.

Bowl (06E0230:73:21) L. 33.5 mm, W. 19.2 mm. Incomplete. Half part missing. Lip burnt. Slightly bulbous with rouletting right below the rim. Probable English provenance. Average dating: Late 17th Century. Cfr. Lane 1997a, Fig. 97:6, Pag. 225; Lane 1997b, Fig.33:13, Pag. 103.

Bowl (06E0230:73:50) L. 40.04 mm, D. 15 mm. Complete. Spurred, straight sided with flared lips. What seems to be the arms of Gouda is present on one side of the spur. Dutch. Cfr. (as regards the decoration) Figg. 86:12, pag.184, in Norton 1997; Lane 1997b, Fig.33:16, Pag.103 (as regards the shape). Dating: 18th Century.

Bowl (06E0230:73:56) L. 42.3 mm, D. 16 mm. Complete. Small spur present but damaged. Large, plain type. Cfr. Fig. 86:10, pag.184, in Norton 1997. Probable dating: Early 18th Century.

Bowl (06E0230:73:53) L. 39.5 mm, D. 13.7 mm. Complete. Small, bulbous, flat heeled bowl. Heavy mill-rimming. Cfr. Lane 1997b, Fig.33:4, Pag.103. Dating: Late 17th Century.

Bowl (06E0230:73:52) L. 31.6 mm, D. 16.2 mm. Complete but damaged on the rim. Flat spur present. Bulbous, straight sided with rouletting about 5 mm. below the lip. Probable English. Dating: 18th Century.


105



Bowl (06E0230:73:58) L. 40.07 mm, D. 15.1 mm. Complete. Part of the stem (D. 9.2 mm.) present. Bulbous, plain type with tiny spur. Cfr. Bristol clay pipe from Christ Church, Cork: Fig. 97:27, pag. 225, in Lane 1997a. Probable dating: Late 17th/Early 18th Century.

* The diameter considered is the maximum diameter of the bowl. When the bowl lip is present the diameter is taken on the rim of the bowl.


Norton 1997. Norton J., Clay pipes, in “Archaeological Excavations at Patrick, Nicholas & Winetavern Streets – Dublin”, Dingle, Co.Kerry 1997 (pages 183-184).

Lane 1997a. Lane S., Clay pipes, in “Skiddy’s Castle and Christ Church, Cork – Excavations 1974-77”, Cork 1997 (pages 224-238).

Lane 1997b. Lane S., Clay pipes, in “Excavations at North Gate – Cork 1994”, Cork 1997 (pages 102-105).

Lane 2003. Lane S., Clay pipes, in “Excavations in Cork City, 1984-2000”, Cork 2003 (pages 248-251).


106



Appendix 8: Catalogue of metal artefacts

Few metal objects were recovered on site. Two iron nails (06E0230:47:1 & 06E0230:61:1) and a possible knife blade (06E0230:78:1) are associated with medieval pottery.

Four iron nails (06E0230:7:1) and a probable horse shoe (06E0230:71:4) come from con-texts post-medieval in date.

Nail (03E0230:47:1) Fe. L. 55.8 mm, Th. (of shank) 6.1 mm. Complete but very corroded. Shank bent, rectangular in section.

Nail (03E0230:61:1) Fe. L. 26 mm, D. (of head) 19.9 mm, Th. (of shank) 7 mm. Incomplete. Flat rounded head. Shank rectangular in section. Corroded.

Nails (03E0230:7:1) Fe. Average L. 68 mm, average W. (of head) 15.1 mm, average Th. (of shank) 6.7 mm. Complete. Group of four iron nails. Flat sub-rectangular heads. Shanks rec-tangular in section. Very corroded.

Knife Blade (03E0230:78:1) Fe. L. 68.7 mm, W. 14.2 mm, Th. 8.7 mm. Incomplete. Final part of a probable knife blade. Handle missing. Very corroded.

Horse Shoe? (03E0230:71:4) Fe. L. 106.3 mm, W. 31.2 mm, Th. 8 mm. Incomplete. Possible horse shoe. One of the ends is broken. Very corroded.


107



Appendix 9: Catalogue of stone artefacts

Roof Slates

A total of 18 roof slates were found on site. They all come from Area 1, with the exception of two slates recovered on the Topsoil (C.2) in Area 2. The twelve roof from C.73 (Area 1) were used as wedges, hanging against the interior wall of the well.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:7) L. 162 mm, W. 123 mm, Th. 9.4 mm. Incomplete. Irregular in shape.. Two circular perforations in line.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:8) L. 177 mm, W. 130.09 mm, Th. 6.3 mm. Incomplete. Sub-rectan-gular in shape.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:9) L. 150 mm, W. 88 mm, Th. 7.2 mm. Incomplete. Sub-triangular in shape.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:10) L. 277 mm, W. 113 mm, Th. 6.1 mm. Incomplete. Sub-rectan-gular in shape. One straight cut edge.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:11) L. 259 mm, W. 164 mm, Th. 7.5 mm. Incomplete. Sub-ectangu-lar in shape. Remains of rust and of two circular perforations.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:12) L. 185 mm, W. 136 mm, Th. 8.8 mm. Incomplete. Rectangular in shape, remains of a circular perforation.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:13) L. 281 mm, W. 145 mm, Th. 11.5 mm. Incomplete. Sub-rectan-gular in shape. One straight cut edge.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:14) L. 173 mm, W. 117 mm, Th. 9.8 mm. Incomplete. Irregular in shape.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:15) L. 220 mm, W. 112 mm, Th. 9 mm. Incomplete. Sub-elliptical in shape, remains of dusty iron stuck to one side.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:16) L. 251 mm, W. 119 mm, Th. 7.6 mm. Incomplete. Sub-rectangu-lar in shape. One straight cut edge.


108



Roof slate (06E0230:8:17) L. 160 mm, W. 110 mm, Th. 6.5 mm. Incomplete. Sub-triangular in shape. One straight edge.

Roof slate (06E0230:8:18) L. 252 mm, W. 193 mm, Th. 5.6 mm. Incomplete. Sub-rectan-gular in shape.

Roof slate (06E0230:7:5) L. 109.7 mm, W. 59.2 mm, Th. 4.5 mm. Incomplete. Sub-rectan-gular in shape.

Roof slate (06E0230:7:6) L. 132.4 mm, W. 81.7 mm, Th. 6.8 mm. Incomplete. Sub-trian-gular in shape. Two straight edges.

Roof slate (06E0230:2:13) L. 115.5 mm, W. 70 mm, Th. 5.1 mm. Incomplete. Irregular in shape.

Roof slate (06E0230:2:14) L. 195 mm, W. 100.06 mm, Th. 9.7 mm. Incomplete. Sub-rec-tangular in shape. One circular perforation present.

Roof slate (06E0230:18:1) L. 241 mm, W. 143 mm, Th. 6.1 mm. Incomplete. Irregular in shape.

Roof slate (06E0230:18:2) L. 179 mm, W. 72.8 mm, Th. 8 mm. Incomplete. Irregular in shape.

Other Artefacts

Stone Artefact (06E0230:71:2) L. 98.3 mm, W. 35 mm, Th. 13.7 mm. Col. 5Y, 5/2 (olive grey). Sandstone? Incomplete. Sub-rectangular in shape. Rounded on one side, flat on the other. One end is cut broken, the opposite one is rounded.

Hammerstone? (06E0230:65:6) L. 120.01 mm, W. 44.8 mm. Col. 2.5Y, 6.3 (light yellowish brown). Complete. Rounded in shape, trapezoidal in section.


Carroll&Quinn 2003. Carroll M. and Quinn A., Stone Artefacts, in “Excavations in Cork City, 1984-2000”, Cork 2003 (pages 305-320).


109



Appendix 10: Catalogue of glass

Medicine Phial (06E0230:8:2). D. 25.2 mm. Incomplete. Body missing. Short neck cylin-dric in shape. Rim everted and flattened. Well-defined sloping shoulder. This type of bottles were used from the 18th Century (Cfr. Finch 1997). As the neck is blown in mold, the mani-facturinc shouldn’t be later than 1910. (Cfr. www.antiquebottles.com)

Bottle (06E0230:8:5). L. 160 mm, D. 61.2 mm. Incomplete. Neck missing. Dark green glass. Cylindric body, rounded shoulder. Embossed on the base with “3-K”. Probable dating: Late 19th/Early 20th Century.

Bottle (06E0230:8:3). L. 85.5 mm, D. (of neck) 44.5 mm. Complete. Clear glass. Body oc-tagonal in shape. Short neck, everted thick rim. According to the registration number “R°N° 616389” embossed right below the neck, this bottle was manifactured in 1887.

Ink Bottle (06E0230:8:4). L. 63.6 mm, D. (of neck) 28.5 mm. Complete. Aqua green glass. Body cylindrical in shape. Short neck. Dating (according to the shape): ca. 1900. This is an BIM (Blowing In Mold) bottle, that means it was manifactured before 1910.

Bottle Base (06E0230:7:4). L. 74.6 mm, W. 59.4 mm, Th. 7.3 mm. Incomplete. Aqua green glass. Square in shape. Probable dating: second half of 19th Century.

Bottle Fragment (06E0230:21:10). D. 43.7 mm, Th. 22.5 mm. Incomplete. Aqua blue glass. Rounded and pointed in shape. Probable part of a bottle.


Finch 1997. Finch O., Bottles and Window Glasses, in “Skiddy’s Castle and Christ Church, Cork – Excavations 1974-77”, Cork 1997 (pages 193-201).

Mackney RF n.p. “Excavation of a ringfort with post-medieval burial in Mackney townland, Co.Galway”. Unpublished report by EACHTRA Archaeological Projects

Websites

http://www.sportingcollectibles.comhttp://www.antiquebottles.comhttp://www.bottlebooks.com

http://www.antiquebottles.com

http://www.sportingcollectibles.com

http://www.antiquebottles.com

http://www.bottlebooks.com

archaeological report - 11 patricks st, kilkenny, co. kilkenny (ireland)

Education

patrick street

d of kilkenny

city of kilkenny

kilkenny pits

county kilkenny

site location

eachtra journal issn

ormond street