armed conflicts 1946 - 2006€¦ · united kingdom vs. nlf (national liberation front), flosy...
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Location Incompability Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Europe
Azerbaijan Govt Husseinov military faction 1993 Minor
OPON forces (Otryad Policija Osobogo Naznacenija: Special Police Brigade) 1995 Minor
Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia 1 1992–94 War
2005 Minor*
Bosnia and Herzegovina Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia2 1992–93 War
1994–95 Minor*3
Armed Conflicts 1946 - 2006 *
* The location column lists the governmental party except in the case of extrasystemic conflicts, which are listed in italics with brackets around the name of the dependent territory, and, with both parties listed in the opposition organization column with the government name in bold. In the case of an interstate conflict, both parties are presented in the location column, with a dash between the two country names. Internationalized internal conflicts have at least one state or multinational coalitions listed with the primary parties to the conflict. All other cases are internal conflicts. Note that the intensity category Intermediate has been removed (see codebook for discussion). However, it is still possible to determine which conflicts have reached a total of at least 1000 battle-related deaths since it started. This is indicated by * in the intensity column. For definitions, see codebook.
This document is part of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2005, an update of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2001 as described in Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637. The latest version of this document can always be found at http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/ and http://www.ucdp.uu.se/research/UCDP/our_data1.htm
1 Armenia active in 1992–93 and 2005.2 Yugoslavia active in 1992–93.3 Possibly war in 1994–95.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Bosnia and Herzegovina cont. Terr (Croat) Croatian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian irregulars, Croatia4 1993 War
1994 Minor*
Terr (Bihača Krajina) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia 1993–95 Minor
Croatia Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Krajina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia5 1992–93 Minor
1995 Minor6
(Cyprus) Terr (Cyprus) United Kingdom vs. EOKA (Ethniki organosis kiprion agoniston: National Union of Cypriot Fighters) 1955–59 Minor
Cyprus –Turkey
Terr (Northern Cyprus) 1974 War
France Govt OAS (Organisation de l’armée secrète: Secret Army Organization) 1961–62 War
4 Croatia active in 1993.5 Yugoslavia active in 1992–1993.6 Possibly more than 1000 cumulative deaths by 1995.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Georgia Govt Anti-government alliance7 , Zviadists 1991–93 Minor
Terr (Abkhazia) Republic of Abkhazia 1992 Minor
1993 War
Terr (South Ossetia) Republic of South Ossetia 1992 Minor
2004 Minor
Greece Govt DSE (Dimokratikos stratos ellados: Democratic Army of Greece) 1946–49 War
Hungary –Soviet Union Govt 1956 War
Macedonia Govt UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kombëtare: National Liberation Army) 2001 Minor
Moldova Terr (Dniestr) Dniestr Republic 1992 Minor
Romania Govt National Salvation Front 1989 Minor
Russia Govt Parliamentary forces 1993 Minor
7 The anti-government alliance in Georgia consisted of a faction of the National Guard, the Forces of Vazha Adamia and Mkhedrioni.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Russia cont. Terr (Chechnya) Republic of Chechnya (Ichkeria) 1994 Minor
1995–96 War
1999–2001 War
2002–03 Minor*
2004 War
2005–06 Minor*
Terr (Dagestan) Wahhabi Movement of the Buinaksk District 1999 Minor
Soviet Union Terr (Estonia) Forest Brothers 1946–48 Minor*
Terr (Latvia) LTS(p)A (Association of the Latvian Fatherland Guards), LNJS (Latvian National Youth of LTS(p)A), LNPA (Latvian National Guerilla Association) 1946–47 Minor*
Terr (Lithuania) BDPS (Bendras demokratinio pasipriesinimo sajudis: United Democratic Resistance Movement) 1946–47 War
1948 Minor*
Terr (Ukraine) UPA (Ukraine Partisan Army) 1946–48 War
1949–50 Minor*
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Soviet Union cont. Terr (Azerbaijan) APF (Azerbaijani Popular Front) 1990 Minor
Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Armenia, ANM (Armenian National Movement) 1990–91 Minor
Spain Terr (Basque) ETA (Euskadi ta azkatasuna: Basque Nation and Liberty) 1980–81 Minor
1987 Minor
1991–92 Minor
UK Terr (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) 1971–77 Minor
1978–91 Minor*
Real IRA (Irish Republican Army) 1998 Minor*
UK–Albania Terr (Korfu Channel) 1946 Minor
Yugoslavia Terr (Croatia) Republic of Croatia, Croatian irregulars 1991 War
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
8 At the time consisting of Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK and USA.
Yugoslavia cont. Terr (Slovenia) Republic of Slovenia 1991 Minor
Terr (Kosovo) UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army) 1998 War
UCK, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)8 1999 War
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Middle East
Egypt Govt Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Association) 1993–98 Minor
Egypt –UK Terr (Suez) 1951–52 Minor
Iran Govt Mujahideen e Khalq 1979–80 Minor
1981–82 War
1986–88 Minor*
1991–93 Minor*
1997 Minor*
1999–2001 Minor*
PJAK (Partî Jiyanî Azadî Kurdistan: The Free Life Party of Kurdistan), Jondullah (God’s Army) 2005–06 Minor*
Terr (Azerbaijan) Republic of Azerbaijan, Soviet Union 1946 Minor
Terr (Kurdistan) Republic of Kurdistan/KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran), Soviet Union 1946 Minor
KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran) 1966–68 Minor*9
9 Possibly war in 1966–68.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1979–80 War
1981 Minor*
1982 War
1983–88 Minor*
1990 Minor*
1993 Minor*
1996 Minor*
Iran cont. Terr (Arabistan) APCO (Arab Political and Cultural Organization) 1979–80 Minor
Iraq10 Govt Military faction 1958 Minor
Nationalists 1959 Minor11
Military faction 1963 Minor
SCIRI (Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq) 1982–84 Minor
1987 Minor
1991 War
1992–96 Minor*12
10 For information on the states contributing troops to the Iraqi government 2004-06, see the main conflict table or go to www.pcr.uu.se/database11 Possibly war in 1959.12 Possibly war in 1992.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Al Mahdi Army, Jaish Ansar Al-Sunna (Army of the protectors of the faith), TQJBR (Tanzim Qa’idat al Jihad fi Bilad al Rafidayn: Organization of of Jihad’s Base in the Country of the Two Rivers), Al Jaysh al-Islami fi Iraq (the Islamic Army of Iraq)13 2004–06 War
Iraq cont. Terr (Kurdistan)14 KDP (Al-hizb al dimuqraati al-kurid: Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq), PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)15 1961–63 War
1964 Minor*
1965–66 War
1967–68 Minor*
1969 War
1970 Minor*
1973 Minor*
1974–75 War
1976–87 Minor*
1988 War
1989–90 Minor*
1991 War
1992–93 Minor*
PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) 1996 Minor*
13 Until November 2004, the group was called Jama’at Al-Tawhid wa Al-Jihad. 14 Possibly war in the years 1968, 1970 and 1979–87.15 PUK active from 1975.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Iran – Iraq Terr (Various)16 1974 Minor
1980–88 War
Iraq–USA, UK, Australia Government 2003 War
Iraq –Kuwait17 Terr (Kuwait) 1990 Minor
1991 War
(Israel) Terr (Israel) United Kingdom vs. IZL [Etzel] (Irgun zwai leumi: National MilitaryOrganization) 1946 Minor
Israel Terr (Palestine) Palestinian insurgents 1949–54 Minor
1955–64 Minor*18
PLO (Munazamat tahir falastin: Palestine Liberation Organization) groups, Non-PLO groups19 1965–1988 Minor*
16 Notably the Shatt-al-Arab, but also islands in the Strait of Hormuz as well as territory along their common land border. By 1982, the stated incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute.
17 In 1991, Kuwait supported by the Multinational Coalition comprising troops from: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Syria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and USA.
18 It is unclear exactly what year the conflict reached a cumulative intensity of 1000 battle-related deaths. 19 E.g. Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP-GC, Hizbollah and al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. For the period after 1988 it has been possible to be more exact in the coding, and more precise information is thus given
for these years.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
PFLP (Al-Jabna Al-Shabiyya li Tahrir Falastin: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) PFLP-GC (PFLP-General Command), Fatah (Harakat Tahrir Falastin: Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine), , PIJ (Al-Jihad al-Islami fi Filastin: Palestinian Islamic Jihad), PNA (Palestinian National Authority), Hamas (Harakat al-muqawarna al-islamiyya: Islamic Resistance Movement), AMB (Kataeb al-Shaheed al-Aqsa: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades), PRC (Popular Resistance Committees) 1989–96 Minor*
2000–06 Minor*
Israel cont. Terr (Southern Lebanon) Hezbollah (Party of God) 1990–1999 Minor
2006 Minor*
Israel – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan Terr (Palestine) 1948 War
1949 Minor*
Israel,UK, France –Egypt Terr (Suez) 1956 War
Israel –Egypt Terr (Suez/Sinai) 1967 War
1969–70 Minor*20
20 Possibly war in 1970.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1973 War
Israel –Jordan Terr (West Bank) 1967 War
Israel –Syria Terr (Golan Heights) 1967 War
1973 War
Lebanon Govt Independent Nasserite Movement /Mourabitoun militia 1958 War
Various organizations21, Syria, Israel 1975 Minor*
1976 War
1977–79 Minor*22
1980–82 War
1983–88 Minor*
Lebanese Army (Aoun), Lebanese Forces, Syria 1989–90 Minor*
Muscat andOman/Oman23 Terr (Oman) State of Oman/Free Oman 1957 Minor
21 Some of the main groups being Progressive Socialist Party/Lebanese National Movement, Phalangist militia (Lebanese Forces), Lebanese Front, PLO, Mourabitoun, Lebanese Army, Amal, Hizbollah, SLA (South Lebanese Army), LCP (Lebanese Communist Party), PFLP-GC (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command), SSNP (Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party), Lebanese National Resistance Front, Popular Nasserite Organization, Lebanese Baath Party, Syria, Israel and Iran (Revolutionary Guard); all active during all or part of the conflict.
22 Possibly war in the years 1977–79 and 1983–84.23 Supported by troops from United Kingdom in 1957. Supported by troops from Iran, Jordan and the United Kingdom in 1972–75.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Muscat andOman/Oman cont. Govt
PFLOAG (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arab Gulf)24, South Yemen 1972–75 Minor
N. Yemen 25 Govt Opposition coalition 1948 War
Royalists 1962–64 War
1965 Minor*
1966–67 War
1968–70 Minor*
National Democratic Front 1980–82 Minor*26
N. Yemen –S. Yemen
Govt/Terr (Common border) 1972 Minor
1978–79 Minor
Saudi Arabia Govt Juhayman movement 1979 Minor
(S. Yemen) Terr (Aden/South Yemen)
United Kingdom vs. NLF (National Liberation Front), FLOSY (Front for the Liberation of South Yemen) 1964–67 Minor
24 Renamed PFLO (Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman) in 1974. 25 Supported by troops from Egypt in 1962–70.26 Possibly reached the cumulative intensity of 1000 battle-related deaths in 1980–82.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
S. Yemen Govt Faction of Yemenite Socialist Party 1986 War
Syria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor
Muslim Brotherhood 1979–81 Minor
1982 War
Turkey Govt Devrimci sol (Revolutionary Left) 1991–92 Minor
MKP (Maoist Komünist Partisi: Maoist Communist Party) 2005 Minor
Terr (Kurdistan) PKK (Partiya karkeren Kurdistan: Kurdistan Worker’s Party)27 1984–86 Minor
1987–91 Minor*
1992–97 War
1998–2006 Minor*
Yemen Terr (South Yemen) Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 War
27 In 2002, the PKK changed its name to Kadek (Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress). In 2003, the name was changed again, this time to KONGRA-GEL (People’s Congress of Kurdistan). In April 2005 Kongra-gel changed its name back to PKK.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Asia
Afghanistan28 Govt PDPA (People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan), Mujahideen (Afghanistan-based), Mujahideen (Pakistan-based), Mujahideen (Iran-based), Military faction, Taleban, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami, Jami’at-i-Islami, UIFSA (United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan)29, Multinational Coalition30 1978–2001 War
Taleban 2003–04 Minor*
2005–06 War
Bangladesh Terr (Chittagong Hill Tracts)
JSS/SB (Parbattya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti: Chittagong Hill Tracts People’s Coordination Association)/ Shanti Bahini (Peace Force) 1974–86 Minor
1987–92 Minor*
(Brunei) Terr (North Borneo) United Kingdom vs. North Kalimantan Liberation Army 1962 Minor
Burma/Myanmar31 Govt BCP (Burmese Communist Party), leftist organizations32 1948–53 War
28 Supported by troops from the Soviet Union in 1979–88. For information on the states contributing troops in 2003-2006, see the main conflict table or go to www.pcr.uu.se/database.29 UIFSA was formed by Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami and Jami’at-i-Islami in 1996. 30 The Multinational Coalition, active in 2001 comprised troops from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, United Kingdom and USA.31 Due to the complex situation that has existed in Burma since independence, it is hard to find any reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on Burma 1948–1988 are
estimates. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact.32 Various factions of the Burmese Communist Party have developed over the years, such as the Red Flag and White Flag movements, Parliamentary Democracy Party, People’s Liberation Front,
National Democratic United Front, Nationalities Liberation Alliance. There are also several organizations operating along ethnic divisions, such as the Palung National Front and Palung State Liberation Organization.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1954–67 Minor*
1968–78 War
1979–88 Minor*
ABSDF (All-Burma Students Democratic Front) 1990–92 Minor*
1994 Minor*
Burma/Myanmar cont. Terr (Arakan) Arakan insurgents33 1948–88 Minor
RSO (Rohingya Solidarity Organisation), ARIF (Arakan RohingyaIslamic Front) 1991–92 Minor
1994 Minor34
Terr (Mon) MFL–MUF (Mon Freedom League–Mon United Front), Mon insurgents35 1949–51 Minor
MPSG (Mon People’s Solidarity Group)/MPF (Mon People’s Front)36, NMSP (New Mon State Party) 1952–63 Minor
NMSP (New Mon State Party) 1990 Minor
BMA (Beik Mon Army) 1996 Minor
33 APLP (Arakan People’s Liberation Party), ANLP (Arakan National Liberation Party), CPA (Communist Party of Arakan, AIO (Arakan Independence Organization), ALP/ALA (Arakan Liberation Party/Arakan Liberation Army), MLO (Moslem Liberation Organization of Burma), NUFA (National United Liberation Front of Arakan).
34 This conflict is coded as being a minor armed conflict for more than 40 years in total. This is contrary to our coding criteria. To date we have not succeeded in establishing when the accumulated death toll exceeded 1000 battle-related deaths.
35 Various organizations including MNDO (Mon National Defence Organisation) and MPF (Mon People’s Front).36 MPSG was an umbrella group including MFL-MUF. In 1955 MPSG changed its name to MPF.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Burma/ Myanmar cont. Terr (Shan) NSH (Brave Young Warriors: Noom Suik Harn) 1959 Minor
SSIA (Shan State Independence Army) 1960–63 Minor
SSA (Shan State Army) 1964–70 War
SSNPLO (Shan State Nationalities People’s Liberation Organization), SSRA (Shan State Revolutionary Army), MTA (Mong Tai Army), PSLO (Palung State Liberation Organization) 1976–88 Minor*
MTA (Mong Tai Army) 1993 Minor*
1994 War
1995 Minor*
SSA/s (Shan State Army/south command) 1996–2002 Minor*
2005–06 Minor*
Terr (Kachin) PNDF (Pawngywng National Defense Force) 1949 Minor
KIO (Kachin Independence Organization) 1961–75 War
1976–92 Minor*
Terr (Karenni) KNPP (Karenni National Progressive Party) 1957 Minor
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1992 Minor
1996 Minor
2005 Minor
Burma/Myanmar cont. Terr (Karen) KNU (Karen National Union), God’s Army37 1949 War
1950–91 Minor*38
1992 War
1995 Minor*
1997–2003 Minor*
2005–06 Minor*
Terr (Wa) UWSA (United Wa State Army) 1997 Minor
(Cambodia) Terr (Cambodia) France vs. Khmer Issarak 1946–53 Minor39
37 God’s Army only active in 2000.38 Possibly war in 1991.39 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll over 1000 during these years. Possibly war some of the years.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Cambodia40 Govt Khmer Rouge 1967 War
1968–69 Minor*
FUNK (Front uni national du Kampuchéa: National United Front of Kampuchea)41, North Vietnam 1970–75 War
KNUFNS (Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation),Vietnam 1978 War
Khmer Rouge, FUNCINPEC (Front uni national pour un Cambodge indépendent, neutre, pacifique et coopératif: United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia)42, KPNLF (Khmer People’s National Liberation Front) 1979–88 Minor*43
1989 War
1990–98 Minor*
Cambodia –Thailand
Terr (Common border) 1966 Minor
1977–78 Minor
Cambodia –Vietnam
Terr (Common border) 1975–77 Minor44
40 Supported by troops from South Vietnam and the USA 1970–73. Supported by troops from Vietnam in 1979–89.41 Coalition of KCP (Khmer Communist Party), Khmer Rouge and Sihanoukists.42 Formed in 1981.43 Possibly war 1979–88.44 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll over 1000 during these years. Possibly war some of the years.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
China Govt People’s Liberation Army 1946–49 War
Terr (Taiwan) Taiwanese insurgents45 1947 War
Terr (Tibet) Tibet 1950 Minor
1956 War
1959 War
China –Taiwan46
Govt/Terr (Taiwan strait) 1949 War
1950 Minor*
1954 War
1958 War
China – India Terr (Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh) 1962 War
1967 Minor*
China –Burma
Terr (Common border) 1969 Minor
45 Note that this separatist insurgency involves Taiwanese aborigines and is unrelated to later China–Taiwan conflicts.46 Supported by troops from the USA from 1954 and on.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
China –Soviet Union Terr (Ussuri river) 1969 Minor
China –Vietnam Terr (Various)47 1978 Minor
1979 War
1980–81 Minor*
1983–84 Minor*
1986–88 Minor*
Hyderabad Govt CPI (Communist Party of India) 1947–48 War
Hyderabad –India Terr (Hyderabad) 1948 War
India48 Govt CPI (Communist Party of India) 1948–51 War
CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Marxist)49 1967–72 Minor*
PWG (People’s War Group), MCC (Maoist Communist Centre) 1990–94 Minor*
1996–2004 Minor*
47 Including their common land border, the Gulf of Tonkin, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.48 Due to the complex situation that has existed in India since independence, it is hard to find reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on India 1948–1988 are
estimates. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact.49 The CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Marxist) split in 1969 into CPI-ML (Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist) and MCC (Maoist Communist Centre). The CPI-ML has since then split into
numerous factions, one of the most important being People’s War Group (PWG).
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Maoist) 2005–06 Minor*
India cont. Terr (Punjab/Khalistan) Sikh insurgents50 1983–86 Minor
1987 Minor*
1988–92 War
1993 Minor*
Terr (Nagaland)51 NNC (Naga Nationalist Council) 1956–57 Minor
1958–59 Minor*
1961–68 Minor*
NSCN (I-M) (Naga Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isaac-Muivah faction) 1992–97 Minor*
2000 Minor*
NSCN-K (Naga Socialist Council of Nagaland - Khaplang faction) 2005–06 Minor*
Terr (Manipur) PLA (People’s Liberation Army) 1982–88 Minor
PLA (People’s Liberation Army), UNLF (United National Liberation Front), KNF (Kuki National Front) 1992–2000 Minor
2003–06 Minor
50 A large number of groups have been active, reportedly more than 24 organizations and splinter groups in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been the KLF (Khalistan Liberation Force) and the KCF (Khalistan Commando Force).
51 Supported by troops from Myanmar in 2005 and 2006.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
India cont. Terr (Tripura) TNV (Tripura National Volunteers) 1978–88 Minor
ATTF (All Tripura Tiger Force), NLFT (National Liberation Front of Tripura) 1992–93 Minor
1995 Minor
1997–2004 Minor
2006 Minor
Terr (Mizoram) MNF (Mizo National Front) 1966–68 Minor
Terr (Kashmir) Kashmir insurgents52 1989 Minor
1990–93 War
1994–98 Minor*
1999–2005 War
2006 Minor*
Terr (Assam) ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) 1990–91 Minor
1994–2006 Minor
Terr (Bodoland) ABSU (All Bodo Student’s Union) 1989–1990 Minor
NDFB (National Democratic Front for Bodoland) 1993–2004 Minor
52 A large number of groups have been active. 60 groups were reported active in 1990, 140 in 1991 and 180 in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been JKLF (Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen and, in recent years, also the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jesh-e-Mohammad.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
India –Pakistan Terr (Kashmir) 1948 War
1964 Minor*
1965 War
1971 War
1984 Minor*
1987 Minor*
1989–1992 Minor*
1996–98 Minor*
1999 War
2000–03 Minor*
(Indonesia) Terr (Indonesia) Netherlands vs. Indonesian People’s Army 1946–49 Minor
Indonesia Govt Darul Islam Movement 1953 War
Darul Islam Movement, PRRI (Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic), Permesta movement 1958–61 Minor*
Terr (South Moluccas) Republic of South Moluccas 1950 War
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Indonesia cont. Terr (West Papua) OPM (Organisasi Papua merdeka: Organization for a Free Papua) 1965 Minor
1967–69 Minor
1976–78 War
Terr (East Timor) Fretilin (Frente revolucionária de Timor Leste independente: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) 1975–78 War
1979–89 Minor*
1992 Minor*
1997–98 Minor*
Terr (Aceh) GAM (Gerakan Aceh merdeka: Free Aceh Movement) 1990–1991 Minor53
1999–2002 Minor
2003–05 Minor*
Indonesia –Netherlands
Terr (West New Guinea) 1962 Minor
(Laos) Terr (Laos) France vs. Lao Issara 1946–49 Minor
1950–53 Minor*54
53 Possibly war in 1990. Possibly reached 1000 cumulative battle-related deaths allready in 1991.54 Possibly war in 1950–53.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Laos55 Govt Pathet Lao56, Neutrals 1959–61 War
Pathet Lao, North Vietnam 1963–73 War
LRM (Lao Resistance Movement)57 1989–90 Minor*
Laos –Thailand
Terr (Common border) 1986–88 Minor
(Malaya) Terr (Malaya) United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand vs. Communist Party of Malaya 1948–57 War
Malaysia58 Govt CPM (Communist Party of Malaya) 1958–60 Minor
1974–75 Minor59
1981 Minor60
Terr (North Borneo) CCO (Clandestine Communist Organization) 1963–66 Minor
55 Supported by troops from Thailand in 1960–61 and 1969. Supported by troops from the USA and South Vietnam in 1963–7356 Possibly supported by troops from North Vietnam.57 LRM, also known as NLF (National Liberation Front), was a loose umbrella organisation, consisting of e.g. the former Chao Fa (“soldiers of the sky”) organisation and the LNLA (Lao National Liberation Army). 58 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 1958–60.59 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll of over 1000 in these years.60 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll of over 1000 in 1981.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Malaysia61 –Indonesia Terr (North Borneo) 1963–66 Minor
Nepal Govt Nepali Congress 1960–62 Minor
CPN/M (Communist Party of Nepal/Maoist) 1996–2000 Minor
2001 Minor*62
2002–05 War
2006 Minor*
N. Korea63 –S. Korea64 Terr (Korea) 1949 Minor65
1950–53 War
Pakistan Govt MQM (Mohajir Qaumi Movement) 1990 Minor
1995–96 Minor
61 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom.62 Possibly war in 2001.63 Supported by troops from the Soviet Union and China in 1950-53.64 Supported by UN Alliance comprising troops from: United States, Australia, Canada, France, Greece, New Zealand, United Kingdom, the Philippines, Thailand, South Africa and Turkey from 1950, and
the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia and Ethiopia from 1951.65 Possibly war in 1949.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Pakistan cont. Terr (Baluchistan) Baluchi separatists 1974 War
1975–77 Minor*66
BLA (Baluchistan Liberation Army), Baluch Ittehad (Baluch Unity) 2004–06 Minor*
Terr (East Pakistan) Mukti Bahini (Liberation Force) 1971 War
Papua NewGuinea Terr (Bougainville) BRA (Bougainville Revolutionary Army) 1989–90 Minor
1992–96 Minor
Philippines Govt HUK (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan: People’s Liberation Army) 1946–54 War
CPP (Communist Party of the Philippines), Military faction67 1969–80 Minor*
1981 Minor*
1982–86 War
1987–88 Minor*
1989 War
1990 Minor*
1991–92 War
1993–95 Minor*
66 Possibly war in 1975–7767 Military faction only active 1989-1990.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1997 Minor*
1999–2006 Minor*
Philippines cont.
Terr (Mindanao) MIM (Mindanao Independence Movement)1970–71 Minor
MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front) 1972–77 Minor*
1978 War
1979–80 Minor*
1981 War
MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front), MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front) 1982–1990 Minor*
MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front), MILF (Moro Islamic LiberationFront), ASG (Abu Sayyaf Group), MNLF faction 1993–99 Minor*
2000 War
2001–06 Minor*
S. Korea68 Govt Leftist insurgents (e.g. Inmin-gun: People’s Army, Military faction) 1948–50 War
S. Vietnam69 Terr (South Vietnam) Communist forces (developing into FNL [Front national de libération: National Liberation Front]) 1955–64 War
68 Supported by troops from the USA in 1949-1950.69 Supported by troops from the USA from 1962.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
S. Vietnam70 –N. Vietnam71 Terr (South Vietnam) 1965–75 War
Sri Lanka Terr (Eelam) LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), TELO (Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization), PLOTE (People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam) 1983–84 Minor
1985–88 Minor*72
1989–2001 War
2003 Minor*
2005 Minor*
2006 War
Govt JVP (Janata vimukhti peramuna: Sinhalese People’s Liberation Front) 1971 War
1989 War
1990 Minor*
Tajikistan73 Govt UTO (United Tajik Opposition) 1992–93 War
1994–96 Minor*
Movement for Peace in Tajikistan 1998 Minor*
70 Supported by troops from the USA, Australia, New Zeeland, Thailand, South Korea and the Philippines 1965-1975.71 Supported by troops from North Korea 1965-1975.72 Possibly war in 1985–88.73 Supported by troops from Russia/CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) in 1993–96 and troops from Uzbekistan in 1993–94.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Thailand Govt Military faction (Navy) 1951 Minor
CPT (Communist Party of Thailand) 1974–82 Minor*74
Terr (Patani) Patani insurgents75 2003–06 Minor
Thailand –France
Terr (Northern Cambodia) 1946 Minor
Uzbekistan76 Govt IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) 2000 Minor
JIG (Jihad Islamic Group) 2004 Minor
(Vietnam) Terr (Vietnam) France vs. Viet Nam doc lap dong minh hoi (Vietnam Independence League) or Viet minh 1946–54 War
74 Possibly war in 1977–79.75 E.g. BRN-C (Barisan Nasional Revolusi-Coordinate), PULO (Patani United Liberation Organisation) and GMIP (Gerekan Mujahideen Islam Pattani).76 Supported by troops from Kyrgyzstan in 2000.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Africa
(Algeria) Terr (Algeria) France vs. FLN (Front de libération nationale: National Liberation Front), MNA (Mouvement nationale algérien: Algerian National Movement) 1954 Minor
1955–61 War
1962 Minor*
Algeria77 Govt Takfir wa’l Hijra (Exile and Redemption), MIA (Mouvement Islamique Armée; Armed Islamic Movement), FIS (Front Islamique du Salut / Islamic Salvation Front), GIA (Groupe islamique armé: Armed Islamic Group), GSPC (Groupe salafiste pour la prédicationet le combat: Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat) 1991–92 Minor
1993–2001 War
2002–06 Minor*
Algeria –Morocco
Terr (Common border) 1963 Minor
77 Supported by troops from Chad, Niger and Mali in 2004.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
(Angola) Terr (Angola) Portugal vs. MPLA (Movimento popular de libertação de Angola: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola)78 1961–65 Minor
1966–74 Minor*79
Angola80 Govt81 UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), South Africa82, FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), MPLA faction83, Zaire84 1975–94 War
1995 Minor*85
1998–2001 War
2002 Minor*
78 Active from 1966.79 The conflict possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths earlier than 1966, and some of the years 1966–74 should possibly be classified as war.80 Supported by troops from Cuba until 1989. Supported by troops from Namibia in 1999–02.81 From 1990, only activity involving the government of Angola and UNITA.82 South Africa active in 1975, 1976, 1987 and 1988.83 MPLA faction only active in 1977.84 Zaire active in 1975.85 Possibly war in 1995.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Angola cont. Terr (Cabinda) FLEC-R (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda-Renovada: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Renewed), FLEC-FAC (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda-Forças armadas de Cabinda: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda) 1991 Minor
1994 Minor
1996–98 Minor
2002 Minor
2004 Minor
Burkina Faso Govt Popular Front 1987 Minor
Burkina Faso – Mali Terr (Agacher strip) 1985 Minor
Burundi Govt Military faction 1965 Minor
Palipehutu (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People) 1991–92 Minor
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
CNDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy), Palipehutu-FNL (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu-Forces nationales de libération: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People-Forces for National Liberation)86, Frolina (Front pour la libération nationale: National Liberation Front), CNDD-FDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy)87 1994–96 Minor88
1997 Minor*89
1998 War
1999 Minor*90
2000–02 War
2003–06 Minor*
(Cameroon) Terr (Cameroon) France vs. UPC (Union des populations camerounaises: Union of the Populations of Cameroon) 1957–59 Minor
Cameroon91 Govt UPC (Union des populations camerounaises: Union of the Populations of Cameroon) 1960 War
1961 Minor*
Military faction 1984 Minor*
86 In 2002, Palipehutu-FNL split into the Palipehutu-FNL/Rwasa faction and the Palipehutu-FNL/Mugabarabona faction.87 In 2001, CNDD-FDD split into the CNDD-FDD/Ndayikengurukiye faction and the CNDD-FDD/Nkurunziza faction.88 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll over 1000 in 1995–96.89 Possibly war in 1997.90 Possibly war in 1999.91 Supported by troops from France in 1960.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Cameroon –Nigeria Terr (Bakassi) 1996 Minor
CentralAfricanRepublic92 Govt Military faction 2001 Minor
Forces of François Bozize 2002 Minor
UFDR (Union des forces démocratiques pour le rassemblement: Union of Democratic Forces for Unity) 2006 Minor
Chad93 Govt Chad insurgents 1965 War
FROLINAT (Front de libération national du Chad: National Liberation Front of Chad) 1966–70 War
First Liberation Army, CCFAN (Conceil de Commandement des Forces Ar-mées du Nord: Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North)94, FAN (Forces armées du nord: Armed Forces of the North), FAP (Forces armées populaires: People’s Armed Forces)95, Third Liberation Army, First Volcan Army, New Volcan Army, Libya96 1971–81 War
92 Supported by troops from Libya in 2001.93 Supported by troops from France in 1969-75, 1978-79, 1983-84 and 1986-87. Supported by troops from Libya in 1980-81. Supported by troops from Zaire in 1983.94 In 1971 FROLINAT broke into First Liberation Army and CCFAN. 95 In 1976 CCFAN split into FAN and FAP. 96 Libya active on side B in 1978.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
GUNT (Gouvernement d’union nationale de transition: Transitional Govern-ment of National Unity), GUNT/CDR (Conseil démocratique révolution-aire)97, Codos groups, Islamic Legion, MOSANAT (Mouvement pour le salut national du Chad), military faction, MPS (Mouvement patriotique du salut: Patriotic Salvation Movement)98, Libya99 1982–1990 War
MDD (Mouvement pour la démocratie et le dévelopment: Movement for Democracy and Development), CSNPD (Conseil de salut national pour la paix et la démocratie: Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy), CNR (Comité national de redressement: National Council for Recovery), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chad National Front), FARF (Forces armées pour la République fédérale: Armed Forces of the Federal Republic), MDJT (Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad: Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad) 1991–94 Minor*
1997–2002 Minor*
RDL (Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et la Liberté: Rally for Democray and Liberty) 2005 Minor*
RDL/FUCD (RDL/Front Unique pour le changement démocratique: United Front for Democratic Change), UFDD (Union des forces pour la démocratie et le développement: the Union Force for Democracy and Development)100, RAFD (Rassemblement des forces démocratiques: Rally of Democratic Forces) 2006 War
97 GUNT was the transitional government in power in 1980-81. In June 1982 it was ousted from power and initiated an armed struggle against the new government. GUNT consisted of remnants of CDR, FAT, FAP, the First Liberation Army, the Volcan Forces and the Western Armed Forces. GUNT broke apart in 1986 and the remaining group was referred to as GUNT/CDR.
98 MPS formed by military faction and MOSANAT in 1990.99 Libya active 1983-87. 100 At the end of 2005, RDL together with seven other groups formed an alliance called FUCD. In October FUCD merged with two other rebel groups, creating UFDD.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Chad –Libya Terr (Aozou strip) 1987 War
Chad –Nigeria Terr (Lake Chad) 1983 Minor
Comoros Govt Presidential guard 1989 Minor
Terr (Anjouan) MPA (Mouvement populaire anjouanais: Anjouan People’s Movement)/Republic of Anjouan 1997 Minor
Congo-Brazzaville101 Govt Ninjas, Cobras, Angola102, Cocoyes, Ntsiloulous 1993–94 Minor
1997–98 War
1999 Minor*
2002 Minor*
101 Supported by troops from Angola and Chad in 1998–99 and by troops from Angola in 2002.102 Angola only active in 1997.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Democratic Republic of Congo103 Govt CNL (Conseil national de libération: National Liberation Council) 1964–65 War
Opposition militias104 1967 Minor*
FLNC (Front de libération nationale congolais: Congolese National Liberation Front) 1977–78 Minor*105
AFDL (Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Kinshasa: Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Kinshasa), Rwanda 1996 Minor*
AFDL, RCD (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie: CongoleseDemocratic Rally), RCD-ML (Rassemblement congolaises pour ladémocratie-Mouvement de libération: Congolese Democratic Rally-LiberationMovement), MLC (Mouvement de libération congolais: Congolese LiberationMovement), Angola106, Rwanda, Uganda 1997–2000 War
2001 Minor*107
Terr (South Kasai) Independent Mining State of South Kasai 1960–62 Minor
103 The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) previously called Congo (1960–1971) and Zaire (1971–1997). Government of DRC supported by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia and Chad in 1998–99, and by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia in 2000–01.
104 Including Katangese gendarmes and mercenaries.105 Possibly war in both 1977 and 1978.106 Angola active in 1997.107 Possibly war in 2001.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Democratic Republic of Congo cont. Terr (Katanga) Katanga 1960–62 Minor
Djibouti Govt FRUD (Front pour la restauration de l’unité et de la démocratie: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) 1991–94 Minor
FRUD faction 1999 Minor
EquatorialGuinea Govt Military faction 1979 Minor
Eritrea Govt EIJM (Harakat al Jihad al Islami: Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement) - Abu Suhail faction 1997 Minor
1999 Minor
2003 Minor
Eritrea –Ethiopia Terr (Badme) 1998–2000 War
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Ethiopia Govt Military faction 1960 Minor
EPRP (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party), Military faction, TPLF (Tigrean People’s Liberation Front), EPDM (Ethiopian People’s Democratic Movement), EPRDF (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front)108 1976–91 War
Terr (Eritrea) ELF (Eritrean Liberation Front), ELF factions, EPLF (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front) 1962–67 Minor
1968–73 Minor*
1974–91 War
Terr (Ogaden)109 WSLF (Western Somali Liberation Front)110 1975–76 Minor
1977–78 War
1979–83 Minor*
ONLF (Ogaden National Liberation Front) 1996 Minor*
1998–2002 Minor*111
2004–06 Minor*
Terr (Afar) ALF (Afar Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor
ARDUF (Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front) 1996 Minor
108 EPRDF formed by TPLF and EPDM in 1989.109 Ethiopia supported by troops from Cuba in 1975–83.110 Backed by Somali “volunteers” that were likely to have been regular troops from the Somali National Army.111 The conflict had possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths by 2001.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Ethiopia cont. Terr (Somali) al-Itahad al-Islami (Islamic Union) 1996–97 Minor
1999 Minor
Terr (Oromiya) OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor
1999–2006 Minor112
Ethiopia –Somalia Terr (Ogaden) 1960 Minor
1964 Minor
1973 Minor
1983 Minor
1987 Minor*
Gabon113 Govt Military faction 1964 Minor
Gambia114 Govt SRLP (Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party) 1981 Minor
112 The conflict had possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths by 2001. Possibly war in 2002.113 Supported by troops from France.114 Supported by troops from Senegal in 1981.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Ghana Govt Military faction (National Liberation Council) 1966 Minor
Military faction (Provisional National Defence Council) 1981 Minor
Military faction 1983 Minor
Guinea Govt Military faction 1970 Minor
RFDG (Rassemblement des forces démocratiques de Guinée: Rally of Democratic Forces of Guinea) 2000–01 Minor115
(GuineaBissau)
Terr (Guinea-Bissau) Portugal vs. PAIGC (Partido africano da independência da Guiné e do Cabo Verde: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde 1963–64 Minor
1965–73 Minor*
GuineaBissau116 Govt Military Junta for the Consolidation of Democracy, Peace and Justice 1998 War
1999 Minor*
Ivory Coast Govt MPCI (Mouvement patriotique de la Côte d’Ivoire: Patriotic Movement of Ivory Coast), MJP (Mouvement pour la justice et la paix: Movement for Justice and Peace), MPIGO (Mouvement populaire ivorian du Grand Ouest: Ivorian Movement for the Greater West) 2002–03 Minor
Forces Nouvelles117 2004 Minor
115 The conflict had possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths in 2001.116 Supported by troops from Senegal and Guinea in 1998–99.117 Formed by MPCI, MJP and MPIGO in 2003.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
(Kenya) Terr (Kenya) United Kingdom vs. Mau Mau 1952 Minor
1953–56 War
Kenya Govt Military faction 1982 Minor
Lesotho118 Govt Military faction 1998 Minor
Liberia Govt Military faction (People’s Redemption Council) 1980 Minor
NPFL (National Patriotic Forces of Liberia), INPFL (Independent NPFL) 1989 Minor
1990 War
1991 Minor*
1992 War
1993–95 Minor*119
LURD (Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy) 2000–02 Minor*120
LURD, MODEL (Movement for Democracy in Liberia) 2003 War
(Madagascar) Terr (Malagasy) France vs. MDRM (Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache: Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renewal) 1947 War
118 Supported by troops from South Africa and Botswana in 1998.119 Possibly war in 1993.120 Possibly war in 2002.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Madagascar Govt Monima (Mouvement National pour l’Independence de Madagascar: National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar) 1971 Minor
Mali Terr (Azawad) MPA (Mouvement populaire de l’Azaouad: Azawad People´s Movement) 1990 Minor
FIAA (Front islamique arabe de l’Azaouad: Islamic Arab Front of Azawad) 1994 Minor
(Morocco) Terr (Morocco) France vs. Istiqlal (Moroccan Nationalist Party) 1953–56 Minor
(Morocco/Mauritania)
Terr (Morocco/Mauritania) France121 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957–58 Minor
(Morocco/Spanish territories)
Terr (Morocco/Spanish territories) Spain122 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957 Minor
Morocco Govt Military faction 1971 Minor
121 Supported by troops from Spain.122 Supported by troops from France.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Morocco, Mauretania123
Terr (Western Sahara)
Polisario (Frente popular de liberación de Saguia el Hamra y Rio de Oro: Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia al Hamra and Rio de Oro) 1975–80 War
1981–89 Minor*124
(Mozambique) Terr (Mozambique) Portugal vs. Frelimo (Frente de libertação de Moçambique: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) 1964–65 Minor
1966–71 Minor
1972–73 War
1974 Minor*
Mozam-bique125
Govt Renamo (Resistência nacional moçambicana: Mozambican National Resistance, MNR) 1977–80 Minor
1981–92 War
Niger Terr (Aїr & Azawad) FLAA (Front de libération de l’Aїr et l’Azaouad: Aїr and Azawad Liberation Front) 1992 Minor
CRA (Coordination of the Armed Resistance) 1994 Minor
UFRA (Union des forces de la résistance armée: Union of Forces of the Armed Resistance) 1997 Minor
123 Mauritania involved 1975–1979.124 Possibly war in some of the years, e.g. 1987.125 Supported by troops from Zimbabwe in 1985–90.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Niger cont. Terr (Eastern Niger) FDR (Front démocratique pour le renouveau: Democratic Front for Renewal) 1996 Minor
FARS (Forces révolutionnaires du Sahara: Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara) 1997 Minor
Nigeria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor
Terr (Biafra) Republic of Biafra 1967–70 War
Terr (Northern Nigeria)126 Ahlul Sunna Jamaa (Followers of the Prophet) 2004 Minor
Terr (Niger Delta) NDPVF (Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force) 2004 Minor
Rhodesia Govt ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union), ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People’s Union) 1972–75 Minor
1976–79 War
126 More precisely, Ahlul Sunnah Jamaa aimed to establish an Islamic State by carving out areas around Kanamma, Yunusari and Toshiya in northern Nigeria.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Rwanda127 Govt128 FPR (Front patriotique rwandais: Rwandan Patriotic Front) 1990 Minor
1991–92 War
1993–94 Minor*
FDLR (Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda: Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda)129 1997 Minor*
1998 War
1999–2000 Minor*
2001 War
2002 Minor*
Senegal Terr (Casamance) MFDC (Mouvement des forces démocratiques de Casamance: Movement of the Democratic Forces of the Casamance) 1990 Minor
1992–93 Minor
1995 Minor
1997–98 Minor130
1999–2001 Minor*
2003 Minor*
127 Supported by troops from Zaire in 1990.128 The massacres performed by Hutu militias and Hutu civilians in 1994 are estimated to have caused between 500 000 and 800 000 deaths. These deaths are classified as one-sided, as opposed to battle-
related, wherefore they are not included here. However, UCDP also collects data on one-sided violence and has recently created a dataset covering the period 1989-2005. For an introduction to the new data, see Eck & Hultman, 2007. “Violence against Civilians in War”, Journal of Peace Research 44(2), 233-246.
129 Previously coded as PALIR (Peuple en armespour la liberation du Rwanda: Armed People for the Liberation of Rwanda). The organisation is often referred to as ex-FAR and Interahamwé in the news media.130 The conflict had possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths by 1998.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
SierraLeone131 Govt
RUF (Revolutionary United Front), AFRC (Armed Forces Revolutionary Council), Kamajors, West Side Boys 1991–93 Minor
1994–97 Minor*
1998–99 War
2000 Minor*
Somalia132 Govt Military faction 1978 Minor
SSDF (Somali Salvation Democratic Front), SNM (Somali National Movement), SPM (Somali Patriotic Movement), USC (United Somali Congress)-Madhi faction, USC- Aideed faction 1981–86 Minor
1987–89 Minor*
1990–92 War
1993–96 Minor*
SRRC (Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council) 2001–02 Minor*
SICS (Supreme Islamic Council of Somalia) 2006 Minor*
South Africa Govt ANC (African National Congress), PAC (Pan Africanist Congress), Azapo (Azanian People’s Organization) 1981–88 Minor
Terr (Namibia) SWAPO (South West Africa People’s Organization) 1966–78 Minor
1979 Minor*
131 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 2000.132 Supported by troops from Ethiopia in 2006. Somalia is not included as an active armed conflict in 1997–2000 and 2003–2004 since no government could be identified.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1980–83 War
1984–85 Minor*
1986–88 War
Sudan133 Govt Sudanese Communist Party 1971 Minor
Islamic Charter Front 1976 Minor
SPLM (Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/Army) 1983–92 War
1993–94 Minor*134
SPLM/A, NDA (National Democratic Alliance), SAF (Sudan Alliance Forces) 1995–2002 War
SPLM/A, SLM/A (Sudan Liberation Movement/Army), JEM (Justice and Equality Movement) 2003–04 War
SLM/A 2005 Minor*
SLM/A, NRF (National Redemption Front), SLM/A–MM (Sudan Liberation Movement/Army–Minni Minawi faction) 2006 War
Terr (Southern Sudan) Anya Nya135 1963–72 War
Togo Govt MTD (Movement togolaise pour la démocratie: Togolese Movement for Democracy) 1986 Minor
Military faction 1991 Minor
133 Supported by troops from Chad in 2003.134 Possibly war in 1993-94.135 Formed Southern Sudanese Liberation Movement in 1970 together with other southern Sudanese opposition organizations.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
(Tunisia) Terr (Tunisia) France vs. National Liberation Army 1953–56 Minor
Tunisia Govt Résistance armée tunisienne (Tunisian Armed Resistance) 1980 Minor
Tunisia –France Terr (Bizerte) 1961 War
Uganda136 Govt Military faction 1971 Minor
UPA (Uganda People’s Army) 1972 Minor
Military faction 1974 Minor
Military faction, UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), Tanzania 1978 Minor
1979 War
NRA (National Resistance Army)137, UFM (Uganda Freedom Movement), UPM (Ugandan Patriotic Movement), UNRF (Uganda National Rescue Front), UFDM (Ugandan Federal Democratic Movement), UPF (Uganda People’s Front), UPDA (Ugandan People’s Democratic Army), UPC (Uganda People’s Congress), UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), FOBA (Force Obote Back Again), UDCA (Uganda Democratic Christian Army), HSM (Holy Spirit Movement), HSM-Severino faction 1981–1988 War
UPDA faction, UPA (Uganda People’s Army), UDCA (Uganda Democratic Christian Army) 1989 War
136 Supported by troops from Libya in 1978–79. Supported by troops from Sudan in 2005.137 NRA active 1981–1986.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1990 Minor*
1991 War
LRA (Lord’s Resistance Army)138, WNBF (West Nile Bank Front), ADF (Alliance of Democratic Forces), UNRF II (Uganda National Rescue Front II) 1994–2001 Minor*
2002 War
2003 Minor*
2004 War
LRA 2005–06 Minor*
138 Note that the LRA was previously called UDCA.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Americas
Argentina Govt Military faction 1955 Minor
Military faction (Azules: Blue) 1963 Minor
ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: Revolutionary Worker’s Party), Montoneros 1973–74 Minor
1975 War
1976–77 Minor*139
Argentina –UK
Terr (Malvinas/Falkland Islands) 1982 Minor
Bolivia Govt Popular Revolutionary Movement 1946 War
MNR (Movimiento nacionalista revolucionario: National Revolutionary Movement) 1952 Minor*
ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1967 Minor*
Chile Govt Military faction 1973 Minor
139 Possibly war in 1976–77.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Colombia Govt FARC (Fuerzas armadas revolucionarias colombianas: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army), EPL (Ejército popular de liberación: People’s Liberation Army), M-19 (Movimiento 19 de Abril: 19 April Movement) 1966–2000 Minor140
2001–02 War
2003 Minor*
2004–05 War
2006 Minor*
Costa Rica Govt National Liberation Army 1948 War
Cuba Govt Cuban Revolution Movement (Fidelistas) 1953 Minor
Movimiento 26 de Julio (26 July Movement) 1956–57 Minor
1958 War
National Revolutionary Council, USA 1961 Minor*
DominicanRepublic Govt Military faction 1965 Minor141
Ecuador –Peru
Terr (Cordillera del Condor) 1995 Minor
140 It is unclear exactly what year the conflict reached 1000 cumulative battle-related deaths. Possibly war in several of the years 1980-2000.141 Possibly war in 1965.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
El Salvador Govt Military faction 1972 Minor
ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: People’s Revolutionary Army), FAL (Fuerzas armadas de liberación: Armed Liberation Forces), FARN (Fuerzas armadas de resistencia nacional: Armed Forces of National Resistance), FPL (Fuerzas populares de liberación farabundo Marti: Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces), PRTC (Partido revolucionario de trabajadores centroamericanos: Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers), FMLN (Frente farabundo Marti para la liberación nacional: Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation)142 1979–80 Minor
1981–90 War
1991 Minor*
El Salvador –Honduras
Terr (Common border) 1969 War
Grenada –USA Govt 1983 Minor
142 In 1980, FMLN was formed by ERP, FAL, FARN, FPL and PRTC
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Guatemala Govt Military faction 1949 Minor
Forces of Carlos Castillo Armas 1954 Minor
MR-13 (Movimiento revolucionario trece de noviembre: 13 November Revolutionary Movement), FAR (Fuerzas armadas rebeldes: Rebel Armed Forces), EGP (Ejército guerilleros de los pobres: Guerilla Army of the Poor), PGT (Partido guatemalteco del trabajo: Guatemalan Worker’s Party), ORPA (Organización del pueblo en armas: Organization of Armed People), URNG (Unidad revolucionaria nacional guatemalteca: Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity)143 1965–67 Minor
1968 Minor*
1969–87 War
1988–95 Minor*
Haiti Govt Leopard Corps 1989 Minor
Tonton Macoute (Uncle Knapsack), Engin Lourd 1991 Minor
RARF (Front de Résistance Artibonite; Revolutionary Arbonite Resistance Front), OP Lavalas 2004 Minor
Honduras –Nicaragua
Terr (Common border) 1957 Minor
143 In 1982, URNG was formed by FAR, EGP, PGT and ORPA.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Mexico Govt EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de liberación nacional: Zapatista National Liberation Army) 1994 Minor
EPR (Ejercito Popular Revolucionario: Popular Revolutionary Army) 1996 Minor
Nicaragua Govt FSLN (Frente Sandinista de liberación nacional: Sandinista National Liberation Front) 1978–79 War
Contras144 1981–82 Minor*
1983–88 War
1989 Minor*
Panama Govt Military faction 1989 Minor
Panama –USA Govt 1989 Minor
Paraguay Govt Opposition coalition145 1947 War
Military faction 1954 Minor*
Military faction 1989 Minor*
144 Various groups, mainly FDN (Fuerzas democráticas nicaraguenses: Nicaraguan Democratic Forces).145 The Opposition coalition consisted of Febreristas, Liberals and Communists
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Peru Govt MIR (Movimiento de la izquierda revolucionaria: Movement of the Revolutionary Left), Túpac Amaru [Guillermo Lobatón], ELN (Ejército de la liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1965–66 Minor
SL (Sendero luminoso: Shining Path), MRTA (Movimiento revolucionario Tupac Amaru: Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement) 1981–85 War
1986–87 Minor*
1988–93 War
1994–99 Minor*
(Puerto Rico) Terr (Puerto Rico) USA vs. Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1950 Minor
Surinam Govt SLA (Surinamese Liberation Army)/Jungle Commando 1986–88 Minor
Trinidad andTobago Govt Jama’at al-Muslimeen (Society of Muslims) 1990 Minor
Uruguay Govt MLN (Movimiento de liberación nacional: Movement of National Liberation)/Tupamaros 1972 Minor
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
USA146 Govt al-Qaida (The Base) 2001 War
2002 Minor*
2004–06 Minor*
Venezuela Govt Military faction 1962 Minor
Military faction (Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement for National Salvation) 1992 Minor
146 Supported by a Multinational Coalition. For information on the countries contributing troops to the coalition, see the main conflict table, or go to http://www.pcr.uu.se/database. For a discussion on the coding of this conflict, see footnote 2 in Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. “Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset”, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615-637.