Arms Control & Disarmament

AC & D two different concepts:

AC refers to curbs on acquiring new

Weapons – or reduction in some existing

weapon types

Disarmament refers to quantitative

reduction in total number of existing

Weapons – i.e. elimination of specific armaments or G&CD

• UN Charter itself undermines G&CD

• System of Collective Security; Mly Staff Comm etc as well as legitimisation of Collective Defence

• War not made illegal in system.

AC seems to have two purposes:

One: For developed states AC has evolved

primarily in terms of economic efficiency and

cost effectiveness

Two: For developing states AC has been

Imposed as a means of technology control

rather than a means to reduce overall level of

arms

Nowhere is this more prevalent than in the

nuclear weapons field.

Nuclear weapons issue area also has

recognised a duality that has to be

considered: nuclear weapons vs peaceful uses

of nuclear energy.

From Baruch Plan to creation of IAEA to

NPT, this duality recognised.

• Irish Resolution and the Non Proliferation Treaty

• The creation of distinction between horizontal and vertical proliferation

Can identify 2 tracks relating to Nuclear AC

One: US-centric discriminatory approach

premised on distinction between horizontal &

vertical non proliferation

Two: A universal, non-discriminatory approach towards non proliferation which seeks to slow down proliferation at the global level.

Major instrumentalities of the US-centric discriminatory approach:

Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) 1963

NPT

The Supplier Cartels London Suppliers’ Club to Nuclear Suppliers’ Group - NSG

Missile Technology Control Regime – MTCR

Australia Group

The Wassenaar Arrangement

Major Instrumentalities of universal non-discriminatory approach

Nuclear Weapon Free Zones: Tlatelolco Treaty; Rarotonga Treaty; Bangkok Treaty; Pelindaba Treaty

Committee on Assurances of Supply

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - CTBT

The Fissile Material issue: FMT vs FMCT

Shift in Non proliferation focus post-9/11

- From non proliferation per se to nuclear programmes fo specific countries.

- Indo-US nuclear deal 2005 - the 123 Agreement passed by US Congress

India’s Nuclear Doctrine- Premised on a triad of forces

- Second strike capability

- Development of ICBMs- -Development of space-based systems

- Missile Defence acquisition

- Retraction of NFU

What it means- In military terms: - Expansive reach across Asia - Naval reach threatens entire Indian Ocean region

- Missile Defence will startnuclear & missile race in region - No commitment to reduce conventional forces

In political terms:- Indian nuclear intent

- Push for “great power” status

- Negates measures for nuclear restraint in Pak-India Feb 1999 nuclear MOU

- Makes it difficult for Pakistan to sustain nuclear restraint

Pakistan & AC&D

- FMT not FMCT

- CTBT – Supported in principle

Other initiatives: Pre-1998

NWFZ; mutual renunciation of nuclear capability; the 5, 5+2, 5+2+2 proposals; Zero-Missile regime

Pakistan ratified the International Convention on Nuclear Safety in Sept. 1997

Post-May 1998- Unilateral moratorium on

testing & offer of regional test ban treaty to India

- Nuclear restraint regime as well as nuclear risk reduction & proposal for non-induction of ABM & SLBM systems

Ensuring non-proliferation norms post-nuclearisation

• Pakistan created its Nuclear Regulatory Authority for civilian nuclear matters in 2001

• In September 2004, Pakistan’s Parliament passed a bill on tightening controls on nuclear materials, equipment and technology as well as biological weapons by imposing a ban on their unauthorised transfer outside Pakistan.

NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY (NCA)

Chairman: Prime Minister

Secretariat SPD

Employment Control Committee

Deputy Chairman - Foreign MinisterMembers •Minister for Defence •Minister for Interior•Minister for Finance•Chairman JCSC•Services Chiefs•Secretary, Director General Strategic Plans Division •By Invitation. Others as required

Development Control Committee

Deputy Chairman - CJCSC

Members•Services Chiefs•Heads of concerned strategic organizations i.e Scientists •Secretary, Director General

Strategic Plans Division Services Strategic Forces (Operational Control - NCA)

Army Navy Air Force

(Technical, Training, & Administrative Control)

Future Course

Has to be through mutual agreement & recognition of a move away from a zero sum situation

Establishment of a strategic stability regime Nuclear risk reductionBalance in terms of missiledeployments & numbersConventional force reductions