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Structural Classification of Joints
• Fibrous• no joint cavity, bones held together with collagen fibers
• Cartilagnous• no joint cavity, bones held together with cartilage
• Synovial• have a “synovial” cavity, bones held together with an enclosed capsule & ligaments
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Functional Classification of Joints
• Synarthroses (singular = synarthrosis)– Immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses (singular = amphiarthrosis)– Slightly movable joints
• Diarthroses (singular = diarthrosis)– Freely movable joints
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Suture: a fibrous synarthrosis
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Synchondrosis: a cartilaginous synarthrosis
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Syndesmosis: a fibrous amphiarthrosis
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An amphiarthrotic synchondrosis
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Symphysis: a cartilaginous amphiarthrosis
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Types of Movements Possible at Synovial Joints
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Flexion
Flexion decreases the angle of a joint
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Extension
Extension increases the angle of a joint
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Hyperextension moves a jointbeyond the
usual extended angle
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Special movement of the ankle
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Special movements of the antebrachium
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Special movements of the foot
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You can do this with your hips &
shoulders too!
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Also possible with shoulders (but not hips)
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Hingejoints
These are uniaxial.Examples include the elbow, knee and phalanges.
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Pivot
Pivot joints are uniaxial.The proximal radioulnar joint is the best example.
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Condyloid joints
Condyloid joints are often biaxial.
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Saddle joints
Saddle joints are biaxial.
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Ball and Socket
Multiaxial ball & socket joints allow the greatest range of motion.
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Structural Details of Some Synovial Joints
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Extracapsular ligaments of the hip a.
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Extracapsular ligaments of the hip b.
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Extracapsular ligaments of
the knee
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ACL replacement
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