AS Revision Introduction to Physical Education G451

Why do you participate in Physical Activity (or not)?

Key

• ET = Exam TIP• KT = Key Term

Physical Activity

Physical BenefitsEg improved CV fitnessor maintenance of a healthy body weight

Mental BenefitsEg stress relief, mood Enhancement, or feel goodfactor

Personal BenefitsEg knowing own strengthsand weaknesses or Increasing self esteem.

Social Eg feeling of belonging orHaving healthy relationships

ET = you need to be able to give examples of physical, mental, personal and social benefits of regular participation in physical activity.

Sedentary LifestylesRecommendations

•30mins moderate intensityPhysical activity x 5 per week

•Children and young people 60mins of moderately intensePhysical activity each day. At Least two sessions shouldinclude higher impact activityTo improve bone health, muscle Strength and flexibility.

Barriers to Regular Participation

Lack of:•Energy•Perceived ability/skill•Friends who participate•Suitable facilities nearby•Money eg to join a gym•Suitable/correct kit

Also:•Anxiety about being out after dark•Preference to stay at home when it’s cold or wet•Dislike exercise or sweating•Embarrassed to show body

In brief

Lack of opportunityLack of provisionLack of esteem

KT

Key TermsPhysical Benefits – to do with the body Eg potential to reduce the risk of heart disease.

Mental Benefits – to do with the mindEg stress relief

Personal Benefits – to do with selfEg improved self-esteem

Social Benefits – to do with others Eg having positive relationships

Opportunity – The chance to take part based on factors such as time, money etc

Provision – the availability of facilities which allow for participation.

Esteem – Confidence to participate

ET - always use these key terms especially for ten mark questions

Physical RecreationWho?

Available to all who choose amateurs

Where?Decided by participants

How?Relatively unsophisticated level. Limited competition.

Limited Funding. Limited skill or fitness

Benefits?Physical, mental and

personal. Learn skills , health and well-being, stress relief, relaxation be sociable and

enjoyment

When? Decided by

participants in their free time

Physical RecreationEnjoyment is a keycharacteristic

ET - when asked to identify the characteristics of Phys Rec it is important to be specific and clear in your answers. If simple bland terms are used such as ‘anyone, anywhere at anytime’ to describe characteristics you will not gain marks. Be specific not vague!

Physical RecreationEmphasis on:-Participation not performanceTaking part, not winningEnjoyment and satisfaction, not record-breaking

Benefits of Outdoor Recreation

Appreciation of the natural environment

Respect for the natural environment

Gaining a sense of adventure

Remember that outdoor recreation is physical recreation in the natural environment eg a walking holiday

Exam Tips

You need to be able to compare characteristics of Physical Recreation with characteristics of Sport

Remember that Outdoor Recreation means using the natural environment, (eg hills, lakes or rivers) to gain physical, mental, personal and social benefits. Outdoor Recreation is not simply playing a game of Hockey or golf which happens to be

outside.

Characteristics of Physical Education

Characteristics

Specialist Staff

Variety of Practical activities

and theoretical elements

Of

Opportunity for GCSE,AS/A

level

National Curriculum

PE

Schoolchildren and

Young People

Benefits

PE can be defined as :-1. Learning about and through physical activity2. The learning of physical, personal, preparatory and qualitative values through formal physical activity in school

Benefits of Physical Education

PreparatoryPreparation for leisure (eg joining a club) or sport, a career or work

PhysicalSkill, health, fitness, physique, agility, knowledge of activities/sports/coaching/leading/officiating

Improved quality of lifeInfluence on lifestyle(eg balanced healthy lifestyle), experiencing excellence, mental well-being, opportunity for creativity, aesthetic awareness

Benefits of Physical

Education

Outdoor Education

Who?Young people qualified, specialist leaders /staff

Where?In the natural

environment, (eg hills, lakes or rivers,

coastlines, mountains, caves )

Sometimes using semi-natural or artificial

facilities

How?According to strict H & S

regsSometimes by

overcoming potential constraints eg

Distance for locationExpense of activitiesLack of expert staff

Time constraints

Benefits?Physical Health and

Skill Learning eg climbing

Personal and social development eg

leadershipPreparation for Active

leisure eg love the outdoors

Enhance quality of life eg appreciation of

environment

When? As part of a structured

school programmeSpecial trips or visits

Constraints of widespread participation In Outdoor Education by young people:-•Lack of adequate funding, specialist staff and transport costs•Distance from natural facilities•Insufficient voluntary contributions from pupils•Outdoor activities can take up too much curriculum time.•Parents anxieties over H & s concerns and staff reluctant to take responsibility

Perceived Risk Real RiskCompletely safe dangerous even fatal

Imagined challenging

Beginners Experts

Characteristics and Benefits of SportWho?

Those with Physical prowess (skill)

Those with physical endeavour (effort and

Commitment)The Elite

Some Professionals

Where?At a designated space

with specialist or purpose built facilitiesWith fixed boundaries

Benefits?Intrinsic

Rewards-Personal

satisfaction and

achievementExtrinsic rewards-

money and/or fame

When?At a designated time and pre-determined

length of time

What makes a sport?1. Tradition2. Vigorous exertion3. Competition4. Administration5. Behaviour

Key TermsPhysical Prowess – Skill

Gamesmanship– Stretching the rulesTo gain an unfair advantage.

Physical Endeavour– Effort and Commitment

Sportsmanship– Fair Play

Deviance – seriously breaking the rulesSledging– Attempting to undermine anOpponent by verbally abusing , taunting

Aesthetic– movement that is beautifulto watch and pleasing to the eye

Characteristics of Surviving Ethnic Sports

Ritualistic

Local

Natural

Tourism

Rowdy

Relatively Isolated

Occasional/Annual

Social Traditional

Exam Tips

You need to remember specific surviving ethnic sports and games eg not Mob Football…. Royal Shrovetide Football

You need to describe the characteristics of surviving ethnic sports and give reasons for their continued existence and popularity. Eg Occasional/Annual often participated

during bank-holidays.

19th Century Public SchoolsCommunity Members

Community LeadersTeachers

Vicars/Priests

Industrialists

Army Officers

Parents

Oxbridge Blues

Assistant Masters

Move From Popular Recreation (B4 IR) to Rational Recreation (PIR)

• Popular Recreation Rational Recreation • Localised Local – regional – national • Uncoded Formal codification • Cruel/Violent Channelled aggression • Irregular/occasional Regular • Courtly/popular Gentry – middle – working • Rural Rural – urban • Ritual Moral• Wagering Gambling curtailed

Have a go! what do these key words mean

• An amateur• A professional• An amateur approach to sport• A professional approach to sport• Gentlemen amateur

USA

Franchise- The business that Owns, runs and has voting rights for a team

Conference- Similar to a league

American dream

Rags to riches

Win at all costs

300 million people In 50 states

Highly Commercialised State

Capitalist State

American football

Ivy League

AustraliaAustralia

Population 21,007,310 (2008 est.)Young Nation(1770) James Cook of England charted eastern coast, claimed it for British Crown Retained Colonial InfluencesRugby 2 codesCricketAssociation football (Socceroos)ImmigrationComplete time-line on map!

AustraliaReasons

• FavourableClimate

Outdoor Lifestyle/Health Conscious

Sporting Success

Media support and interest

Sport for All

Give reasons for physical activity (physical education, physical recreation and sport) being of such high status in Australia. [5]

ColonialismWhite Australia PolicyBush Culture

Give reasons for physical activity (physical education, physical recreation and sport) being

of such high status in Australia. [5]

Reasons

• Favourable Climate

Outdoor Lifestyle/Health Conscious

Government Support• The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) leads the development of elite sport

and is widely acknowledged in Australia and internationally as a world best practice model for elite athlete development. The AIS is a pre-eminent elite sports training institution in Australia with world class facilities and support services. The AIS has 35 sport programs in 26 sports.

• AIS scholarship holders to become tomorrow's world-beaters and all the information on how to join the AIS family is available through the scholarships section.

• The AIS has been the nation's sports training powerhouse mainly due to the AIS facilities and the cutting edge Sports Science Sports Medicine support.

• The AIS campus is located in the suburb of Bruce in the Australian Capital Territory.

Sporting Success

Sport for All

Media support and interest

A forum for advertisment

Tradition of Success

Unites a ‘Small Nation’

High status in Schools

Impact on young Peoples aspirationsFunding of Physical Activity

PublicFunding from

government and local authorities

including National Lottery Funding

VoluntaryFunding from

donations or charities or private clubs

PrivateFunding from businesses,

companies and investors often

by way of sponsorship.

In: taxes, gaming duties and National Lottery sales.Out:- Local authorities, awards and grants eg UK sport. Sportsmatch Sponsorship, Armed forces sport

In: business profit, ticket sales, TV rightsOut:- sponsor individuals, teams, running and maintaining private sports clubs and facilities, buying TV rights, Sport Aid Grants, National Sports Foundation

In: national lottery grants, awards for all, sportsmatch grants, local authority grants, NGBs, fundraising, Foundation for sports and arts, National sports Foundation, Commercial Sponsorship and members subscription Out:- facility building maintenance and development, developing performers (coaching), running a club

World Class Pathway Programme

World Class DevelopmentFor performers who are about 6 years from a medal

World Class TalentHighly gifted performers with world class talent are selected by NGBs.For performers who are a maximum of 8 years from a likely medal

Years from podium0

-2

-4

-6

-8Home country talent development systems

UK Sport’s OrganisationsPolicy

What is their political ideology?

• Winning Medals• Participation• Equal Opportunities• Increasing our status• Pursuit Of Excellence

Provision

How can we provide to meet our potential?• More grassroots = more elite.• Who are they targeting?

Administration• How is sport structured, organised

and funded?

• What role does each of the organisations play in the pursuit of participation and excellence?

Other Bodies Influencing and Promoting Physical Activity and Sporting Excellence

Name Overall Aims

To develop elite sport in the UK inc. Ethics, major events, administrative efficiency, works with home countries, helps elite sports development, supports world class performers/coaches etc

egTo provide the best performers with the practical support needed to win and compete at the highest level with: sports science and medicine, physiology and biomechanics, performance analysis, massage, physiotherapy, strength and conditioning, career and education advice etc

To get people more active and involved. Invests advises and promotes community sport. Promotes voluntary work such as coaching leadership and officiating. Focus on priority groups (minority groups). Supports school sport. Works closely with local, national and regional bodies in line with NGBs.To increase participation, improve performance and improve the image and management of sport in NI. Develop disadvantaged groups etc

To increase participation and improve performance in Scottish sports. Developing sporting people, organisations and facilities, create pathways and promote equality of opportunity tackling discrimination.To get more people more active more often. Active young people, active communities, high level performance and excellence focusing on talented performers.

Government Initiatives

School Sports

Partnerships SSPs

The PE, School Sport and Club Links Strategy

PESSCL strategy

National Curriculum

Gifted and talented

JAE programme

Kite MarkingActivemarkSportsmarkPartnerships

Exam Tip 1Key sporting bodies and orgssuch as UK sport are not toldwhat to do, however they areanswerable to the DCMSdue to the funding they receive.

Exam Tip 2You can only be asked questionson material that is in the specification, so you will not get a question specifically about PESSCLstrategy, you may have to identifycurrent government initiatives.

Exam Tip 3There will be five parts to your ASSocio-cultural studies q’s. The Final part will be an extended 10mark question. You have to ‘critically evaluate’, and thereforeprove how you can think and make judgements.

Answers

Answers ctd

Excellence and Participation in UK

Excellence

Performance

Participation

Foundation

•Highly skilled/elite•Fully committed with high level support

•Emphasis on winning and competing•District, county or regional commitment

•School or club participation, recreational•Non-competitive extra curricular - enjoy

•Introduction to sport-basic skills•Positive attitudes to physical activity

The Sports Development Pyramid

Exam Tip You could be asked to name and explain each layer of the sports development pyramid in the examination. Ensure you can recall the ones beginning with ‘p’, candidates often get these confused.

Mass Participation Sporting Excellence The continuum from mass participation to sporting excellence

Opportunity Provision Esteem

Ethnic Minorities

Groups who are different in their ethnic origin from the majority of the population.

Race

The physical characteristics of an individual.Stacking

This is where players are put into positions and sports on the basis of their ethnic background.

‘Self-fulfilling prophecies’

Countries may concentrate on a particular sport e.g. Kenyan and middle/long distance running.

‘White Flight’

Are we ‘guided’ into sports due to our race?

Do we avoid sports where our race has not traditionally or currently been represented?

Target Group

How do we get Equal Opportunities?

Changing Attitudes

Allocate Funding

Access

Adaption/Modification

Awareness

Key TermsAttitudes: Outlooks, feelings or thought about something.

Social Exclusion– the negative result of factors such as low income, discrimination, poor housing etc thatcan put some communities at a disadvantage.

Stereotyping– Typecasting, labelling or pigeonholing people.

Myths– Untruths eg black males can’t swim and women can’t park cars.

Socialisation– the process by which peopleLearn acceptable cultural beliefs and behaviour including how to interact with people who are different to themselves.

Positive Discrimination– FavouritismOr special treatment for the focus Group in order to give them a chance

Drugs Media Sponsorship and Violence in Sport"In the name of all

competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honour of our teams."

Reasons for Use Consequences

Possible solutions to Drug Use• Stricter more rigorous out-of season testing• Stricter punishments and life bans• Co-ordinated education programmes for

athlete and coach• More funding for testing programmes and

scientific research• Unified policies across NGBs• Role models promoting drug free sport

ET -If a question is asked for solution to the problem of drugs, make sure that you don’t list drug types, respond using the bullet points above.

Technology in SportSafety

Eg , Cricket helmets,

gumshieldsExam Tip:Be aware of modern technological products areup-to-date, technicalscientific or high-tech itemsthat impact on sport.The impact is usually Considered to be good, butIn some cases may increaseThe chance of injury Eg Football Boots

The roles of the mediaTo Inform•Eg informing about a match result, team analysis or player preparation and behaviour.

To educate•Eg on global sporting issues, sports, skills, coaching techniques, sporting issues or local sporting provision.

To entertain•Eg with live coverage of an event or information about star’s private lives or a documentary on a particular team’s pre-competition preparations.

To advertise•Either directly or indirectly through sponsorship

ET - If you are asked to critically evaluate the impact of the media on sport – it simply means that you should way up ( in good written form) the advantages and disadvantages of the media in sport eg additional funding for sport v rule changes and off-peak viewing times.

Media

Sport

Media

The Golden Triangle

Sponsorship

Golden Triangle -The Inter-relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media

Sport and MediaHigh level sport is a media commodity.Sport available 24/7Media control over some sportsCelebrities are created and role models can have +ive or –ive imageLow profile sports get little attention so minimal sponsorship opportunities.Relationship can increase matchfixing and other examples of deviance.

Sponsorship and Media; When sports are covered by the media sponsorship ultimately Increases.

Sport and SponsorshipSponsorship increases popularityand stability of sport.Sport is a relatively inexpensive form of advertising.Money from sponsorship can help improve spectator provision.Powerful sports such as premier league football have some control over their sponsors

Violence by PlayersCauses Of Violence by Players

‘Cauldron Effect’

Provocation

Sledging Crowd Behaviour

Aggression

De-humanised

Cheating

Solutions to Violence by Players

Harsher Penalties

Greater authority

Technology

Rule changes

Education

• Add here

Violence by SpectatorsReasons and Solutions

Pre-match Hype

Primitive

Intimidate

Incite

Police Liaison

All-Seater

Segregation

Deterrents

Ethics and High Level Sport

Deviance Sportsmanship

Gamesmanship Fair play

Etiquette Letter and Spirit of ‘The Law’

The Olympic Games

The Olympic Charter

PrinciplesDesigned to link sport with culture and education. The

founders wanted to promote the practice in sport and the joy

found in effort. The Olympics would help build a better world

by bringing people together from all over the globe the spirit

of fair play and friendship

AimsTo enable and strengthen

sports, to ensure their independence and

duration.BPDC

PhilosophyBalance between body and

mind and will; effort-for the joy is can bring; role

modelling to educate and inspire others; tolerance,

generosity, unity, friendship, non-

discrimination and respect for others

KT Olympic Charter- The ‘rule book’ that governs how the Olympic Games and IOC are run.

The bringing together of people from 5 differentcontinents

Promotes Olympic games

Fund raises

Appoints official sponsors of 2012

Manages Team GBInc. transport and kit

Organises visits to Host City prior to games

Helps athletes andNGBs prepare forOlympic Games

Helps select Team GB Works on Olympic Bids

Key Terms

Centralised System

• A system where political and administrative power is held centrally with no regional or local government control

Shop Window Effect

• When sporting success equates with political success and positive role models promotethe country’s status

Communism

• A centralised political system that opposes capitalism and democracy

Elitism

• To be exclusive or to select the best and to forget the rest

Appeasement

• To pacify or provide a feel good factor